Introducing global health and human development34hhdbsc.weebly.com/uploads/6/4/0/2/6402803/global_health.pdfeducation and health care systems. - The majority of people living in developed

Introducing global health and human development

Unit 4 AOS1

Unit 4

• 2 Outcomes• Outcome 1: 2 SAC’s • Outcome 2: 1 SAC• first sac week of 29/07/2013-Chapter 8• Holidays will 2 weeks prep

This outcome...• In this area of study students explore global health, human

development and sustainability and their interdependencies. They identify similarities and differences in the health status between people living in developing countries and Australians, and analyse reasons for the differences. The role of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals is investigated in relation to achieving sustainable improvements in health status and human development.

• On completion of this unit the student should be able to analyse factors contributing to variations in health status between Australia and developing countries, evaluate progress towards the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals and describe the interrelationships between health, human development and sustainability.

Key Knowledge• definitions of developed and developing countries according to the WHO, including

high/low mortality strata;

• definitions of sustainability and human development according to the UN, including the human development index;

• similarities and differences in health status and human development between developing countries and Australia in relation to morbidity, mortality, life expectancy, burden of disease and human development index;

• the influence of income, gender equality, peace, education, access to healthcare, political stability, global marketing and physical environments on the health status of developing countries and Australia;

• the eight UN’s Millennium Development Goals, their purpose and the reasons why they are important;

• the interrelationships between health, human development and sustainability to produce sustainable human development in a global context.

Key Skills• define human development and sustainability concepts; • use, interpret and analyse data to draw informed conclusions about the

health status and human development of developing countries compared to Australia;

• compare factors that influence the health status and human development of Australia and developing countries;

• describe the eight UN’s Millennium Development Goals, their purpose and reasons why they are important;

• evaluate the progress towards the Millennium Development Goals; • analyse in different scenarios the interrelationships between health,

human development and sustainability.

Developed Countries• The term developed countries – or ‘industrialised countries’ –

generally refers to countries that have ‘developed economies’.

• According to the UN:- the most advanced production techniques and equipment. Many have research and technology centres.-They are likely to have good governance, including well-established education and health care systems.- The majority of people living in developed countries have access to adequate food, housing, safe water and sanitation, and health care.- Literacy levels are high, as is participation in education.- Such countries have long life expectancy and low infant and under-5 mortality rates.

• Developed countries include Australia, the United States of America, United Kingdom, Sweden and Japan.

Developing CountriesThe term developing countries generally refers to countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialisation relative to their populations. According to the UN:

> Developing countries have, in most cases, a low to medium standard of living

>

The level of technology is low, and industries are poorly developed. There is also a strong correlation between high population growth and low income.

>

Developing countries have a developing industrial base, and an inconsistent Human Development Index (HDI) and per capita income.

>

They are likely to have poor governance or unstable political situations.

>

The majority of people in developing countries have limited access to adequate food, housing, safe water and sanitation, and health care.

>

There is poor participation in education and literacy levels are low (and much lower for females compared to males).

>

Such countries have short life expectancy and high infant and under-5 mortality rates. Most of the developing countries are in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Least Developed Countries• The UN refers to least developed countries (LDCs) as the poorest and weakest segment

of the international community.

• These countries are those with the greatest need of assistance.• Extreme poverty, structural weaknesses of economy and lack of capacities related to

growth

• often compounded by structural handicaps • hamper efforts of these countries to improve the quality of life of their people• More than 10 per cent of the world’s population live in LDCs.• The classification LDC is based on quality of life and economic measures. These include:

>

Life expectancy at birth>

Per capita kilojoule intake >

Primary and secondary school enrolments >

Adult literacy >

Stability of agricultural production>

Stability of exports of goods and services >

Diversity of exports

• definitions of developed and developing countries according to the WHO, including high/low mortality strata;

• What is a developing country?• What are examples of developing

countries?

• What common features do they have?

Investigate....

• choose one developed and one developing country- what will be suitable data to includes?

