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Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing Government Structure and Policing Formal vs. Informal Social Control

Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

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Page 1: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities

1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Government Structure and PolicingFormal vs. Informal Social Control

Page 2: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Principles of Federalism Implications for the Police

1. Powers distributed2. Institution decentralized3. Dual Citizenship4. Overlapping Jurisdictions

Page 3: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Police and the Law1. Legitimates Social Order2. Regulates Behavior3. Curtails and Defines Freedom

4. System of Dispute Resolution

Page 4: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Forms of Law1. Substantive2. Procedural3. Civil

4. Case Law

Page 5: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Roles Performed by the PoliceStatus vs. Roles

1. Law Enforcement2. Order Maintenance3. Provision of Services

4. Convenience Norm Enforcement

Page 6: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Police Activities: Research is mixed and varied methodologically

More evidence of increased crime or LE role in policing, but not a lot

Page 7: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Mgt of Discretion=Major concern for supervisors

Styles of Policing1. Watchman2. Legalistic3. Service

Diversity of the Police: What do they do?

Page 8: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

1. Justice Department: FBI, DEA, USMS, INS2. Treasury Department: BATF, IRS, Customs, Secret Service

Page 9: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Introduction Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Justice Department: USMS: 5 Responsibilities1. Seize property2. Physical security for federal courtrooms, judges,

attys, jurors3. Transportation of prisoners4. Protects govt witnesses: Witness Security

Division; Federal Witness Relocation Program5. Execute federal warrants

Page 10: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Community Protection Before the Police Emergence of Police-Role of the Military In order for formal policing, 4 Themes

1. The development of a formal legal system;

2. The emergence of social differentiation;

Page 11: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Emergence of Police: 4 Themes3. The production of a surplus of material resources;

4. The emergence of the state as a form of political organization.

Page 12: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

The Roman Empire’s Contribution to PolicingAugustus Caesar’s Praetorian GuardCorps of Vigils

Removal of Praetorian Guards: more violence and downfall of Rome

Page 13: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Police Development in EnglandPublic extremely resistant to police.

Medieval England: Frankpledge System/Mutual Pledge SystemTithings, Hundreds, Shires

King Henry 1116: Leges Henrici

Page 14: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Leges Henrici:Offenses against the crownJudicial DistrictsFelonies and MisdemeanorsStatutes to Control Vagrants

Henry IIJuriesRecord keepingEnglish Common Law

Page 15: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

The Watch and Ward Systemwhy did it eventually fail?

In 1500, wool shortage led to crime, poverty and overcrowding in cities

Charles II 1663, Highwayman Act Why not change Watch and Ward?

Implications for rich and poor… The Invention of Gin

Page 16: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Henry Fielding’s Bow Street Runners The English Reformers

Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act 1829Why paramilitary organization?Was it effective?

Policing in the U.S.-Still didn’t prevent crime-Didn’t like police either

Page 17: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Boston, NYPD—Why not effective? Why not public support?

Why did departments come into existence?

1840s lots and lots of guns Political Entrenchment Era

Progressive Era

Page 18: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Political Entrenchment Era Progressive Era: Efficiency,

professionalism, improved technology

ProfessionalismAugust Vollmer, Cal BerkeleyTraining of officers

Page 19: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

History of Policing

Back to Community Policing Toward Private Policing

Page 20: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Organization, Management, Administration: Defined

Principles of Organization and Police Administration:Peel organized along military lines: why?

Page 21: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Classical Organizational Principles

Weber’s BureaucracyHierarchySpecializationProcedural GuidelinesOrganizational Documentation

Page 22: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Weber’s BureaucracyOrganizational AuthorityApptm’t Based on Qualification

Problems with Classical Org.

Page 23: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Human Relations Organiz. TheoryHawthorne StudiesMcGregor’s Theory X and YTheory X:People must be directed and controlled.Man is by nature lazy, lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, resistant to change, self centered, not very bright.

Page 24: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Theory Y:- People are not resistant to org. needs—they’ve been trained that way.- Mgt needs to make it possible for people to recognize the potential in all workers.- Essential task of mgt is to make it so that people can best achieve their own goals by directing their efforts towards organizational goals.

Page 25: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Human Relations Theory and

Police Adminstration

Page 26: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Human Relations Theory and Police Administration

Participatory MgtProblem Solving GroupsQuality Circles

Systems Theory and Police Administration

Page 27: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Systems Theory and Police Administration

Open v. Closed SystemOrganizations as SystemsManagement By Objectives MBOContingency Mgt

Total Quality Management TQM

Page 28: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Organization and Management

Systems Theory and Police Administration

TQM: Culture, Customers and Counting

Page 29: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Personnel Systems and the Police

Establishing Minimum Standards

Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?

Page 30: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Personnel Systems and the Police

Toward a Theory of Police Selection Affirmative Action and Police

SelectionTitle VII of the Civil Rights ActSupreme Court Lessening of

Title VII Minorities in Policing Women in Policing

Page 31: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Personnel Systems and the Police

Establishing Minimum Standards

Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?

