Introduction to Anatomy Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology of Sports& Physiology of Sports

The Human Body – An Orientation:The Human Body – An Orientation:

ANATOMY – ANATOMY – study of the structure study of the structure and shape of the body and its partsand shape of the body and its parts

PHYSIOLOGY – PHYSIOLOGY – study of how the study of how the bodybody and its parts work or functionand its parts work or function

Anatomy – levels of study:Anatomy – levels of study:

Gross anatomyGross anatomy• Large structuresLarge structures• easily observableeasily observable

Anatomy – levels of study:Anatomy – levels of study:

Microscopic anatomyMicroscopic anatomy• Very smallVery small• can only be viewed with a microscopecan only be viewed with a microscope

Levels of structural organization:Levels of structural organization:

1.1. Chemical level (atoms and Chemical level (atoms and molecules)molecules)

2.2. Cellular levelCellular level

3.3. Tissue levelTissue level

4.4. Organ levelOrgan level

5.5. Organ system levelOrgan system level

6.6. Organism levelOrganism level

Levels of structural organizationLevels of structural organization

Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintain boundaries2. Movement

LocomotionMovement of substances

3. ResponsivenessAbility to sense changes and react

4. DigestionBreakdown and delivery of nutrients

5. MetabolismProduction of energyMaking body structures

6. ExcretionElimination of waste from metabolic reactions

7. ReproductionProduction of future generations

8. GrowthIncreasing cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs NutrientsNutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell buildingChemicals for energy and cell buildingIncludes carbo’s, lipids, proteins, vitamins, Includes carbo’s, lipids, proteins, vitamins,

and mineralsand minerals OxygenOxygen

Required for chemical reactionsRequired for chemical reactions WaterWater

60 – 80% of body weight60 – 80% of body weightProvides for metabolic reactionsProvides for metabolic reactions

Stable body temperatureStable body temperature Atmospheric pressureAtmospheric pressure

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment

= a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandingprevent misunderstanding

Exact terminology is used forExact terminology is used for1.1. PositionPosition

2.2. DirectionDirection

3.3. RegionsRegions

4.4. StructuresStructures

ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System Protects and supportsProtects and supports

Provides muscleProvides muscleattachmentattachment

Blood cellBlood cell

formationformation

Stores mineralsStores minerals

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

LocomotionLocomotion

PosturePosture

Produces heatProduces heat

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Fast-acting controlFast-acting controlsystemsystem

Responds to internal Responds to internal andandexternal changeexternal change

Activates muscles Activates muscles andandglandsglands

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Transports materials Transports materials via blood pumped by via blood pumped by heartheart• OxygenOxygen• Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide• NutrientsNutrients• WastesWastes

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Supplies blood with Supplies blood with oxygenoxygen

Removes carbon Removes carbon dioxidedioxide

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

DigestionDigestion

Nutrient absorptionNutrient absorption

Eliminates Eliminates

indigestible materialindigestible material

Body PlanesBody Planes

Planes of Planes of the Bodythe Body

Median PlaneMedian Plane

(mid-sagittal)(mid-sagittal)

Cuts into Cuts into rightright

and left sidesand left sides

Planes of Planes of the Bodythe Body

Frontal PlaneFrontal Plane(coronal)(coronal)

Cuts into Cuts into front front and back sectionsand back sections

Planes of Planes of the Bodythe Body

Transverse Transverse PlanePlane

Cuts into Cuts into top top and bottom and bottom

sectionssections

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Ventral Cavities: (anterior or front)

•Thoracic cavityholds the heart and lungs Abdominopelvic divides into:•Abdominal cavity •holds the digestive organs•Pelvic cavity •holds the reproductive organs

Dorsal Cavities:(Posterior or back)

•Cranial cavity holds the brain

•Spinal cavity holds the spinal cord

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Anatomical PositionAnatomical PositionFeet togetherArms to the sideHead eyes and palms of the hands facing forward

The thumb is a lateral structure, not an anterior one

Anatomical position ensures consistency in conversation and explanations.

Orientation of the BodyOrientation of the Body

Superior (cranial or Superior (cranial or cephalad)cephalad)

Toward the Toward the headhead end or end or upper part of a structure upper part of a structure or the body; above.or the body; above.

Inferior (caudal)Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end Away from the head end

or toward the or toward the lower part lower part of a structure or the of a structure or the body; belowbody; below

Anterior and PosteriorAnterior and Posterior

Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral) Toward or at the Toward or at the

front front of the body: of the body: in front of in front of

Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal) Toward or at the Toward or at the

backsidebackside of the of the body: behindbody: behind

Medial and LateralMedial and Lateral

MedialMedial Toward or at the Toward or at the

midlinemidline of the of the body: on the body: on the innerinner side ofside of

LateralLateral Away from the Away from the mid mid

line line of the body: on of the body: on the the outerouter side of side of

Proximal and DistalProximal and Distal

ProximalProximal Close to the origin of Close to the origin of

the body part or the the body part or the point ofpoint of attachment of attachment of a limba limb to the body to the body trunktrunk

DistalDistal Farther from Farther from the origin the origin

of the body part or the of the body part or the point of attachment of point of attachment of a limb to the body a limb to the body trunktrunk