Introduction: Problem Solving and Uncertainty978-0-585-27445-4/1.pdf · Notes Introduction: Problem Solving and Uncertainty 1. Andrew Kopkind, "Are We in the Middle of a Revolution?"

Notes

Introduction: Problem Solving and Uncertainty

1. Andrew Kopkind, "Are We in the Middle of a Revolution?" New York Times Magazine (November 10, 1968).

2. Zygmunt Baumann, Post Modern Ethics (London: Blackwell, 1993). 3. Peter L. Bemstein, Against the Gods (New York: Wiley, 1996). 4. Steven Overell, "Drugs at Work," People Management (February 5, 1998). 5. Alvin Toffler, Powershift (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). 6. John Kay, The Business of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). 7. W. Ross Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall,

1956). 8. Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949). 9. Kay, The Business of Economics.

10. John Harvey Jones, Making It Happen (London: Collins, 1988). 11. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (London: Blackwell, 1996).

1. The Problem of Problem Solving

1. David Bayley, Police for the Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). 2. Margaret Constanzo, Problem Solving (London: Cavendish Publishing, 1994). 3. Donald Schon, The Reflective Practitioner (London: Temple Smith, 1983). 4. C. West Churchman, The Design of Inquiring Systems (New York: Basic Books,

1971). 5. Ulrick Beck, The Risk Society (London: Sage, 1992). 6. Stafford Beer, The Brain of the Firm (Chichester: Wiley, 1972). 7. Tony Jefferson, The Case Against Paramilitary Policing (Milton Keynes: Open

University Press, 1990).

213

214 DANGEROUS DECISIONS

2. Using Problem-Solving Methods

1. Nimal Jayartna, Understanding and Evaluating Methodologies (London: McGraw- Hill, 1994).

2. Michael Wilmer, "Information Theory and the Measurement of Detective Per- formance," Kybernetes 2 (1973): 225-231.

3. Peter L. Bernstein, Against the Gods (New York: Wiley 1996). 4. C. Kepner and B. Tregoe, The Rational Manager (London: McGraw-Hill, 1965). 5. Stafford Beer, Diagnosing the System for Organizations (New York: Wiley, 1985). 6. Enid Mumford, Effective Systems Design and Requirements Analysis (London:

Macmillan, 1995). 7. Tudor Rickards, "Creativity Training," Interfaces 24 (November-December

1994). 8. Frank Watt and Patrick Tlssington, "Making Decisions in Emergencies," Inter-

sec 8 (January 1988): 13-15. 9. Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Penguin University Books, 1973).

10. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). 11. Geoffrey Vickers, Making Institutions Work (London: Associated Business Pro-

grammes Ltd., 1973). 12. Donald Schon, The Reflective Practitioner (London: Temple Smith, 1983). 13. Ibid. 14. Edward de Bono, I Am Right You Are Wrong (London: Penguin Books, 1991). 15. Chris Argyris, On Organizational Learning (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985). 16. De Bono, I Am Right You Are Wrong.

3. Problem Solving by Specialist Groups: Scientists, Doctors, Lawyers

1. Max Wertheimer, Productive Thinking (London: Tavistock Publications, 1961). 2. Bill Critchley, "A Gestalt Approach to Oraganizational Consulting," Developing

Organizational Consultancy, eds. Jean Neumann, Kamil Kellner, and Andraea Dawson-Shepherd (London: Routledge, 1997).

3. P. Clarkson, Gestalt Counselling in Action (London: Sage, 1989). 4. David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality (London: Allen Lane Penguin Press, 1997). 5. Chris Argyris, Reasoning, Learning, and Action (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,

19820. 6. Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Routledge, 1959). 7. William H. Calvin, How Brains Think (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996). 8. William J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, Methods in Social Research (London:

McGraw-Hill, 1952). 9. Mitchell Wilson, Passion to Know: The World's Scientists (London: Weidenfeld

and Nicolson, 1972). 10. W. B. Pillsbury, Scientia (1924). 11. Stafford Beer, Diagnosing the System for Organizations (Chichester: Wiley, 1985). 12. Edward Brech, Clive de Paula, and Norman White, Management of Research and

Development (London: British Institute of Management, 1964). 13. Ibid. 14. Hugh Pennington, "Dining with Death," London: Times Higher (June 1997).

NOTES 215

15. Margot Costanzo, Problem Solving for Lawyers (London: Cavendish Publishing, 1995); Simon Lee and Marie Fox, Legal Skills (London: Blackstone, 1991).

16. Costanzo, Problem Solving for Laywers. 17. David Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, Judgment Under Uncertainty

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 18. Argyris, Reasoning, Learning, and Action. (1982). 19. Costanzo, Problem Solving for Lawyers. 20. Richard Bomforth, Stuart Mason, Michael Swash, and Bailliere Tindall,

Hutchinson's Clinical Methods (London: Hutchinson, 1975). 21. Reg Revans, "The Hospital as a Human System," Physics in Medicine and

Biology 7 (1962). 22. Enid Mumford "Managing Complexity: The Design and Implementation of

Expert Systems," in Knowledge Based Management Support Systems, eds. Goergios Doukidis, Frank Land, and Gordon Miller (Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1989).

