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Introduction. Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities 1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing Government Structure and Policing Formal vs. Informal Social Control. Introduction. Principles of Federalism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Introduction
Decay of cities in 1970s and 80s: neglect of American Cities
1990s resurgence of government and public interest in general and in policing
Government Structure and PolicingFormal vs. Informal Social Control
Introduction
Principles of Federalism Implications for the Police
1. Powers distributed2. Institution decentralized3. Dual Citizenship4. Overlapping Jurisdictions
Introduction
Police and the Law1. Legitimates Social Order2. Regulates Behavior3. Curtails and Defines Freedom
4. System of Dispute Resolution
Introduction
Forms of Law1. Substantive2. Procedural3. Civil
4. Case Law
Introduction
Roles Performed by the PoliceStatus vs. Roles
1. Law Enforcement2. Order Maintenance3. Provision of Services
4. Convenience Norm Enforcement
Introduction
Police Activities: Research is mixed and varied methodologically
More evidence of increased crime or LE role in policing, but not a lot
Introduction
Mgt of Discretion=Major concern for supervisors
Styles of Policing1. Watchman2. Legalistic3. Service
Diversity of the Police: What do they do?
Introduction
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
1. Justice Department: FBI, DEA, USMS, INS2. Treasury Department: BATF, IRS, Customs, Secret Service
Introduction Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Justice Department: USMS: 5 Responsibilities1. Seize property2. Physical security for federal courtrooms, judges,
attys, jurors3. Transportation of prisoners4. Protects govt witnesses: Witness Security
Division; Federal Witness Relocation Program5. Execute federal warrants
History of Policing
Community Protection Before the Police Emergence of Police-Role of the Military In order for formal policing, 4 Themes
1. The development of a formal legal system;
2. The emergence of social differentiation;
History of Policing
Emergence of Police: 4 Themes3. The production of a surplus of material resources;
4. The emergence of the state as a form of political organization.
History of Policing
The Roman Empire’s Contribution to PolicingAugustus Caesar’s Praetorian GuardCorps of Vigils
Removal of Praetorian Guards: more violence and downfall of Rome
History of Policing
Police Development in EnglandPublic extremely resistant to police.
Medieval England: Frankpledge System/Mutual Pledge SystemTithings, Hundreds, Shires
King Henry 1116: Leges Henrici
History of Policing
Leges Henrici:Offenses against the crownJudicial DistrictsFelonies and MisdemeanorsStatutes to Control Vagrants
Henry IIJuriesRecord keepingEnglish Common Law
History of Policing
The Watch and Ward Systemwhy did it eventually fail?
In 1500, wool shortage led to crime, poverty and overcrowding in cities
Charles II 1663, Highwayman Act Why not change Watch and Ward?
Implications for rich and poor… The Invention of Gin
History of Policing
Henry Fielding’s Bow Street Runners The English Reformers
Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act 1829Why paramilitary organization?Was it effective?
Policing in the U.S.-Still didn’t prevent crime-Didn’t like police either
History of Policing
Boston, NYPD—Why not effective? Why not public support?
Why did departments come into existence?
1840s lots and lots of guns Political Entrenchment Era
Progressive Era
History of Policing
Political Entrenchment Era Progressive Era: Efficiency,
professionalism, improved technology
ProfessionalismAugust Vollmer, Cal BerkeleyTraining of officers
History of Policing
Back to Community Policing Toward Private Policing
Police Organization and Management
Organization, Management, Administration: Defined
Principles of Organization and Police Administration:Peel organized along military lines: why?
Police Organization and Management
Classical Organizational Principles
Weber’s BureaucracyHierarchySpecializationProcedural GuidelinesOrganizational Documentation
Police Organization and Management
Weber’s BureaucracyOrganizational AuthorityApptm’t Based on Qualification
Problems with Classical Org.
Police Organization and Management
Human Relations Organiz. TheoryHawthorne StudiesMcGregor’s Theory X and YTheory X:People must be directed and controlled.Man is by nature lazy, lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, resistant to change, self centered, not very bright.
Police Organization and Management
Theory Y:- People are not resistant to org. needs—they’ve been trained that way.- Mgt needs to make it possible for people to recognize the potential in all workers.- Essential task of mgt is to make it so that people can best achieve their own goals by directing their efforts towards organizational goals.
Police Organization and Management
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Human Relations Theory and
Police Adminstration
Police Organization and Management
Human Relations Theory and Police Administration
Participatory MgtProblem Solving GroupsQuality Circles
Systems Theory and Police Administration
Police Organization and Management
Systems Theory and Police Administration
Open v. Closed SystemOrganizations as SystemsManagement By Objectives MBOContingency Mgt
Total Quality Management TQM
Police Organization and Management
Systems Theory and Police Administration
TQM: Culture, Customers and Counting
Personnel Systems and the Police
Establishing Minimum Standards
Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?
Personnel Systems and the Police
Toward a Theory of Police Selection Affirmative Action and Police
SelectionTitle VII of the Civil Rights ActSupreme Court Lessening of
Title VII Minorities in Policing Women in Policing
Personnel Systems and the Police
Establishing Minimum Standards
Residency RequirementsEducationPhysical AgilityAssessment CentersFTO Training: Does it Matter?
