Introduction to Chemistry Introduction to Chemistry Chem 003AChem 003ASpring 2011Spring 2011

Instructor: Brett WilliamsInstructor: Brett Williams

Lecture: TTh 6:00 PM-6:55 PM Lecture: TTh 6:00 PM-6:55 PM

in Cunningham 319in Cunningham 319

Laboratory: TTh 7:00 PM-9:55 PMLaboratory: TTh 7:00 PM-9:55 PM

in Cunningham 301in Cunningham 301

Two ways to reach me:Two ways to reach me:

E-mail: E-mail: balero01@cs.com

E-mail: E-mail: bwilliams@deltacollege.edu

Course is comprised of:Course is comprised of:

Lectures Lectures Problem SetsProblem Sets Assigned HomeworkAssigned Homework Quizzes Quizzes Lab ExercisesLab Exercises Lab ExperimentsLab Experiments WorksheetsWorksheets 4 Exams and 1 Final Exam4 Exams and 1 Final Exam

LecturesLectures

Presented on power point slidesPresented on power point slides Lecture notes are available in hard copyLecture notes are available in hard copy

To download files, go to this adjunct faculty To download files, go to this adjunct faculty site: site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliamswww.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams

Not required for class, but recommendedNot required for class, but recommended Lecture notes complement the Lecture notes complement the

textbook/assignments but attendance textbook/assignments but attendance is essential to get all of the information is essential to get all of the information you needyou need

Problem SetsProblem Sets Subsequent to specific lecturesSubsequent to specific lectures Several practice problems associated with Several practice problems associated with

the current lecture topicthe current lecture topic Some problems sets will be covered in class Some problems sets will be covered in class Some of the problem sets can be submitted

for credit Problems sets are to assist you (supplement) Problems sets are to assist you (supplement)

with homework assignments in the textwith homework assignments in the text Not every type of chapter problem is Not every type of chapter problem is

represented on the problem setsrepresented on the problem sets

HomeworkHomework

Assigned for each chapterAssigned for each chapter Problems are placed near the beginning of Problems are placed near the beginning of

each power point lecture presentationeach power point lecture presentation All odd numbered answers are placed at All odd numbered answers are placed at

the end of the book the end of the book HW will not be collected or graded HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do

the HW it may affect your performance on the HW it may affect your performance on the quizzesthe quizzes

QuizzesQuizzes

Five Chapter QuizzesFive Chapter Quizzes20 points each20 points eachNo make-upsNo make-ups (generally) (generally)

Based on the homework assignments for that Based on the homework assignments for that chapterchapter

20-30 minutes long20-30 minutes long Given during the first hourGiven during the first hour The The best 4 of 5best 4 of 5 chapter quizzes are used in chapter quizzes are used in

your total scoreyour total score Two Two Name and FormulaName and Formula Quizzes for Chapter 5 Quizzes for Chapter 5

Other Lab AssignmentsOther Lab Assignments Lab ExercisesLab Exercises

Ten (total) exercisesTen (total) exercises10 points each10 points eachMost will originate from your lab textbook Most will originate from your lab textbook Some exercises will be provided to youSome exercises will be provided to you

WorksheetsWorksheetsNot collected or gradedNot collected or gradedTo be completed during lab period To be completed during lab period A review to prepare for examsA review to prepare for exams

ExperimentsExperiments Ten (total) experimentsTen (total) experiments

20 Points Each20 Points EachLabs reports are due in one week, e.g., if an Labs reports are due in one week, e.g., if an

experiment is completed on Tuesday, the experiment is completed on Tuesday, the report is due the following week (next report is due the following week (next Tuesday)Tuesday)

60 % rule60 % rule: A student must meet this : A student must meet this minimum score in lab to pass the course. minimum score in lab to pass the course. No exceptionsNo exceptions

The best The best 9 out of 109 out of 10 experiments are used experiments are used in your total scorein your total score

ExamsExams

Four examsFour examsBased on the chapters which Based on the chapters which

are listed in the syllabusare listed in the syllabus100 points each100 points eachAll exams count in total scoreAll exams count in total scoreTime: 2 hours to completeTime: 2 hours to complete