4. Problem Solving and the Police

1. Sheehy Report, Report into the Inquiry into Police Responsibilities and Rewards (CM 2280, I, II. London: HMSO 1993).

2. David Bayle~ Police for the Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). 3. T. A. Critchley, A History of the Police in England and Wales (London: Constable,

1967). 4. Rod Morgan and Tun Newburn, The Future of Policing (Oxford: Clarendon,

1997). 5. Peter Micheels, The Detectives (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994). 6. John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, Mindhunter (London: Heinmann, 1996). 7. Ibid. 8. Police Reform White Paper (London: HMSO, 1993). 9. Internal Police Report: Intelligence Development Recommendations to the West York-

shire Command Team (May, 1997). 10. Micheels, The Detectives. 11. Rod Morgan and Tim Newburn, The Future of Policing (Oxford: Clarendon,

1997). 12. Herbert Goldstein, Problem Oriented Policing (Philadelphia: Temple University

Press, 1990). 13. Adrian Leigh, Tun Read, and Nick Tilley, Problem-Oriented Policing. British

Home Office Policy Directorate (London: HMSO, 1996). 14. Brighton Police Department, In Pursuit of Excellence: Applying Quality Improve-

ment Principles to the Police Service. (Internal Document, May, 1994). 15. Lord ficarman, The Scarman Report: The Brixton Disorders 10-12 April 1981 (Lon-

don: HMSO).

5. Drug Dealers and Drug Barons as Problem Solvers

1. Robert Gross, Revenue Management (London: Orion Business Books, 1997). 2. Howard Marks, Mr. Nice (London: Minerva, 1997). 3. Ibid.


4. Ibid., p. 327. 5. Ibid., p. 330. 6. Ibid., p. 332. 7. J. Thompson, Intersec 4, no. 5 (May 1994): 147. 8. W. Tupman, "Crime Patterns," Intersec 5, no. 4 (April 1995): 121-122. 9. Manual Castells, End of Millennium (London: BlackweU, 1998); Gabriel Garcia

Marquez, News of a Kidnapping (London: Jonathon Cape, 1997). 10. Carl Wauben, "Drugs--the Caribbean Connection," Intersec 5, no. 3 (March

1995): 90-93. 11. Vincent P. Grimes, "USA Round-up," Intersec 7, no. 6 (June 1997): 213-214. 12. Garcia Marquez, News of a Kidnapping. 13. Ian Greig, "Latin American Security Problems," Intersec 5, no. 9 (1995): 307-308. 14. "Drugs, Latin America and the United States," The Economist (February 7,

1998): 69. 15. CasteUs, End of Millennium. 16. John Kay, The Business of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

6. Understanding the Drug Problem

1. Ken Duncan, "Drug Trafficking," Intersec 7, no. 9 (September 1997). 2. Paul Lockley, Counselling Heroin and Other Drug Users (London: Free Associa-

tion Books, 1995). 3. Malcolm Ramsey and Andrew Percy, Drug Misuse Declared: Results of the British

Crime Survey (London: Home Office Research Study, 151; Claire Gerada and Mark Ashworth, "Addiction and Dependence--Illicit Drugs," British Medical Journal 315 (August 2, 1997), 289-350.

4. Susan Greenfield, personal communication June 17, 1997. 5. Richard Webster, Why Freud Was Wrong (London: HarperCollins, 1995). 6. Matthew CoUin and John Godfrey, Altered States (New York: Serpents Tale,

1997). 7. Ibid. 8. European, March 6-12, 1997. 9. Robert Holman Coombs, Drug-Impaired Professionals (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1997). 10. The Big Issue 273 (March 2-8 1998). 11. New Musical Express (February 15, 1997). 12. Philip Knighfley, "The Drugs World War. What Do We Do Now?" Independent

on Sunday (February 8, 1998). 13. Ian Roberts, Maggie Barker, and Leah Li. "Analysis of Deaths from Accidental

Drug Poisoning in Teenagers," British Medical Journal 315 (August 2,1997): 289. 14. "The Graduate Consumers Study" Times Higher Education Supplement (May

30, 1997). 15. Independent, September 17, 1997. 16. Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting (London: Minerva, 1993); Melvin Burgess, Junk

(London: Penguin Books, 1996). 17. Burgess, Junk, p. 144.

NOTES 217

18. Richard Lawrence Miller, Drug Warriors and Their Prey: From Police Power to Police State (Westport, Ct: Praeger, 1996).

19. Independent (February 16, 1997). 20. Independent (April 10, 1997). 21. Mark Edmunds, Michael Hough, and Norman Urguia, Tackling Local Drug

Markets (London: Police Research Group, 1996). 22. Thomas Stuttaford, "Medicine Chest," Times (March 17, 1998). 23. Michael Evans, London Times (june 10, 1998). 24. John Lloyd, Rebirth of a Nation: An Anatomy of Russia (London: Michael Joseph,

1997). 25. Jason Bennetto, "Nigerian Crime Wave Sweeps Through Britain." Independent

(February 2, 1998). 26. Philip Knightly, "How We Fought and Lost the Drugs World War," Independent

on Sunday (january 25, 1998). 27. Economist (April 19-25, 1997). 28. USA Today (June 2, 1997). 29. Ibid.

7. Tackling the Drug Problem: Governments as Strategic Planners

1. Andrew Tudor, Problem Solving (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982). 2. "USA Round-Up," Intersec 5, no. 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 (January, March, April, June,

September, October, 1995). 3. "USA Round-Up," Intersec 7, no. 6 (June 1997). 4. Ibid. 5. Lee Smith, "The FBI Is a Touch Outfit to Run," Fortune 9, no. 21 (1989): 81-83. 6. Fenton Bresler, Interpol (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992). 7. European Parliament News (February 1998). 8. Ibid. 9. Michael Forde, "International/EU Criminal Law," in Justice Cooperation in the

European Union, ed. Gavin Barrett (Dublin: Institute of European Affairs, 1997). 10. Val Flynn, "Europol--a Watershed in Law Enforcement Cooperation," in Jus-

tice Cooperation in the European Union, ed. Gavin Barrett (Dublin: Institute of European Affairs, 1997).

