INTRODUCTION

Philosophy in Sanskrit or Hindi is known as a “Darshan” which means a knowledge of truth . Darshan has been derived from the Sanskrit root “Drish” which means to see . it has also been called metaphysics (tatvajyn) meaning the knowledge of the real of truth so both the combined will mean true knowledge or reliable knowledge which is generally gained by seeing. The word philosophy is combined from 2 Latin words philos and Sophia . Philos means love and Sophia means wisdom or knowledge. Thus philos means love for knowledge or passion for learning in the beginning. the word was used to express the love of a particular person or group for knowledge . It has also been maintained that in the beginning the inhabitants of Athens (Greece) were called philosopher for their love for knowledge and Socrtaes(C . 470-399 B.C) had used the word philosopher for himself in order to distinguish himself from others

DEFINATION FOR PHILOSOPHYThe western philosopher have used the term Philosophy for both the Indian word Darshan and Darshan Shashtra. Shastra is Sanskrit word which means to instruct or to describe. Here the word shastra has been used for both art and science. So shasrta has been used to instruct for some subjects and to describe for some others. An ancient Indian rishi and sons have expressed in darhsna those experience which they had themselves pursued. Darshan here means percipient of truth . It is such a conceptualization of truth which is expressed by the viewer by seeing. So darshan shastra has been used here in the sense of description. Western philosopher has recognized darshan as a science. So the word Philosophy has been used as science of Darshan. But now darshan shastra and science of darshan both are used as synonyms

Various western philosopher have defined philosophy differently according to Plato(428-7 – 348-7 B.C.) knowledge of the internal nature of things which is infect knowledge of true nature of different things is philosophy in the definition he has in phased this idea particularly. The chief disciple of plato Aristotile (384-322 B.C.) WHILE supporting the dination of plato is called philosophy a s a science which discovers the real nature of super natural things . regarding the nature of reality Aristotle has also added the responsibility of the making the idea described by Pluto particular by saying as himself is in his definition of philosophy. Bardley (1845-1923) has called philosophy as an attempt to know realty as a mere appearance HEGEL(1770-1857) supporting the definition of Pluto has called it knowledge of supernatural elements or knowledge of what is internal . According to Fichte(762-1814) philosophy is science of knowledge .COMTE(1798-1857)calls philosophy as a science of scholars and person calls it a sum of all scientific knowledge .Spencer has termed philosophy as universal science and accumulation of all sciences.

The Indian philosopher have viewed philosophy form a different angel. The first man Manu has called it as ‘Samyak Darshan’ and knowledge leading to salvation and in the absence of which man cannot free himself from earthly bondage.

SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY

In olden days higher learning or development of knowledge was called philosophy and high leaned scholar or lover of knowledge was called philosopher. It included all subjects such as Literature, religion and history etc. and the highest knowledge and philosophy was considered as Synonym for each other due to this philosophy is considered to be the oldest and highest knowledge of the world subsequently. There came a change in the scope of philosophy. In the ancient Indian thought perception of truth was turned as a darshan. The philosopher of that period did not used philosophy in the sphere of imagination alone, but tried to use it in actual life as well. So their philosophy was not simply imagination but it was philosophy of life and scope of philosophy included vision of truth along with metaphysics i.e. knowledge of the real. The philosophy of the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrtaes, Plato and Aristotle resembled this philosophy. The sphere of their life was the scope of their philosophy and there was hardly any difference in their life and philosophy

(A) METAPHYSICS THEOLOGY

Under this division study about the existence of God. His nature, monotheism or polytheism

and there proof, etc is made. METAPHYSICS REGARDING SOUL

Under this part, problems of existence of life, freedom or dependence of their existence

and mutual relationship with the body etc. are studied.

SCIENCE OF UNIVERSE Under this part ,the knowledge of universe ,it

mortal and immortal elements ,and the mutual relationships of different are studied.

SCIENCE OF CREATION Under this part, come problems connected

with development of universe such as whether there is one universe or many?

