Introduction to Animal Science

BENEFITS AND FUNCTIONS BENEFITS AND FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALS FOR SOCIETYOF ANIMALS FOR SOCIETY

USES & DOMESTICATIONUSES & DOMESTICATION

What is animal science?

Animal husbandry The branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding, care and feeding of domestic animals.

Animal science is the scientific study of farm animals. Biology is the study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.

What is animal science?

Genetics Embryology Zoology Botany Agronomy Anatomy Physiology Chemistry Nutrition Pathology Parasitology

Entomology Bacteriology Economics Computer Science Ethology Ecology Communications Finance Political Science Law Engineering Microbiology

History of Animal Agriculture in the United States

1493 Columbus brought livestock to the West Indies

1519 Cortez brought cattle and sheep to Mexico

1539 DeSoto brought horses and hogs to Florida

1641 William Pynchon, Massachusetts, was first meat

packer exporting salt pork

1760 Robert Bakewell, England, began breeding

animals for a purpose, created different types.

History of Animal Ag in U.S.

1861-1865 Changes occurred during the Civil War◦ Railroads decreased need for horses and mules and for

stock to be raised where they are consumed ◦ Refrigeration in box cars allowed shipping of carcasses to

population centers ◦ Now animals could be raised in one place, sold at another and

consumed at yet another.◦ Change in tastes – beef became most popular.

◦ Before the war, pork was the most popular meat (mainly due to ease of storage), but beef became the most popular meat after the war because of refrigeration.

History of Animal Ag in U.S.

1862 Land Grant Act provides public lands for universities to teach agriculture

1872 Hatch Act establishes experiment stations

1914 Smith Lever Act establishes cooperative extension service

Animal Scientist

A specialist in the branch of biology dealing with animals Conduct research in genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, and the development of domestic farm animals.

Temple Grandin

American doctor of animal science and professor at Colorado State University,Bestselling author, Autistic activist,Consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior2010 - listed in the Time list of the 100 most influential people in the world in the "Heroes" category.

http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984949_1985222,00.html

How do we benefit from animals?

Livestock Mammals produced on farms & ranches for food & other purposes.

Examples of Livestock Cattle Hogs Sheep Horses

Goats Bison Camelids

Companion Animals An animal used to provide humans with fun & friendship. Pets

Examples of Companion Animals

Dogs Cats Fish Rabbits

Hamsters Ferrets Snakes Gerbils

Poultry A group of fowl (birds) that are raised to use as food & other products. Meat & eggs

Examples of Poultry

Chickens Turkeys Ducks Geese

Quail Ostrich Emu Guinea

History of the Animal Science Industry

Early Domestication Humans began domesticating animals more than 10,000 years ago beginning with dogs.

Early Domestication

•Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) were the first food animals to be domesticated followed by pigs, possibly to dispose of table scraps and waste products.

•Horses and cattle were domesticated primarily for transportation and draft work purposes.

•Early people found animals that form large herds or flocks and eat a wide variety of feeds are easier to domesticate.

Early Domestication

Domestication involves more than simply taming. Animals are considered to be domesticated when: ◦ they are kept for a distinct purpose ◦ humans control their breeding ◦ their survival depends on humans ◦ they develop traits that are not found in the

wild

DomesticationDomestication allowed humans to

◦ Contain animals with the right temperament◦ Have a steady food supply ◦ Use animals for companionship, religious purposes and draft work

In return, the animals received protection and a constant food supply.

Selective breeding occurred as humans got rid of animals with undesirable traits, not allowing them to reproduce.

Which of these animals was domesticated first?

List them in the order you think they were domesticated on your notes page.

Cattle? Horses?

Goats? Chickens?

Pigs? Turkeys?

Sheep?

What’s your guess?