11. Times (March 23, 1998). 12. Forde, "International/EU Criminal Law." 13. Val Flynn, "The Treaty of Amsterdam," Intersec 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 18-20. 14. Flynn, "Europol." 15. Dermot Gilroy, "Customs Cooperation in the Third Pillar," in Justice Coopera-

tion in the European Union, ed. Gavin Barrett (Dublin: Institute of European Affairs, 1997).

16. Jason Lloyd, Drugs, Addiction and the Law (London: Elm Publications, 1995). 17. British White Paper, "Tackling Drugs Together: A Strategy for England 1995-

98" (London: HMSO, 1995). 18. Ian Greig, "The Growing Menace of Intimidation," Intersec 4, no. 5 (May 1992).


19. "National Criminal Intelligence Service," Intersec 4, no. 9 (September 1994): 301-302.

20. Sunday Observer (May 18, 1997).

8. Operational Guidelines for Problem Solving

1. Stafford Beer, "The Viable System Model: Its Provenance, Development and Methodology," in The Viable System Model, eds. Raul Espejo and Roger Harnden (Chichester: Wiley, 1989).

2. Kenneth Schneider, Destiny of Change (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968).

3. Ibid. 4. Kevin Stringer, "Zurich: Microcosm of the International Drug War," Intersec 7,

no. 9 (September 1997): 280-284.

9. Different Groups with Different Problems

1. Alistair Ramsey, "The Need for Good Drugs Education," in National Drugs Conference: Final Report (London: Association of Chief Police Officers, 1994).

2. Ibid. 3. Matthew Collin, Altered States (London: Serpents Tale, 1997). 4. Ibid. 5. "Address by the Rt. Hon. Michael Howard QC MP," in National Drugs Confer-

ence: Final Report (London: Association of Chief Police Officers, 1994). 6. Paul Lockley, Counselling Heroin and Other Drug Users (London: Free Associa-

tion Books, 1995). 7. Ibid. 8. Paul Lockley, Working with Drug Family Support Groups (London: Free Associa-

tion Books, 1996). 9. Personal communication.

10. Robert Holman Coombs, Drug Impaired Professionals (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).

11. Independent (May 23, 1997). 12. Independent (April 19, 1997). 13. "The Dutch Experiment," New Scientist 2122 (February 21, 1998): 30-31. 14. W. Ross Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall,

1956).

10. Cyber Crime: A New Kind of Fraud

1. European (November 13-19, 1997). 2. Mark Mottershead, "Taking the Complexity out of Encryption," Computer

Bulletin, no. 3: 12-14. 3. European, April 10-16, 1997. 4. Chris Sundt, "Security Problems of Electronic Data Interchange," Intersec 4, no.

1 0anuary 1994): 21-24.

NOTES 219

5. Othmar Kyas, Internet Security (London: International Thomson Computer Press, 1997).

6. Joel P. Friedman and Frank Terzuoli, "Operating Risk in Financial Services," in Risk Management: Problems and Solutions, eds. William H. Beaver and George Parker (London: McGraw Hill, 1995).

7. Stephen Fay, The Collapse of Barings (London: Arrow Business Books, 1996). 8. Katie Hafner and John Markoff, Cyberpunk (London: Fourth Estate, 1991). 9. Alvin Toffler, Powershifl (New York: Bantam Books, 1990).

10. Hafner and Markoff, Cyberpunk. 11. Secure Computing (May 1997). Editorial. 12. Othmar Kyas, Internet Security (London: International Thomson Computer

Press, 1997). 13. Alan Routledge, "A Question of Responsibility," Secure Computing (June 1997):

38-40. 14. Nell Barrett, "Digital Crime: Policing the Cybernation," Secure Computing (No-

vember 1997): 21-24. 15. "Hackers for Hire," Secure Computing (December 1997): 22-28. 16. Clifford StoU, The Cuckoo's Egg (London: Bodley Head, 1990). 17. Ibid., p. 104.

11. Addressing Cyber Crime Problems

1. Robert N. Charette, "The Mechanics of Managing 1T Risk," Journal of Informa- tion Technology 11 (December 1996): 373-378.

2. KaUe Lyytinen, Lars Mathiassen, and Janne Ropporen, "A Framework for Software Risk Management," Journal of Information Technology 11 (December 1996): 275-285.

3. Gurpreet Dhillon and James Backhouse, "Managing for Secure Organizations: A Review of IT Security Research Approaches," in Key Issues in Information Systems, ed. David E. Avison (London: McGraw-Hill, 1997), 377-390.

4. Othmar Kyas, Internet Security (London: Thompson Computer Press, 1997). 5. Clifford Stoll, The Cuckoo's Egg (London: Bodley Head, 1990). 6. Fred J. Heemstra and Rob J. Kusters, "Dealing with Risk: A Practical Ap-

proach," Journal of Information Technology 11 (December 1996): 333-346. 7. Fred Piper, "Information Security," Intersec 5, no. 5 (May 1995): 192-194. 8. Judith Jeffcoate, "Security in the Internet Age," Secure Computing (September

1997): 60-61. 9. Dhillon and Backhouse, "Managing for Secure Organizations."

10. Martin Kettle and Owen Boycott, "The Age of the Digital Sleuth," Guardian Newspaper (December 12, 1997).

11. David Kahn, "Curiosity Code: Hackers Are Heirs to An Ancient Tradition," Daily Telegraph (July 1, 1997).

12. Chris Sundt, "Security Problems of Electronic Data Interchange," Intersec 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 22-24.

13. Vincent P. Grimes, "USA Round-UP," Intersec 7, no. 9 (September 1997): 304-305. 14. Peter Sommer, "Cyber Extortion," Secure Computing (April 1997); 41-43.