Final ExamFinal Exam

Thursday, May 26Thursday, May 26thth, , 6 PM6 PM3 Hours3 HoursCumulative ExamCumulative Exam200 points200 points

Grading ScaleGrading Scale

(Based on 1000 possible points)(Based on 1000 possible points)

90.0 - 100 %90.0 - 100 % AA

75.0 - 89.9 %75.0 - 89.9 %BB

60.0 - 74.9 %60.0 - 74.9 %CC

50.0 - 59.9%50.0 - 59.9% DD

< 50.0 %< 50.0 % FF

Required MaterialsRequired Materials

Textbook:Textbook: Introductory Chemistry, 3Introductory Chemistry, 3rdrd ed. ed. by by TroTro

Laboratory Manual:Laboratory Manual: Foundations of Foundations of Chemistry Chemistry in the Laboratoryin the Laboratory, , 13th ed. 13th ed. by M. Hein, et by M. Hein, et alal

CalculatorCalculator Safety Goggles & LockSafety Goggles & Lock

Laboratory PolicyLaboratory Policy

No one may participate in lab wearing No one may participate in lab wearing open toe / heel shoesopen toe / heel shoes. . Watch what Watch what you wear on lab daysyou wear on lab days. If you have . If you have inappropriate attire, you will inappropriate attire, you will NOTNOT be be allowed to complete the laballowed to complete the lab

Goggles must be worn during all lab Goggles must be worn during all lab experimentsexperiments

Your attendance and participation is Your attendance and participation is expectedexpected

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The The

Chemical WorldChemical World

Chemicals Compose Ordinary ThingsChemicals Compose Ordinary Things

ChemistryChemistry The study of the properties and the behavior of The study of the properties and the behavior of

chemicals chemicals (matter)(matter) The composition, structure, and reactions of The composition, structure, and reactions of

chemicalschemicals The connection between the properties of a The connection between the properties of a

substance and the properties of the particles substance and the properties of the particles that compose it that compose it

Why does soda pop fizz (effervesce)? Why does soda pop fizz (effervesce)? Why is water a liquid?Why is water a liquid? Why is a sunset red?Why is a sunset red?

All Things Are Made of Atoms and All Things Are Made of Atoms and MoleculesMolecules

Matter is defined as anything with mass and Matter is defined as anything with mass and occupies spaceoccupies space

The science of chemistry developed from The science of chemistry developed from observations made about the makeup and behavior observations made about the makeup and behavior of certain kinds of matterof certain kinds of matter

Chemistry focuses on the properties of substances Chemistry focuses on the properties of substances and the interactions of various types of matterand the interactions of various types of matter

All things around you are composed of All things around you are composed of atomsatoms and and atomsatoms bond together to form bond together to form moleculesmolecules

All Things Are Made of Atoms and All Things Are Made of Atoms and MoleculesMolecules

How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms present determine the properties of a substance

The makeup and properties of matter are analyzed two The makeup and properties of matter are analyzed two ways:ways: Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we

see)see) Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose

matter (atomic level)matter (atomic level) How atoms are bonded (spatial arrangement) and the

types of atoms present determine the properties of a substance

Chemistry helps us to understand the connection Chemistry helps us to understand the connection between our world and the world of atoms and moleculesbetween our world and the world of atoms and molecules

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects everything you use and do everything you use and do

Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and happen around you all of the timehappen around you all of the time

The molecular interactions (microscopic) create your The molecular interactions (microscopic) create your experience (macroscopic)experience (macroscopic)

Chemistry (reactions) occurs whenChemistry (reactions) occurs when cooking or baking food cooking or baking food burning wood in a fireplace burning wood in a fireplace disinfecting swimming pool water with chlorinedisinfecting swimming pool water with chlorine supplying power to a portable radio with batteriessupplying power to a portable radio with batteries deicing sidewalks and roads with rock saltdeicing sidewalks and roads with rock salt bleaching stains out of clothingbleaching stains out of clothing