Domestication1. Dog 14-30,000 BC undetermined

2. Sheep 8500 BC Western Asia

3. Cat 8500 BC Fertile Crescent

4. Goats 8000 BC Western Asia

5. Pigs 7000 BC Western Asia

6. Cattle 7000 BC Eastern Sahara

7. Chicken 6000 BC Asia

8. Guinea Pig 5000 BC Andes Mountains

9. Llama & Alpaca 4500 BC Andes Mountains

10. Donkey 4000 BC Northeast Africa

11. Horse 3600 BC Kazakhstan

12. Duck 2500 BC Western Asia

Sheep: Domesticated 8500 BC Domesticated in the mountains of Southeast Europe and Central/Southwest Asia. These areas include the countries of:

Greece, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Hungary, Uzbekistan, Syria Yugoslavia, Turkmenistan, Iraq , Romania, TajikistanBulgaria, Afghanistan and Iran

Favorable because of their wool and meat for which they are still used and bred today.

Because of selective breeding for traits and other results of domestication, sheep are the only species of livestock that would be unable to return to the wild.

Big Horn Sheep

Cattle: Domesticated 7000 BC Domesticated near the boundary of Europe and Asia and/or Southwest Asia

This area includes the countries of: Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria, Moldavia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq

In the beginning, cattle were used mainly for meat, milk and labor but eventually were replaced by horses in most of the draft work.

Horses: Domesticated 3600 BC

Horses were domesticated in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. This area includes the countries of Mongolia and Siberia.

Originally, horses were used for meat and milk, but eventually became useful as pack and draft animals.

Horse Descended from the 1 foot tall Eohippus that roamed North America.

Pigs: Domesticated 7000 BC

Pigs were first domesticated in the Middle East (Mesopotamia) in countries such as Syria, Iraq and Turkey and then spread across Asia, Europe and Africa.

Pigs were utilized more in settled farming communities than in nomadic groups because they are difficult to move for long distances.

WILD BOAR

Animal DomesticationGoats The goat was among the earliest animals to be domesticated, around 8000 B.C. in Western Asia.

The goat could easily revert to its wild state.

Chickens Chickens were domesticated in Asia around 6000 BC and also in Southeast Asia (China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Burma)

Turkeys The turkey is the only North American domestic animal and was domesticated in Mexico. 100 BC – AD 100

Use the information . . .Use the notes we just took to draw a simple timeline on your worksheet illustrating the order in which animals were domesticated.

It might look something like this.

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Animal Contributions to Society

Food • Mutton and chevon are eaten by more people than any other meat

Beef is eaten in large quantities Certain religions restrict beef and pork consumption

◦ Hindus do not eat beef. ◦ Muslim, Hind, and Orthodox Jews do not eat pork

Many people eat horsemeat Goats, ewes, cattle, mares, sows, llamas, camels, reindeer and yaks provide milk and milk products.

Animal Contributions to Society

Clothing Wool, hair, hides (leather), and pelts have commonly been used for clothing.

Even today, in more than 100 countries, ruminant fibers such as hair and wool are used in the manufacture of clothing, bedding, housing and carpets.

Animal Contributions to Society

Shelter Hair and hides provide material for shelter. For example, hides are used in teepees, while hair is used in plaster (horsehair plaster).

Tools Early man relied on bones and hides for tools.

Utensils Bladders, horns, catgut and dynamite are animal products that are commonly used.

Personal Items Humans use animal products or by-products for jewelry and perfume.

Animal Contributions to Society

Power Animals have always been important throughout history for draft work, packing and transporting humans. In the 1920s, more than 25 million horses were used primarily for draft purposes.

Today, in developing countries, animals provide as much as 99% of the power used in agriculture while 20% of the world's populations depend on animals for moving goods. ◦ India has more than 200 million cattle and buffalo, but because cattle are

sacred in India, they are not slaughtered for meat. These animals are used to provide power for field work.

Animal Contributions to SocietyWar Animals were used in war for transportation and power

Religion Some societies worship animals.

Recreation Companionship and hobbies or sports such as horseback riding

Health Laboratory animals are commonly used for research. Miniature pigs have been used in laboratory research because they closely resemble humans in their pulmonary, cardiac, dental and even pre-natal brain development.