15. Bill Tupman, "Avoiding the Pitfalls of Fraud Investigation," Intersec 5, no. 4 (April 1995): 123-124.

16. Michael Hudson, "From Disaster Response to Business Recovery," Intersec 5, no. 7 (July 1995): 272-273.

17. Dhillon and Backhouse, "Managing for Secure Organization." 18. Richard Kusnierz, "Hunting for the Needle," Intersec 5, no. 5 (May 1995): 185-187. 19. Bryan Clough, "Computer Crime," Intersec 7, no. 10 (October 1997): 364-365. 20. R. Dixon and C. Marston, "Computer Fraud," Journal of Management Account-

ing 66, no. 9 (October 1988): 24-25. 21. John Cardin, "Welcome to World War Three," Independent on Sunday (February

22, 1998).

12. Money Laundering: Where Drugs and Cyber Crime Meet

1. Fenton Bresler, Interpol (London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1992). 2. William C. Gilmore, Dirty Money (Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press, 1993). 3. C. Hill, "Money Laundering Methodology," in Butterworth's International Guide

to Money Laundering Law, ed. R. Parlour (London: Butterworth, 1994). 4. Helen Norman, "Tracing the Proceeds of Crime: An Inequitable Solution," in

Laundering and Tracing, ed. P. B. H. Birk (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). 5. Bresler, Interpol. 6. Stephen Moriarty, "Tracing, Mixing, Laundering," in Laundering and Tracing,

ed. P. B. H. Birks (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). 7. Paul Matthews, "The Legal and Moral Rules of Common Law Tracing," in

Laundering and Tracing, ed. P. B. H. Birks (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). 8. Gijs de Vries, "How Europe Fights the Mafia's Plague of Crime," European

(May 8-14, 1997). 9. Gilmore, Dirty Money.

10. Norman, "Tracing the Proceeds of Crime." 11. Report of European Parliament (EP) News, June 1997. 12. Gilmore, Dirty Money. 13. Michael Fooner, "The Financial Action Task Force" Intersec 5, no. 6 (June 1995):

219-221. 14. Ibid. 15. Alistair Waiters, "Money Laundering," Independent (February 4, 1998). 16. Editorial, European (May 8-14, 1997). 17. Nigel Morris-Cotterall, Independent on Sunday (August 7, 1997). 18. Waiters, "Money Laundering."

13. The Challenge of Problem Solving

1. Jay Forrester, "Planning Under the Dynamic Influences of Complex Social Systems," in Perspectives of Planning, ed. Eric Jantsch (Paris: OECD, 1969), 237- 256.

2. W. Ross Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall, 1956).

NOTES 221

3. Ibid. 4. Frank Watt and Patrick Tissington, "Making Decisions in Emergencies," Inter-

sec 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 13-15. 5. Steven Rose, Lifelines (London: Alien Lane, Penguin Press, 1997). 6. Muzafer Sherif, The Psychology of Social Norms (New York: Harper, 1936). 7. Josephine Klein, Working with Groups (London: Hutchinson, 1961). 8. "Faith and Reason: A Proper Role at the Negotiating Table," Independent (Janu-

ary 10, 1998). 9. Rose, Lifelines.

10. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (London: Blackwell, 1996). 11. Mark Porter and Julian Coman, "Kurdish Exodus Fuels Fears," European (Janu-

ary 1-7, 1988). 12. Michael Evans, "Russian Mafia Cash Washes into London," Times (january i0,

1998). 13. Confiscation and Money Laundering: Law and Practice, Home Office Publication

(London: HMSO, 1997). 14. John Lloyd, Rebirth of a Nation: An Anatomy of Russia (London: Michael Joseph,

1997). 15. Manuel Castells, End of Millennium (London: Blackwell, 1998). 16. Ibid. 17. "Russian Mafia Cash Washes into London," London Times (January 10, 1998). 18. Castells, End of Millennium. 19. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, News of a Kidnapping (London: Jonathon Cape, 1997). 20. Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity (London: BlackweU, 1997). 21. Val Flynn, "The Treaty of Amsterdam," Intersec 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 18-20. 22. Speech in U.S. Senate, March 27, 1964.

Index

Action plans, 28 Addictive drugs, 91,123 Addicts and addiction, 130, 140

types of, 140 Afghanistan, 99 AIDS, 200 Albania, 36 Alderson, John, 71 Alles,Gordon, 93 American data encryption standard, 175 Amphetamines, 92 Amplification, 199 Amsterdam, 92, 144, 146-148, 190 Annabelinda, 77, 187 Anti drugs policy and practice, 2, 100 Argyris, Chris, 39, 43, 50 Artificial intelligence, 57 Ashby, W. Ross, 7, 28, 146 Assertiveness training, 134 Association

by doctors, 52, 53 theory, 41-42

Attitudes company, 177 employee, 177

Audit trails, 188

Backhouse, James, 171, 177 Bacon, Francis, 44 Bank of Credit and Commerce International,

188 Banks

antilaundering measures, 193 protection rules, 188

Banks (cont.) protection strategies, 191 responses to fraud, 159

Barings bank, 155, 177 Baumann, Zygmunt, 2 Bayes, Thomas, 27 Bayley, David, 13, 60 Baysian theory, 27 Beer, Stafford, 7, 18, 27, 45, 122 Berkeley

capability, 166 computer, 162, 163, 167 laboratories, 165, 166

Big Issue, 94 Blair, Tony, 157 Bolivia, 82 Boots Drug Company, 123, 134 Bresler, Fenton, 106 Brighton Police Department, 70 British Audit Commission, 152 British Criminal Justice Act, 110, 154 British Department of Trade and Industry,

173 British government strategies, 123. 126 British Home Office, 98 British Medical Journal, 96 British National Criminal Intelligence Service,