Page 32: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Operations

Police Patrol StrategiesRoutine Preventive PatrolRoutine Preventive Patrol

ReconsideredReducing Patrol TimeDelayed Police ResponseDifferential Police

Response

Page 33: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Operations

Police Patrol

Methods and Techniques of PatrolFoot PatrolBicycle Patrol

Page 34: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Operations

Police Patrol Strategies Routine Preventive Patrol Routine Preventive Patrol

ReconsideredReducing Patrol TimeDelayed Police ResponseDifferential Police Response

Page 35: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Operations

Directed Patrol D-Runs Split Force Saturation Patrols/Crackdowns Suspect-Oriented Techniques

Page 36: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Operations

Criminal InvestigationPreliminary InvestigationFollow up InvestigationResearch on Effectiveness of

Investigation The Traffic Function

DUI Enforcement

Page 37: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

Evolved from the Police/Community Relations programs of the 1970s

1970s and 1980s: rise in crime leads to concern about prevention

A Theory of Crime Prevention

Page 38: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

A Theory of Crime PreventionPrimary Crime PreventionSecondary Crime PreventionTertiary Crime Prevention

Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Page 39: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: McGruff

Page 40: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: Crime Stoppers, McGruff the Crime DogJuvenile Curfews

Community Policing

Page 41: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

Community PolicingPalermo, Sicily Example

A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing

Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows

Skogan’s Contagion Proposition

Page 42: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing

Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows

Skogan’s Contagion Proposition

Public Health Model of Crime

Page 43: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

1994 Crime Bill: 100k cops Community Partnerships and Problem

Solving Community Oriented vs. Problem

Oriented Policing The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis,

Response, Assessment

Page 44: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

Management Implications of Community Policing

The Philosophical Dimension The Strategic Dimension The Programmatic Dimension

Situational Crime PreventionRoutine Activities Theory

Page 45: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police in the Modern Community

Situational Crime PreventionRoutine Activities Theory

Page 46: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law

Procedural Law 4th Amendment

Frisks and SearchesTerry v. Ohio

Frisks of Automobiles

Michigan v. Wong

Page 47: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law Limits of Stop and Frisks

Florida v. RoyerUS v. PlaceMinnesota v. Dickinson

The Exclusionary RuleMapp v. OhioSearches with Warrants

US v. Leon—Good Faith Exception

Page 48: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law

Searches without Warrants Searches Incident to Arrest

Chimel v. CaliforniaUS v. RobinsonUS v. ChadwickNY v. BeltonPA v. Labron

Page 49: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law

Searches with Voluntary ConsentSchneckloth v. BustamonteUS v. MatlockUS v. WatsonFlorida v. Jimeno

Page 50: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law

Plain View Searches Coolidge v. New HampshireTexas v. BrownHorton v. California

Searches of AutomobilesCarroll v. USChambers v. MaroneyArkansas v. SandersRoss v. US

Page 51: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

The Police and the Role of Law

Open Fields/Abandoned Property Hester v. USCalifornia v. Ciraolo

5th AmendmentMiranda WarningEscobedo v. Illinois

Erosion of MirandaRhode Island v. InnisPublic Safety Exception

Page 52: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Discretion

Why the police don’t arrest for every violation:

Selective enforcementGoldman’s studyPilivan and Briar’s studyRobert Terry’s studyDonald Black and Albert Reiss’s study

Styles of Policing

Page 53: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Discretion

Styles of Policing WatchmanLegalisticService

Based on…? Neighbor, Soldier, Teacher

Page 54: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Discretion

The Police PersonalityStudies of Police Cynicism

Neiderhoffer’s StudyRobert Regoli’s Study

Page 55: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police Discretion

The Working PersonalitySkolnick’s Study

Predispositional Model Education and Attitudes Attitudes and Performance

Page 56: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police and Terrorism

The Threat of Terrorism Gallup Polls

Terrorism Defined Classification of Terrorist Acts

White SupremacistsBlack SupremacistsThe Militia MovementOther Right Wing Extremists

Page 57: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police and Terrorism

Classification of Terrorist ActsWhy? Brady Bill, Ruby Ridge, Waco

Left Wing ExtremistsPro-Life ExtremistsAnimal Rights Activists

Environmental Extremists: Eco- Terrorism

Page 58: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police and Terrorism

A Brief Chronology of Terrorism: Past to Present

Why did 9/11 Happen? Who Was Responsible?

The U.S. ResponseDept. of Homeland SecurityThe USA PATRIOT Act

Page 59: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police and Terrorism

Community Policing and Homeland Security

The Center for Food Protection and Defense

Page 60: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Police and Terrorism

Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism

Civil RightsRetaliation Against Middle

Eastern People

Page 61: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Second Exam Results

Average: 77.2 A=3 B=10 C=15 D=7 F=0 22 of 34 saw an increase in exam

grade from last exam. Range: 37 (highest grade-lowest

grade 98-61)

Page 62: Introduction Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing

Second Exam Results

Average: 77.3 A=3 B=7 C=7 D=5 F=1 14 of 22 saw an increase in exam

grade from last exam. Range: 40 (highest grade-lowest

grade 93-53)


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