Police Operations
Police Patrol StrategiesRoutine Preventive PatrolRoutine Preventive Patrol
ReconsideredReducing Patrol TimeDelayed Police ResponseDifferential Police
Response
Police Operations
Police Patrol
Methods and Techniques of PatrolFoot PatrolBicycle Patrol
Police Operations
Police Patrol Strategies Routine Preventive Patrol Routine Preventive Patrol
ReconsideredReducing Patrol TimeDelayed Police ResponseDifferential Police Response
Police Operations
Directed Patrol D-Runs Split Force Saturation Patrols/Crackdowns Suspect-Oriented Techniques
Police Operations
Criminal InvestigationPreliminary InvestigationFollow up InvestigationResearch on Effectiveness of
Investigation The Traffic Function
DUI Enforcement
The Police in the Modern Community
Evolved from the Police/Community Relations programs of the 1970s
1970s and 1980s: rise in crime leads to concern about prevention
A Theory of Crime Prevention
The Police in the Modern Community
A Theory of Crime PreventionPrimary Crime PreventionSecondary Crime PreventionTertiary Crime Prevention
Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
The Police in the Modern Community
Primary Crime Prevention Techniques and Programs
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: McGruff
The Police in the Modern Community
Newman’s Defensible SpaceNeighborhood Watch ProgramsGuardian Angels: Kenney’s StudyPublic Education: Crime Stoppers, McGruff the Crime DogJuvenile Curfews
Community Policing
The Police in the Modern Community
Community PolicingPalermo, Sicily Example
A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing
Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows
Skogan’s Contagion Proposition
The Police in the Modern Community
A Theoretical Foundation of Community Policing
Kelling and Wilson’s Broken Windows
Skogan’s Contagion Proposition
Public Health Model of Crime
The Police in the Modern Community
1994 Crime Bill: 100k cops Community Partnerships and Problem
Solving Community Oriented vs. Problem
Oriented Policing The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis,
Response, Assessment
The Police in the Modern Community
The SARA Model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment
Management Implications of Community Policing
The Philosophical Dimension The Strategic Dimension The Programmatic Dimension
Situational Crime PreventionRoutine Activities Theory
The Police in the Modern Community
Situational Crime PreventionRoutine Activities Theory
The Police and the Role of Law
Procedural Law 4th Amendment
Frisks and SearchesTerry v. Ohio
Frisks of Automobiles
Michigan v. Wong
The Police and the Role of Law Limits of Stop and Frisks
Florida v. RoyerUS v. PlaceMinnesota v. Dickinson
The Exclusionary RuleMapp v. OhioSearches with Warrants
US v. Leon—Good Faith Exception
The Police and the Role of Law
Searches without Warrants Searches Incident to Arrest
Chimel v. CaliforniaUS v. RobinsonUS v. ChadwickNY v. BeltonPA v. Labron
The Police and the Role of Law
Searches with Voluntary ConsentSchneckloth v. BustamonteUS v. MatlockUS v. WatsonFlorida v. Jimeno
The Police and the Role of Law
Plain View Searches Coolidge v. New HampshireTexas v. BrownHorton v. California
Searches of AutomobilesCarroll v. USChambers v. MaroneyArkansas v. SandersRoss v. US
The Police and the Role of Law
Open Fields/Abandoned Property Hester v. USCalifornia v. Ciraolo
5th AmendmentMiranda WarningEscobedo v. Illinois
Erosion of MirandaRhode Island v. InnisPublic Safety Exception
Police Discretion
Why the police don’t arrest for every violation:
Selective enforcementGoldman’s studyPilivan and Briar’s studyRobert Terry’s studyDonald Black and Albert Reiss’s study
Styles of Policing
Police Discretion
Styles of Policing WatchmanLegalisticService
Based on…? Neighbor, Soldier, Teacher
Police Discretion
The Police PersonalityStudies of Police Cynicism
Neiderhoffer’s StudyRobert Regoli’s Study
Police Discretion
The Working PersonalitySkolnick’s Study
Predispositional Model Education and Attitudes Attitudes and Performance
Police and Terrorism
The Threat of Terrorism Gallup Polls
Terrorism Defined Classification of Terrorist Acts
White SupremacistsBlack SupremacistsThe Militia MovementOther Right Wing Extremists
Police and Terrorism
Classification of Terrorist ActsWhy? Brady Bill, Ruby Ridge, Waco
Left Wing ExtremistsPro-Life ExtremistsAnimal Rights Activists
Environmental Extremists: Eco- Terrorism
Police and Terrorism
A Brief Chronology of Terrorism: Past to Present
Why did 9/11 Happen? Who Was Responsible?
The U.S. ResponseDept. of Homeland SecurityThe USA PATRIOT Act
Police and Terrorism
Community Policing and Homeland Security
The Center for Food Protection and Defense
Police and Terrorism
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism
Civil RightsRetaliation Against Middle
Eastern People
Second Exam Results
Average: 77.2 A=3 B=10 C=15 D=7 F=0 22 of 34 saw an increase in exam
grade from last exam. Range: 37 (highest grade-lowest
grade 98-61)
Second Exam Results
Average: 77.3 A=3 B=7 C=7 D=5 F=1 14 of 22 saw an increase in exam
grade from last exam. Range: 40 (highest grade-lowest
grade 93-53)