COSMOLOGY Under this division ,problems connected with the

origin and imposition of the creation (cosmos) are studied. this is a problem on which man has been exerting himself since his very existence .the main question is how ? if not, how has it been produced ? this part studies all these problems.

(B) EPSITOMOLOGY (THEORY OF EDUCATION)

It is that part of philosophy which according to ancient definition was called the original

philosophy and contemporary philosophers have recognized it as the main content of philosophy. under this part human intelligence and problems concerning his capacity for learning such as the limit of human mind for grasping

knowledge about the creation, his means nature

of evidence nature of the real and unreal nature of truth and falsehood and the possibilities

of realization of the real by human mind and studied. This part of philosophy is

particularly important for study.

(C) AXIOLOGY

it includes those division of philosophy which are concerned with the different values , objectives and ideas of human life. The following are three parts of philosophy that are included in it

LOGICLogic occupies an important place in philosophy for the

reason that through logic the nature of the real is determined.It is logic that gives understanding of the scientific method of enquiry through its inductive and deductive methods

ETHICSIn this part the different problem connected with the

conduct of man such as good and bad actions. Courtesy, discourtesy , there characteristics etc. are considered and it is analyzed that how a man should or should not behave.

ASTHESTICSThis part studies different problems connected with

beauty. It analyses beauty and ugliness, there characteristics and standards of measuring the two concepts.

PSYCHOLOGYIt was recognized as one of the main components of

philosophy but gradually its scope became so wide that it was accepted as a science and became so wide that it was accepted as a science and became an independent subject

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYThis part is related to sociology and it studies society, its

nature and sociological methods etc.

ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGYIt studies psychology related to economics.

POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGYThe subject matters to the book sociology by

Rousseau and ‘republic’ by Pluto makes it quite clear that politics occupied an important place in the philosophic thought in these books a serious thought has been given to philosophy connected with politics

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYThis part studies the philosophy related to

education. In its nature of education its different problem and its philosophical bases are considered . in this connection contribute is well known that philosophy has contributed a lot to education.

PSYCHOLOGY OF HISTORYIT STUDIES THE PHILOSOPHY RELATED TO

HISTORY. PSYCHOLOGY OF SCIENCE

IT STUDIES THE PHILOSOPHY RELATED TO SCIENCE.

PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMERCEIT STUDIES THE PHILOSOPHY RELATED TO

COMMERCE.

TRADITION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY ANCIENT PERIOD

The exponents of western philosophy has been the Greek philosopher and scyholar . even the developed roman philosophical thought had its base in the greek philosophy .1.early ancient period ; the peried before Socrates ,plote etc.,is knowanas early ancient period.the main philosophers ofthis beeriod have been thal,protaes ,Pythagoras ,Heraclitus,Protagoras,anaxagores etc. Thales (6th cent.b.c.);he is said to the father of westen philosophy .according to him basic element of the woreld is water and world has originated form water.

Phythagoreaves (c.572-497);pythagores is famous as a top classmathemtion ,but he was a good philosphor and a religion person.

Heraclitus(536-470b.c.) ;Heraclitus considers fire as the basic elementsof the world and has experessed alround faith in change.

Anaxagoras(about430b.c.orso);beforeanaxagores ,philosophers like thales and heraclitius had called water and fire as bacis elements of the world.but in their discussion contradicting this they have called conscious self aspossible source of the course of changing universe.

2.post ancient period; This period includes the times of socrtes,plato and Aristotle and few others after them.this period of ancient westenphilosoohy or greek philosophy is

particularly important because it was during this periodthat the three great philosophyers of westen phiolosphy,viz.,Socrates ,ploto and Aristotle cameinto prominence.

Socrates:He has not written any book himself. Only the works of Plato refer to his thought which have been presented in the form of teacher-taught dialogue .. So it cannot be said as how far the words of the disciple reflects the original ideas of the great saint and philosophersPlato The ideas if this thinker and philosopher are very pervasive. It may be said that in his discussion he had recognized the relationship between the universe and its basic connection.ARISTOTLE

Aristotle was the first disciple of Plato. In his discussion he has elaborated ideas of his teacher