Cattle and sheep have been used to test artificial organs before use in humans. Humans also use animal products and by-products in pharmaceuticals.

Terms to knowTerms to know

Ruminant (poly-gastric): Animal with 4 -compartment stomach. Complex digestive system. Hooved animals.

◦ Eat roughages ◦ RoughageRoughage: Feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in

energy - hay, straw, silage, and pasture

Examples: Cattle, Sheep, Goats

Terms

Non-Ruminant (mono-gastric): Animal with simple stomach◦ Eat feed high in total digestible nutrients (TDN)

◦ grains

◦ Examples: Humans, Pigs, Dogs

Massachusetts

Top Agriculture Products

1. Greenhouse/nursery2. Cranberries3. Dairy products4. Apples5. Corn, sweet

Number of Farms 7,700

Land in Farms 517,800 acres

Average Farm Size 67 acres

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The American Market Basket

Chickens, horses, milk cows and hogs were present on the majority of farms a century ago. Today, a comparatively small proportion of farms maintain these animals.

Early in the century, home-grown fruits, vegetables, oats and wheat were considered staples. Later, families increasingly purchased and stocked their shelves with canned, frozen, and instant food products. This trend reversed itself slightly as health-conscious consumers began to include more fresh food in their diets. However, most of what is consumed today continues to move from the farm gate to the processor, and then to the grocery store.

The American Market Basket

The country’s population, as a whole, became wealthier and increased its demand for food products over most of the last century. Late in the century, however, the country reached a point of economic comfort where increases in income no longer raised domestic demand for food products.

As a result, U.S. farmers and ranchers began to rely more heavily on export markets to sell their excess production and have truly become food producers to the world.

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Trends in the Animal Industry Animal production is on a large scale facility & specialized (1 species)◦Fewer producersFewer producers◦Larger operationsLarger operations

Reasons for livestock production1. Meat for human consumption (protein)2. Profit3. Byproducts

What meat do we eat?US Average Consumption

1st Nearly half is red meat consumption2nd Poultry 3rd Pork 4th Seafood

Functions of Animals

FoodClothingLeisure and recreationIn other countriesPowertransportation

Another Form of Travel

By-Products Any product produced from an animal carcass other than meat is called a By-Product

Examples of By-Examples of By-ProductsProducts

FatsFats FeathersFeathers BoneBone IntestinesIntestines BrainBrain Glands and OrgansGlands and Organs

Stomach (Tripe)Stomach (Tripe) BloodBlood WoolWool HairHair HideHide ManureManure

TRIPE…Stomach flipped inside out

By-productsBy-products

Blood meal, meat and bone scraps Blood meal, meat and bone scraps are animal by-products used for are animal by-products used for livestock feedlivestock feed.

Horns, Hooves, Bones and Hides are animal by-products used to produce Gelatin

Gelatin = a translucent, colorless, brittle, nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones

Marshmallows

Peeps

Gummy bears

Ruminants are important b/c they have the ability to convert large quantities of materials which CAN NOT be used directly for human food. 80% of feed consumed by beef cattle is roughages

80% of human population 80% of human population gets most of their Protein, gets most of their Protein, Fats, Iron, Vit.’s, etc from Fats, Iron, Vit.’s, etc from Ruminant meatRuminant meat

45% of Protein eaten by 45% of Protein eaten by humans comes from humans comes from ruminantsruminants

Edible By-Products Brains, Tongue, LiverBrains, Tongue, Liver Oleo Stearine (Fat) in carcass used in gum Oleo Stearine (Fat) in carcass used in gum and candiesand candies Hooves, horns, bones, and hides produce Hooves, horns, bones, and hides produce GelatinGelatin used in Jell-o, marshmallows, ice used in Jell-o, marshmallows, ice cream, aspirin coatingscream, aspirin coatings

Cow’s tongue

Candy and chewing gum from animal fat

Inedible By-ProductsInedible By-ProductsLeather Leather (most valuable)(most valuable)