• compare and contrast• summarise your findings in a table• Include 5 facts about each country

Developed Countries

• Industrialised countries

IMF ADVANCED ECONOMIES 2008

Work Bank Income Groups

LIFE EXPECTANCY

Afghanistan

•Albania

•Algeria

•Angola

•Antigua

•Argentina

•Armenia

•Azerbaijan

•Bangladesh

•Barbados

•Barbuda

•Belarus

•Belize

•Bhutan

•Bolivia

•Bosnia-Herzegovina

•Botswana

•Brazil

•Bulgaria

•Burkina Faso

•Burundi

•Cambodia

•Cameroon

•Central African Republic

•Chad

•Chile

•Colombia

•Comoros Islands

• Central African Republic

• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep

• Democratic Republic of Congo

• Djibouti

• Dominica

• Dominican Republic

• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador

• Equatorial Guinea

• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali

• Marshall Islands

• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico

• Micronesia, Fed. Sts

• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama

• Papua New Guinea

• Paraguay

• People's Republic of Benin

• People's Republic of China

• People's Republic of Congo

• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland

• Republic of Cape Verde

• Republic of Georgia

• Republic of Kosovo

• Republic of Macedonia

• Republic of Yemen

• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia

• Sao Tome & Principe

• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga

• Trinidad & Tobago

• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• cAfghanistan• Albania

• Algeria

• Angola

• Antigua

• Argentina

• Armenia

• Azerbaijan

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Barbuda

• Belarus

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia

• Bosnia-Herzegovina

• Botswana

• Brazil

• Bulgaria

• Burkina Faso

• Burundi

• Cambodia

• Cameroon


• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep


• Djibouti

• Dominica


• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador


• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw


• Algeria

• Angola

• Antigua

• Argentina

• Armenia

• Azerbaijan

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Barbuda

• Belarus

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia


• Botswana

• Brazil

• Bulgaria

• Burkina Faso

• Burundi

• Cambodia

• Cameroon


• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep


• Djibouti

• Dominica


• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador


• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw


• Algeria

• Angola

• Antigua

• Argentina

• Armenia

• Azerbaijan

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Barbuda

• Belarus

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia


• Botswana

• Brazil

• Bulgaria

• Burkina Faso

• Burundi

• Cambodia

• Cameroon


• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep


• Djibouti

• Dominica


• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador


• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw


• Algeria

• Angola

• Antigua

• Argentina

• Armenia

• Azerbaijan

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Barbuda

• Belarus

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia


• Botswana

• Brazil

• Bulgaria

• Burkina Faso

• Burundi

• Cambodia

• Cameroon


• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep


• Djibouti

• Dominica


• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador


• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw


• Algeria

• Angola

• Antigua

• Argentina

• Armenia

• Azerbaijan

• Bangladesh

• Barbados

• Barbuda

• Belarus

• Belize

• Bhutan

• Bolivia


• Botswana

• Brazil

• Bulgaria

• Burkina Faso

• Burundi

• Cambodia

• Cameroon


• Chad

• Chile

• Colombia

• Comoros Islands

• Costa Rica

• Croatia

• Cuba

• Czech Rep


• Djibouti

• Dominica


• East Timor

• Ecuador

• Egypt

• El Salvador


• Eritrea

• Estonia

• Ethiopia

• Fiji Islands

• Gabon

• Gambia

• Ghana

• Grenada

• Guatemala

• Guinea-Bissau

• Guyana

• Haiti

• Honduras

• Hungary

• India

• Indonesia

• Iran

• Iraq

• Ivory Coast

• Jamaica

• Jordan

• Kazakhstan

• Kenya

• Kiribati

• Kyrgyzstan

• Laos

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

• Latvia

• Lebanon

• Lesotho

• Liberia

• Libya

• Lithuania

• Madagascar

• Malawi

• Malaysia

• Maldives

• Mali


• Mauritania

• Mauritius

• Mexico


• Moldova

• Mongolia

• Montenegro

• Morocco

• Mozambique

• Myanmar

• Namibia

• Nepal

• Nicaragua

• Niger

• Nigeria

• North Korea

• Oman

• Pakistan

• Palau

• Panama


• Paraguay




• Peru

• Philippines

• Poland






• Romania

• Russia

• Rwanda

• Saint Kitts

• Saint Vincent

• Saint Lucia


• Saudi Arabia

• Senegal

• Serbia

• Seychelles

• Sierra Leone

• Slovak Rep

• South Africa

• Solomon Islands

• Somalia

• Sri-Lanka

• Sudan

• Suriname

• Swaziland

• Syria

• Tajikistan

• Tanzania

• Thailand

• Togo

• Tonga


• Tunisia

• Turkey

• Turkmenistan

• Uganda

• Ukraine

• Uruguay

• Uzbekistan