186 British Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 160 British universities, 154 Brown cafes, 139 Bsi Code of Practice, 173 Bulgaria, 99 Burgess, Melvin, 96

223


Burglary, 18 Business process reengineering, 35

Caesar, Julius, 174 Cafe behavior, 146 Call cartel, 81,84, 85, 99 Camden council, 130 Cannabis, 138, 144, 146

decriminalization of, 123 history of, 90 sources of, 91 trading, 9 I types of, 90

Capabilities, 7, 10, 121, 125 as assets. 6 of customs, 78 of hospitals and practices, 54 legal. 51 match with markets, 6 and organizational challenges, 8 of police, 63--66 of scientific groups, 45 and strategy, 7

Capability definition of, 6 ethical, 8 innovation, 8 knowledge, 7 organizational, 8 psychological, 8 resource, 8

Case law, 51 Castells, Manuel, 81, 85 Catholic Institute for International Relations, 205 Cayman Islands, 186 Central Drugs Coordination Unit. 130 Central Intelligence Agency, 166 Change

and complexity, 42 management of, 65 rate of, 2

Changes in problems, 20 in risks, 20

Chaos Club, 165 Chaos theory, 2, 75.79--80 Chaotic structures, 17, 75 Charrington. Brian. 187 Chechen brothers, 186 Citibank, 150 Class A drugs, 144

Clean money, 185 Clinton, President, 86, 104, 159, 193 Club owners, 122-123, 136 Clubs and drugs, 98, 137, 138-140

crack cocaine, 9 I doormen, 136 licenses, 136

Coalitions, 126 Cocaine, 81,91, 92, 100, 138, 144

market, 186 Collaboration of scientists, 46 Collin, Matthew, 135, 137 Colombia. 8 1 4 3 , 144

coca leaf production, 82 networks, 19, 137 security forces, 82 transport arrangements, 82

Communication, 146 break down, 22 capability, 134 effective, 22 electronic, 150 equipment, 66 medical. 53 networks, 19, 137

Community groups, 20 action by, 130 initiatives, 13 I programs, 106 views, 124

Community policing, 69 Competence, 6

definition of, 7 Competencies, 9, 10, 37-39, 121, 125, 143

cognitive, 181 communication, 181 customs and enforcement agencies, 78 of drug dealers, 77-78 ethical, 8 holistic approach, 63 implementation, 181 of individuals, 180 innovative, 8 knowledge, 8 of lawyers, 48 management, 9 medical, 52 personnel, 8 of police, 61--63 problem solving, 166, 181 psychological, 8

INDEX 225

Competencies (cont.) resource, 8 of scientists, 45 of staff groups, 180 task, 8

Competition, 16 Complexity, 43, 80

management of, 199-201 Complex problems, 17, 124. 146

changes over time, 198 resistance to solution, 198 similar characteristics, 199

Complex problem solving, 197-199 Computer Crime Unit, New Scotland Yard,

152, 157, 158 Computer fraud

break-ins, 17 I definitions of, 152-153

Computer Misuse Act, 153, 157 Computer security, 166, 167 Conflicts of interest, 23, 129 Constanzo, Margot, 13, 48, 49, 50 Consultants, 4 Cooperation, 2 I, 125 Coordination, 6. 9. 10, 121

of countries, 83 of customs, 83 definition of, 7, 9 of doctors, 55 of drug barons, 83 examples of, 129--132 legal, 51 of police, 69-71 problems of, 22 of problem solvers, 166 of scientists, 46

Corporate liability, 179 Corruption, 84 Creative thinking, 13 Creativity, 32-33, 46

enhancement of, 32 and lawyers, 51 and police, 71 and scientists, 43 skills in, 32 theory, 43

Creutzfeldt, Jakob, 200 Crime, 16

and drugs, 142 information about, 60 police intelligence, 60

Crime (cont.) reduction in UK, 64 rewards of, 189-I 90 roles of detectives, 60 and Russia, 192 serious, 154

Criminal activity, 17 Criminal Information System, 105 Criminal Justice Act, 113 Criminal procedures, national differences, 108 Criminals, 16, 124

economic power of, 186 gangs, 114, 192

Crisis management, 176, 179 Critical business functions, 176 Critical success factors, 122 Criticism, importance of, 37 Cryptography, 174, 175 Cryptology, 174 Culture rave, 92 Currency Transaction reports, 193 Customs Cooperation Working Party, 112 Customs Mutual Assistance Group, 112 Customs officers, 17, 18, 77

role of, 115 Cyber crime, 2, 10, 149-167

activities, 6 awareness of, 16, 176, 183 capabilities, 169--I 78

reduction of risk, 169 characteristics of, 5 codes of practice, 180 coordination needs, 182 and drugs

differences, 169 similarities, 161

electronic fraud, 149 intruders, 149 and the law, 179 lawyers, 149 legal advice, 176 losses due to, 5 police attitudes about, 179 prevention of, 177, 183 protective devices, 149, 177 relevant action, 167 research, 149 scientists, 149 security consultants. 149 situations, 161 and work organization, 177


Cyber criminals, 5. 153-154 Cybernetics, 18 Cyber terrorism, 159--I 60, 176

definition of. 159

Dance scene, 134. 135, 137 raves, 137 warehouse parties. 137

Dangerous Drugs Act, 113 Darwinism. 42 Data. legal requirements, 150 Data Fortress Europe. 173 Dawkins. Richard. 35 De Bono. Edward. 35.39 Decisions making these. 2 Decision trees. 26 Decriminalization. 104. 117, 145, 198 Democratic policing. 71 Department of Defense, 157 Department of Justice. 159 Design

organizational. 67 security. 170

Detectives. 60. 6 I Detoxification. 143 Deutsch, David, 42-43 Dewey. John. 42 Dhillon, Gurpreet, 171. 177 Diagnosis. 72. 89

medical, 52, 53 Digital Computing Company, 157 Disasters global, 18 Disorder. 75 Distortion

affect of. 49 experiments to show, 49

Double loop learning, 39 Douglas, John, 62 Drug addicts, 94--95 Drug attitudes, 95 Drug barons, 5, 10, 17, 80-87, 99--101, 118,