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

In nature:In nature:microorganisms convert sugars to microorganisms convert sugars to

alcohols (fermentation)alcohols (fermentation)plants (algae and bacteria) convert plants (algae and bacteria) convert

carbon dioxide and water plus sunlight carbon dioxide and water plus sunlight energy into sugar (photosynthesis)energy into sugar (photosynthesis)

leaves change color in Autumn due to leaves change color in Autumn due to the disappearance of chlorophyll and the disappearance of chlorophyll and the interaction of sunlight with the the interaction of sunlight with the remaining pigmentsremaining pigments

Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes In laboratories / industrial processes:In laboratories / industrial processes:

crude oil is refined (separated) into gasoline and crude oil is refined (separated) into gasoline and other components other components

synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester, acrylic) are synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester, acrylic) are produced and used to make apparel (textiles), produced and used to make apparel (textiles), home furnishings, and other industrial goods home furnishings, and other industrial goods

new pharmaceuticals are (designed) synthesized new pharmaceuticals are (designed) synthesized by organic chemical reactionsby organic chemical reactions

water softening is used to remove certain metals water softening is used to remove certain metals from water for household usefrom water for household use

pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are produced (synthesized) to protect our food supply produced (synthesized) to protect our food supply

Chemistry and ChemicalsChemistry and Chemicals Everything around you is composed of chemicalsEverything around you is composed of chemicals A A chemicalchemical is a material is a material usedused or or producedproduced in a chemical in a chemical

process (in the laboratory, in manufacturing, or natural) process (in the laboratory, in manufacturing, or natural) A chemical A chemical substancesubstance (compound) is a material that (compound) is a material that

consists of a specific chemical compositionconsists of a specific chemical composition A pure (A pure (chemicalchemical) substance is one that consists of ) substance is one that consists of oneone type of type of

matter with the same composition and properties throughout matter with the same composition and properties throughout (two or more bound elements in a fixed ratio) (two or more bound elements in a fixed ratio)

For example, For example, purepure waterwater has the same properties and the has the same properties and the same same ratioratio of of hydrogenhydrogen to to oxygenoxygen whether it is isolated from a river or whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory made in a laboratory

Chemical substances that are commonly used:Chemical substances that are commonly used: salt, sugar, baking soda, borax, ethanol, soda lye (soap), salt, sugar, baking soda, borax, ethanol, soda lye (soap),

vitamin C vitamin C

Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines Science is the study in which humans attempt Science is the study in which humans attempt

to explain knowledge about themselves and to explain knowledge about themselves and their surroundingstheir surroundings

As more knowledge is gained, facts are organized As more knowledge is gained, facts are organized and explained, in a systematic and logical manner and explained, in a systematic and logical manner

Science attempts to understand (better) how Science attempts to understand (better) how nature works nature works

Physical evidence is obtained through an Physical evidence is obtained through an observable occurrence (a phenomenon)observable occurrence (a phenomenon)

Experiments are conducted to simulate events Experiments are conducted to simulate events under controlled conditions to test explanations and under controlled conditions to test explanations and predictionspredictions

Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines Science covers an Science covers an

enormous range of enormous range of accumulated information accumulated information which is divided into which is divided into branches called branches called scientific scientific disciplinesdisciplines

Chemistry is one of the Chemistry is one of the branches of physical branches of physical science (includes science (includes astronomy, physics, astronomy, physics, geology)geology)

Branches of biological Branches of biological science (natural sciences) science (natural sciences) include botany, include botany, microbiology, zoologymicrobiology, zoology

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Most scientific and technological advances are through Most scientific and technological advances are through

the use of experimentation as a method of problem-the use of experimentation as a method of problem-solvingsolving

Experimentation is a process that is used to explore Experimentation is a process that is used to explore observations and answer questions, i.e., to search for observations and answer questions, i.e., to search for cause and effect cause and effect relationships in nature relationships in nature

In general, no two scientist will approach a problem In general, no two scientist will approach a problem exactly in the same mannerexactly in the same manner

Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation: the Scientific Method

Within the scientific method are the guidelines for the practice of science to achieve systematic experimentation

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps)

used to acquire knowledge and explain an observable fact

The process (steps):1) Observations: Identify the problem and plan

procedures to obtain information Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take

measurements (data) Organize data to find patterns in the information

2) Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis A hypothesis is a possible model or statement

that offers an explanation for the observations

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodDesign an ExperimentDesign an Experiment The problem: How, What, When, The problem: How, What, When,

Who, Which, Why, or Where? Who, Which, Why, or Where? Research to find the best way to Research to find the best way to

approach thingsapproach things Make an educated guess about Make an educated guess about

how things work: how things work:

““If ___ (I do this)___, then___ If ___ (I do this)___, then___ (this)___will happen.” (this)___will happen.”