Inedible fats produce:Inedible fats produce: •CosmeticsCosmetics•ShampoosShampoos•shaving creamshaving cream•CrayonsCrayons•GlueGlue•ToothbrushesToothbrushes•SoapSoap•hair/paint brusheshair/paint brushes

Other By-ProductsOther By-Products Explosives Glue Lanolin Gum Gelatin Marshmallows Estrogen Violin strings Honey Shortening

Spam Upholstery Hot dogs Asphalt Yogurt Cement Ice cream Lactose Sausage cases

It has been estimated that 11.4% of the gross income from beef, and 7.5% of the income from pork, come from the by-products.

• Hides and skins are generally one of the most valuable by-products from animals.

• Used to make leather products

Did you know that it takes 3,000 cows to supply the National Football League with enough leather for a year's supply of footballs.  Now, why do they call it the ol' pig skin?

The joys of potted meat!!

YUMMY!!!.......Ingredients: Beef Tripe, Mechanically Separated Chicken, Beef Hearts, Partially Defatted Cooked Beef Fatty Tissue, Meat Broth, Vinegar, Salt, Flavoring, Sugar, Sodium Nitrite.

More By-ProductsMore By-Products Livestock feeds- Fish, Meat Livestock feeds- Fish, Meat and Bone, Blood, Feather and Bone, Blood, Feather MealsMeals

Much more!!!Much more!!!

Uses of Manure 1. Organic fertilizer in agriculture. ◦Adds organic matter and nutrients facilitate the growth of plants

Manure!2. About 10% of the world’s population uses dried animal manure for fuelfuel◦ Manure can be used for gas, electricity and fuel

for a boiler, or it can be burned directly for cooking or lighting.

Characteristic of those in an Animal Science Career

Must love animalsNot mind hard work and bad weatherNot mind long hours and long workweeks.Have knowledge of animal husbandry

Careers in Animal Science

What you can do to get started

High school agriculture classes are a good place to start!

The total Agricultural Education program gives you many opportunities to gain experience in animal science.

AgEd classes + SAE + FFA

Education and Animal Careers Most entry level jobs require a high school diploma About 20% of the careers in agriscience require a college degree.

Education and Animal Careers Some positions, such as veterinarians, perform highly technical tasks such as embryo transfer.

Education for a vet?

Trends in Animal Science

The largest number of new employment positions in agriscience is expected to be for scientists and engineers.

Trends in Animal Science The small animal industry is expanding greatly! Small animals have many uses:

◦ pets ◦ animal research ◦ food

Trends in Animal Science Technicians are needed for kennels, pet stores, animal hospitals, etc.

Trends in Animal Science

The equine industry is also growing as the interest in horses for pleasure show increases.

Some other careers There are hundreds of careers in animal science!! Unfortunately, Most people only really know about veterinary medicine. Competition for vet school is intense!

Look at all these other options

Some animal careers Animal Caretakers Animal Research Animal Technician Animal Trainers Aquatic Science Careers Beekeeper Biological Engineering Marine Biology Veterinary Medicine

Dairy Nutrition Specialist

Agricultural Scientists

Poultry Science

Animal Assisted Therapy

Animal Attendant

Animal Behaviorist

Animal Breeders

Animal Care Specialist - Army

Some animal careers Dog Groomer Dog Handlers Equine Careers Farm Workers Fish and Game Wardens Fish and Wildlife Management Game Warden Groom

Guide Dog

Instructor/Trainer

Horse Groom

Horse Riding Instructor

Horse Trainer

Horse Racing Jockey

Kennel Worker

Some animal careers

Livestock Buyer Marine Biology Marine Mammal Trainer Pet Shop Operator Park Ranger Poultry Farm Workers Primatology Careers Professional Farrier Shearer

Veterinary Assistants Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Technician Wildlife Biologist Wildlife Rehabilitation Zoo and Aquarium Worker Zoologists Zoo Keeper