139 bribery. 82 capabilities, 86-87

concealment. 82 consequences. 96 fear, 82 management of complexity, 86 stress toleration, 86

characteristics of, 80-86 communications. 83

Drug barons (cont.) as entrepreneurs, 86 future of, I 19 logistics, 80-86 management skills, 84 relationships, 83 required roles, 80-86 sanctions, 100 strategies, 80-86 in United States, 100

Drug cooperation in Europe. I IO--I 12 Europol, I I 0 harmonization of law, I 0 between judicial authorities. I I 0 between police and customs, 110

Drug counseling. 131. 140 capabilities. 141 competencies, 141 handling aggression. 141 relationships. 141 support. 142. 143 transfer of skills, 141

Drug dealers. 10. 75-80. 115. 139 capabilities, 78. 79

cooperation. 78 logistics. 78 management skills, 81-84. 100 relationships, 78

competencies, 77-78 concealment, 77 creativity, 77. 78 disguises, 78 relationships, 77

environments of. 75 Drug dealing

arrangements, 76 bribery, 100 cash management, 77 debt collectors, 80 intermediaries, 76 organization. 76

Drug education, 123, 134 programs, 134, 134, 135

Drug Enforcement Agency, 77, 79 Drug facilitator, 17 Drug information systems, 105, 106, 134

informers, 105 Drug legalization, 85, 104, 118, 145, 198 Drug markets, 16, 82-83, 97-99 114, 124, 131

organization of, 97, 98 Drug misuse, 2

INDEX 227

Drug networks. 83 Drug precursors. 83 Drug production. 123

costs. 82 Drug research, 133, 133 Drugs

attitudes to. 97, 129 attraction of, 98 and banking

infiltration of banks, 109 Internet problems, 109

community needs and fashion industry, 136, 138

effects of, 92-95 and Europe. 107-1 I 1

attitudes of member states. 107 countries with most users, 108 European surveys, 107 experiments to counter drug use, 107

histories of. 92. 93 importation of. 76 knowledge about, 122 and the police, 106 recreational, 135 types of. 92-93

amphetamines, 92, 137 glues, solvents, 92 hallucinogens. 92 stimulants. 92

and United States antinarcotic programs. 84--85 drug control programs. 84 extradition policies. 84

Drug scene. I0 Drug squad. 67-68

capabilities. 68, 69 competencies. 68, 69

operational experience. 68 planning skills, 68.

Drug strategies in Europe and US, 104-107. 118,131.139

crop destruction, 104 Dutch, 139 military support. 104 need for progress, 108 need for unification of law, 108 reducing power of cartels, 104 rehabilitation, 142, 143

Drug tourism, 112 Drug trading, 81, 139

critical success factors. 83-84

Drug trading (cont.) drug prices, 99 drug sellers, 80 incentives, 86

Drug trafficking, 90, 115, 131, 192 Drugs Trafficking Offences Act, 186 Drug Trafficking offences Act, 192 Drug transport, 82, 83

transporters, 80 Drug use

changes in, 14-145 prevention, 103-116, 126

costs of, 105 Drug users, 94--97, 133-144

attitudes to, 97 numbers in UK, 116 older groups, 96 parents, 135, 136, 140, 142 patterns of use, 100 professionals, 96, 143 students, 96, 115 surfers, 96 teenagers, 96, 115 treatment programs, 116, 117 young people, 122, 133, 135, 136

Dutch research program. 133, 134 Dycryption. 174

Eastern Europe. 81 Ecstasy, 97. 124. 125, 134. 135. 142. 144

as a source of income. 137, 138 Electronic trading. 152, 187 Encryption capability, 174 Entropy, 26. 79-80, 197

definition of, 75 Escobar, Pablo. 81.84. 210 Espionage industrial. 18 Eurodatabases, I 12 Europe, draft treaty for. 110 European drug strategies. 109. I I 0 European drugs conference. 110 European drugs unit, 112 European Commission, 154, 173. 190. 191 European Monitoring Center for Drugs and

Drug Addiction, 107, 112, 114 European parliament, 107 European Union, 190, 191 Europol, I10, I11, 112, 190, 191,211 European police

activity, I 1 I structures, I I I


Evaluation. 37. 122 Experience learning from, 36 Experimentation, 43 Expert systems, 57 Expert witnesses, 160 Environments, 1, 2, 200

adjustments to. 42 clinical, 55 complex. 20, 21 of drug dealers, 75-77 economic, I legal, 5 I problem solving, 3 protection of. 127 risky, 16 social, 1 threatening, 15

Electronic communication, 16, 19, 150, 160 E.coli, 16, 46

Facilitators, 22, 36, 128, 129 Fashion, 138, 144 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 62, 63, 105,

150, 157, 160, 165, 166 law enforcement agencies, 150

Feedback, 27 Financial Action Task Force, 191,192 Firewalls, 179 Forensic science, 68, 160

investigations, 176 tool kits, 173

Fox, Marie. 48--49 Fraud, 5

characteristics of, 175 computer-assisted. 26 cross border. 150 definition of. 15 I derivatives, 154 fifiancial. 16. 155 investigation, 154 squad, 154

Freedom, intellectual, 46 Freud, Sigmund. 92 Fulbright, William J.. 212

Gang warfare, 98, 137 General Accounting Office, 105 German Enigma code, 174 German police, 165 Germany, 154 Gestalt theory definition of. 42