Your hypothesis should be stated Your hypothesis should be stated in a way that is measurable to in a way that is measurable to help answer your original questionhelp answer your original question

Test your hypothesis by doing an Test your hypothesis by doing an experimentexperiment

Design the experiment so that Design the experiment so that changes in one item causes changes in one item causes something else to vary in a something else to vary in a predictable waypredictable way

The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method: Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

3) Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to : A well-defined, controlled procedure to obtain informationobtain information

To validate the hypothesis perform more To validate the hypothesis perform more experimentsexperiments

If an experiment is performed under exactly the If an experiment is performed under exactly the same conditions, the same results (facts) should same conditions, the same results (facts) should occuroccur

If results are different than predicted, modify or If results are different than predicted, modify or propose a new hypothesispropose a new hypothesis

4) Theory A hypothesis that has been tested and validated A hypothesis that has been tested and validated

over a long period of timeover a long period of time Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are

repeated and confirm the hypothesis repeated and confirm the hypothesis

The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

If after extensive testing If after extensive testing the reliability of a the reliability of a hypothesis becomes very hypothesis becomes very high, it will evolve into a high, it will evolve into a theorytheory

A theory allows a scientist A theory allows a scientist to predict the outcome of to predict the outcome of proposed experimentsproposed experiments

If results of future If results of future experiments conflict with experiments conflict with the current theory it must the current theory it must either be modified, either be modified, restated, or even restated, or even replacedreplaced

The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law

After determining what facts are After determining what facts are known about a selected problem, known about a selected problem, more experimentation is performed more experimentation is performed to obtain more informationto obtain more information

As more facts are obtained, look As more facts are obtained, look for repeating patterns among the for repeating patterns among the collected facts collected facts

If a large number of facts are tied If a large number of facts are tied together, it can eventually lead to a together, it can eventually lead to a single generalized statement called single generalized statement called a a scientific law scientific law

LawLaw: A concise, verbal statement : A concise, verbal statement that summarizes facts about a that summarizes facts about a natural phenomenonnatural phenomenon

Using the Scientific MethodUsing the Scientific MethodIn Summary:In Summary:

Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain informationinformation

Collect data through Collect data through observationobservation and and experimentationexperimentation QualitativeQualitative: Do not involve a number: Do not involve a number QuantitativeQuantitative: Involve measurements: Involve measurements

Analyze and organize the data to summarize Analyze and organize the data to summarize observations (form generalizations) observations (form generalizations)

Suggest probable explanations (form a Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesishypothesis)) Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed

explanationsexplanations

Example IExample I

Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomatoes?tomatoes?

You have You have observedobserved the plants in the the plants in the garden exposed to more sunlight appear garden exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largerto grow larger

Your Your hypothesishypothesis: “The more sunlight a : “The more sunlight a tomato plant receives, the larger its tomato plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will grow.”tomatoes will grow.”

Example I

Example IExample I

Your hypothesis is based on the fact that Your hypothesis is based on the fact that tomato plants need sunshine to produce tomato plants need sunshine to produce sugar (by photosynthesis) and bear fruitsugar (by photosynthesis) and bear fruit

You observe that the tomato plants You observe that the tomato plants exposed to more sunlight appear to grow exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largerlarger

You set up an You set up an experiment experiment with two sets of with two sets of plants. Both receive the same care with plants. Both receive the same care with one set exposed to more sunlight one set exposed to more sunlight

Example I

Collect your data and summarize your Collect your data and summarize your resultsresults

Conclusion: The hypothesis is Conclusion: The hypothesis is supportedsupported by by the data or it can be the data or it can be rejectedrejected (not supported (not supported by the data)by the data)

The hypothesis cannot be The hypothesis cannot be provenproven with one with one experimentexperiment

However, the original hypothesis can be However, the original hypothesis can be supportedsupported by the collected data by the collected data

Example I

Example IIExample IITopic: You have probably noticed Topic: You have probably noticed ((observedobserved) that soda pop fizzes ) that soda pop fizzes (bubbles) when the bottle is opened.(bubbles) when the bottle is opened.