Gilmore, William, 186 Glaxo laboratories

department, 46 research, 46

Global markets, 2 Global warming, 16 Godfather, The, I 19 Government

philosophy, 125 policy, 145 values. 125

Governments, role of, 10. 124 Greenfield, Susan, 92 Gross, Robert, 75 Group

behavior, 128 goals, 126, 127 guidelines, 126 leadership, 128, 129 objectives, 125 policy making, 127 relationships, 125, 127, 129, 204 representatives, 126

Groups, 21, 22, 23 monitoring, 125 structures, 125

Hackers, 156--159, 198 bible, 158 extortion money, 159 pay offs, 159 Sventek, 162 tracing these, 162

Hacking attack simulators, 173 and blackmail, 157 definition of. 156 security loopholes, 173

Hallucinogens, 92 Hellawell, Keith. 5, 117, 138. 142 Henley Forecasting Centre, 138 Hepatitis, 9 I Herodotus, 90 Heroin, 91, 130. 144

production centers, 91 users, 90, 136

Hess, Markus, 165 HIV/AIDS, 91, 131 Hokkaido Sbimbun, 117 Holistic approaches, 53, 56, 62, 63, 149, 201

holistic medicine, 89

INDEX 2 2 9

Holmes, Sherlock, 34 Homer, 90 Hoover, Larry, 100 Howard, Michael, 64, 139 Hypotheses, 44

1CI, 178, 9 strategies, 178

Ideas, transmission of, 35 Illegal drugs

characteristics of, 5, 90-93 use of, 10

Implementation, 21 Inductive approaches, 42 Industrial aggression, 6

espionage, 6, 166 misinformation, 6

Industries affected by drugs. 5 Information, 19, 72, 146

accurate, 18 amount of, 19 and crime, 19, 60 diagnostic, 54 location of, 19 missing, 29, 30 quality, 66 relevant, 4, 19 search for, 19 selling of, 180 systems, 19

Information and Communication Services Bill, 154

Information needs, 122 lnfowars, 6 Intelligence

competitive, 156 coordination, 66 facility, 15 police definition of, 60 police units, 61 strategies, 15 undercover activities, 61

Interest, conflicts of, 51 International cooperation, 209--21 I International crime, 190--192 International Narcotics Control Board. 93 lnternet, 93, 153, 154, 153, 159 lnterpol, 106, 107 Interpretation, 52 lntersec, Journal o f International Security, 81 Intervention, authoritive, 50

Investigation problems, 163 Islington Council, 130

Jeffcoate, Judith, 172 Jones, John Harvey, 9 Junk, 96 Justice, symbolic, 60

Kahneman, David, 49 Kay, John, 6, 7, 8, 86 Kepner-Tregoe, 27 Kings Cross, 129, 130 Knowledge advancement, 43

and interaction, 57 Kohl, Helmut, I 1 I Koller, Carl, 92

Lanarkshire Department of Health, 47 Lateral thinking, 35 Law

case, 48 centers, 52 enforcement agencies, 150 interpretation of, 139

Lawyers, 48-52 Leaders

incremental, 22 project, 37 and trust, 22

Leadership, 22, 128 Learning, double loop, 50 Lee, Simon, 48-49 Leeson, Nick, 155 Legal judgments, 48 Liddell, Helen, 151 Lloyd, John, 99 Local authorities, 128 Locke, John, 41 Lockley, Paul, 140, 141 Logic, traditional, 41,42, 49 Luxembourg, 15 l

Maastricht Treaty, 109, 190 Mafia, 145

American. 8 l, 105 Russian, 192 Turkish, 206

Managers, I, 2 future, 86 personality, 4 as problem solvers, 14


Managers (cont.) roles, 3 stress, 2

Manchester Business School, 32 Marijuana. 8 I Markoff, John. 158 Marks, Howard, 76-79. 187 Marquez. Gabriel Garcia, 84 Matthews. Paul. 190 Medellin cartel. 84.99, 188 Medellin mafia. 210 Medical specialists, 52-55 Merrill Lynch, 155 Methadone, 9 I Methods, 25-39

of analysis, 25 engineering, 25, 47 evaluation of', 33, 34 how to choose. 26, 34 medical, 52. 53 pattern recognition, 33, 52 scientific, 44, 46, 47 sociotechnical, 25, 28-3 I

Metropolitan police, 154 Metropolitan Police Computer Crimes Unit,

154 Mexico, 83, 99, 105 Military installations, 165, 166. 167 Mission, clarification of'. 124 Money laundering, 6, 10, 108. 185-196

characteristics, 187 definition of, 185 developments in the future, 194, 210 launderers, 80 legality of. 166 legal trading, 188 in London, 192 off shore, 208 transfer, 150

Motivation, 9 Music, 135. 136

Narcodollars. 186 National Central Bureaus. 107 National Criminal Intelligence Service, 99. 113.