Step 1Step 1: State the problem. Why does : State the problem. Why does soda pop fizz?soda pop fizz?

Step 2Step 2: Gather information (: Gather information (datadata)) Examine soda pop’s propertiesExamine soda pop’s properties

Its color, taste, etc.Its color, taste, etc.It bubbles/fizzes when openedIt bubbles/fizzes when opened

Examine soda’s compositionExamine soda’s composition

Example II

Step 3: Organize the information (data)All the material around you is composed

of chemicalsSoda’s composition: The three main

chemical ingredients of soda pop are water, sugar, and carbon dioxidesugar = sweetnesswater = liquidcarbon dioxide = gas

Example II

Step 4Step 4: Look for patterns: Look for patterns Structure determines propertiesStructure determines properties,, so the fizzing of so the fizzing of

soda must have something to do with its soda must have something to do with its

composition composition

Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda

(carbonated beverages), is a gas(carbonated beverages), is a gas

We know that: We know that:

If we blow air (a gas) into water, bubbles form.If we blow air (a gas) into water, bubbles form.

When water boils it forms bubbles (into steam)When water boils it forms bubbles (into steam)

Bubbles are similar to those of bubbling soda.Bubbles are similar to those of bubbling soda.

Example II

Step 5Step 5: Propose a : Propose a hypothesishypothesisBased on the fact that the only gas in Based on the fact that the only gas in

soda is carbon dioxide:soda is carbon dioxide:

““The reason soda pop fizzes is because The reason soda pop fizzes is because the carbon dioxide is coming out of the the carbon dioxide is coming out of the soda.”soda.”

Step 6Step 6: Test your hypothesis: Test your hypothesisHow would you set up an experiment to How would you set up an experiment to

test it? test it?

Example II

Benefits to Studying ChemistryBenefits to Studying Chemistry

To further understand our world and its impact on our To further understand our world and its impact on our daily living (health care, natural resources, daily living (health care, natural resources, environmental protection, food supply)environmental protection, food supply)

Provides a better understanding of other areas of Provides a better understanding of other areas of modern science and technologymodern science and technology

Enhances problem-solving skillsEnhances problem-solving skills The ability to solve complicated chemistry problems The ability to solve complicated chemistry problems

can be applied to other types of problem-solvingcan be applied to other types of problem-solving Facilitates your development of a systematic approach Facilitates your development of a systematic approach

to scientific thought (logical, analytical)to scientific thought (logical, analytical) The scientific thought process also develops your The scientific thought process also develops your

ability to predict future events based on patterns of ability to predict future events based on patterns of behaviorbehavior

A Beginning Chemist: How to SucceedA Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed

Some memorization is required:Some memorization is required: Learn the terms (vocabulary)Learn the terms (vocabulary) Ask about something that occurs in nature: How, Ask about something that occurs in nature: How,

what, when, who, why, which, or where? what, when, who, why, which, or where? Calculation is required: Calculation is required:

Problem solving will include Problem solving will include conceptual checkpointsconceptual checkpoints, , sample problemssample problems, and , and student exercisesstudent exercises

Commitment: Use Commitment: Use active learning active learning byby reading the reading the text, regularly attending class and practicing text, regularly attending class and practicing “problem solving”“problem solving”

In-class activities include problem sets, exercisesIn-class activities include problem sets, exercises

Learning ChemistryLearning Chemistry

Develop your own study planDevelop your own study plan Do the recommended problemsDo the recommended problems Your confidence and problem solving skills Your confidence and problem solving skills

are enhanced through repetitionare enhanced through repetition Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first

time you see ittime you see it Read the text, come to classRead the text, come to class Ask questionsAsk questions

HomeworkHomework ““Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1”Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d) (a, b, c, d)

““Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sectionsCheckpoints” succeed certain chapter sections

““ExercisesExercises””1-13 (odd only)1-13 (odd only)

““ProblemsProblems””15-19 (odd only)15-19 (odd only)