115, 116 National Intelligence Consumers Committee,

83 Neighborhood policing, 69 Netherlands, 93 Network facilities. 151

Networking, 9, 205,206 Networks, 206 Norman, Helen, 187

Off shore havens, 187, 207 money laundering, 208

Olshaker, Mark, 63 Opiates. 9 I Osset, 137 Outsourcing, 152, 179 Oxford University. 76. 96

Parents, 135, 136 Participation, 66, 67 Passwords. 162 Pattern recognition, 202 Pennington, Hugh, 46 Pentagon, 159 Performance

evaluation of, 28 indicators, 64

Personality profiling, 62-63 Pillsbury, W.B., 45 Plaintext, 174 Police, 13, 18, 20

capabilities, 63-66 administrative, 63 diagnostic skills. 65 intelligence, 65 surveillance, 65 work environment, 63

competencies, 61-63 legal knowledge, 62 personal control, 61 personnel skills, 6 I

London Transport. 130 Metropolitan, 130 objectives, 64, 73

force improvement, 66 leadership, 73 quality of service, 71

powers of. 59 as problem solvers, 14 roles in drug control. 114, 139 West Yorkshire, 63---69

Police community coordination. 7 I Pollution, 18 Popper, Karl, 43 Precedent, 48 Prior, David, 98

INDEX 231

Probability theory, 27 Problem

areas, 5 definition of, 13 description, 29, 201 ownership, 4 recognition, 20 I solving, 4

Problem oriented policing, 70, 71 Problems, I -6

challenging, I complex, I, 6, I I, 118 consequences of, 4 as crises, 202 definition of, 3 environmental, I, 2 health, I, 2 ill defined, 3 insoluble, I I, t 18

Problem solvers, 3, 14, 20-24, 28 hierarchies. 103

Problem solving, 3 acceptable solutions, 198 approaches to, 3, I I, 13, 14, 25, 161 capabilities, 203 complex. I 0 contingency elements. 58 by criminals, 62 definition of, 14 effective, 7, 2 1 and feedback, 20 inductive, 43 and knowledge, 19 and the law, 48 and lawyers, 48-51 by officer on beat, 72 pathways, 15 and the police, 10, 59-74 prevention, 16 priorities, 31 processes, 203 and the professions, 15 responses, 15 scientific, 45 stages, 27, 36, 43, 205 strategies, 199, 203 successful, 4, 166 techniques of, 7, 203

Problem solving groups, 121-127 Problem solving methods

developing strategies, 103

Problem solving methods (cont.) initiating action, 103 rational reconstruction, 103

Process improvement, 64, 66 Prostitution, 80, 98, 130 Psychologists, 38, 204

Reasoning, naturalist, 43 Relationships, 30, 53

clinical, 52, 55, 57 Requisite Variety, 7, 18, 146 Research, 5 I Resources, 31 Responsibility, 172 Revans, Reg, 55 Reverse engineering, 89 Rickards, Tudor, 32 Risk

analysis, 171 assessment, 170, 17 I control, 171 identification, 17 I management, 170--I 72, 183 monitoring, 17 I prioritization, 171

Risks, 22 and innovation, 16 major, 171

Risk society, 16 Roles, 30

of detectives, 60 facilitating, 204 of police, 60

Russia, 8 I, 150, 188 Ryle, Gilbert, 7, 34

Samper, President Ernesto, 85, 86 Scarman, Lord, 70 Schengen, 107, 191 Schneider, Kenneth, 127 Schon, Donald, 13, 38 Scientists, 3, 44-48, 150, 166 Security, 160

advisers, 178, 179 awareness, 170 capability, 172-174 checks, 172-174 of encryption, 175 evaluation, 171 FBI attitudes to, 175 and finance departments, 178


Security (cont . )

problem recognition, 175 standards, 159 system monitoring, 179 systems harmonization, 173

Self-regulation, 42 Serious crimes, 154 Shell companies, 187, 188, 192 Shell International, 173, 180 Singapore International Monetary Exchange,

155 Skill: see competence Smuggling cross border, 16 Social partnership. 7 Star wars project. 165 Stock Exchange, 159 Stoll, Clifford. 162 Strategy

corporate, 161 formulation of, 31 problem solving, 18

Stress, 37 Sundaralingham Ramachanda, 108 Sventek, a hacker, 162 Sweden, 15 I Switzerland. 130, 13 I System protection, 170 Systems, 17-20

illegal, 17 legal, 17 regulation of

Tackling Drugs to Build a Better Britain, UK white paper, 114, 117

Tackling Drugs Together, UK white paper, 113 Tavistock Institute, 28 Teamwork, 9 Telephone tracking, 163 Theoretical models, 6 Theories

consequences of, 36 of problem solving. 41-44

Theory, 6, 31, 35 development, 34-36 discovery of, 43 value of, 34

Thinking convergent, 43 divergent, 43

Toffler, Alvin, 6, 156 Tracing, 163, 164, 165, 189

Trading disasters, 155 Trainspotting, 96 Tranquilizers, 97 Treaty for Europe, 21 I Trevi, II0, III Truth, search for, 56 Turing, Alan, 174 Tymet, 165

UK Computer Crimes Unit, 157, 158 UK Computer Misuses Act, 158 UK drugs legislation, 113 UK National Computer Security Survey, 150 Unilever, 173 United Nations. 110 US--Canadian interface, 107 US-Colombian relations, 84-86 US Defense Department, 104, 105. 172, 177. 184 US drug control programs US financial crimes, 193 US Justice Department, 104. 105 US legislation, 191 US--Mexico relations. 101

costs of, 84 US Money Laundering Suppression Act, 193 US National Consumer's League, 153 US National Science Foundation, 153 US National Security Agency. 175

Variables, linkages of these, 199 Variety

amplification, 49, 50 reduction, 49, 50

Vickers, Geoffrey, 37 Victims, 17 Vienna Convention, 190 Viruses, 172, 173

definition of, 157 prevention, 173 reasons for introduction, 158 Trojan horse, 158

Vries, Gijs de, 190 Values, 14, 25

legal, 50 scientific, 45

Wenheimer, Max, 42 West Yorkshire police, 63-69, 142 White, Tony, 113 Wilmer, Mike, 26 Wilson, Alan, 46

INDEX 233

Witness protection, 115 Work study, 27 World Health Organization, 110 Worm, 157

Yorkshire miners strike, 38 Yorkshire ripper, 62

Zurich, t30, 132

9 !!!!!J !!lJ!!!

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