• Vanuatu

• Venezuela

• Vietnam

• West Samoa

• Zambia

• Zimbabw

Developing Countries

Fertility Rates

World’s Population

Developed Countries

• The term developed countries – or ‘industrialised countries’ – generally refers to countries that have ‘developed economies’.

• According to the UN:- the most advanced production techniques and equipment. Many have research and technology centres.-They are likely to have good governance, including well-established education and health care systems.- The majority of people living in developed countries have access to adequate food, housing, safe water and sanitation, and health care.- Literacy levels are high, as is participation in education.- Such countries have long life expectancy and low infant and under-5 mortality rates.

• Developed countries include Australia, the United States of America, United Kingdom, Sweden and Japan.

Developing CountriesThe term developing countries generally refers to countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialisation relative to their populations. According to the UN:

> Developing countries have, in most cases, a low to medium standard of living

>

The level of technology is low, and industries are poorly developed. There is also a strong correlation between high population growth and low income.

>

Developing countries have a developing industrial base, and an inconsistent Human Development Index (HDI) and per capita income.

>

They are likely to have poor governance or unstable political situations.

>

The majority of people in developing countries have limited access to adequate food, housing, safe water and sanitation, and health care.

>

There is poor participation in education and literacy levels are low (and much lower for females compared to males).

>

Such countries have short life expectancy and high infant and under-5 mortality rates. Most of the developing countries are in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Least Developed Countries• The UN refers to least developed countries (LDCs) as the poorest and weakest segment

of the international community.

• These countries are those with the greatest need of assistance.• Extreme poverty, structural weaknesses of economy and lack of capacities related to

growth

• often compounded by structural handicaps • hamper efforts of these countries to improve the quality of life of their people• More than 10 per cent of the world’s population live in LDCs.• The classification LDC is based on quality of life and economic measures. These include:

>

Life expectancy at birth>

Per capita kilojoule intake >

Primary and secondary school enrolments >

Adult literacy >

Stability of agricultural production>

Stability of exports of goods and services >

Diversity of exports

WEBSITES.......

• unicef• who• http://www.un.org.au/• http://www.un.org/en/• http://www.antipodeans.com.au/index.htm• http://www.projects-abroad.com.au/

Classifying countries

• Least developed

• Developing countries

• Developed countries

WHO Regions

Income

Mortality strata

Human Development- HDI

Sustainability

Mortality Strata

Child mortality refers to the mortality rates of children under five years.

Adult mortality refers to the mortality of males aged between 15 and 59.

Mortality Strata

Mortality Strata

Question 58

• a. WHO use mortality strata for analysing statistics to help categorise countries in the six WHO regions into developing or developed countries. A letter grade of A to E is applied according to the rates of child and adult mortality rating each as low to very high. This information is then applied to the 14 subregions WHO of the world to place countries in each of the five strata of development.

• b. The main difference in causes of death between developed countries and high mortality developing countries:High mortality developing countries have twice the cause of death for all causes that developed countries. Seven out of the top ten causes of death for high mortality countries are for infectious or parasitic diseases, with only one for developed countries. Cancers significantly cause death for developed countries. Self inflicted injuries are not listed in the top ten causes of death for high mortality developing countries.

Question 58

• c. Top ten causes of disease for high mortality developing countries but not for developed countries:HIV/AIDS is not as prevalent in developed countries, and sufferers have better access to drugs for treatment and prolonging of life. Infectious diseases at birth, diarrhoeal diseases and measles rarely cause death in developed countries they easily prevented and treated. Malaria is a fairly rare disease in developed countries.

Question 58

Question 59• How might mental and neurological disorders impact on

an individual’s human development, that is, their ability to develop to their full potential?

• (5 marks)

Question 59• Social and economic consequences for increased mental

ill health:

An increase in mental disorders means more people are unable to function normally in society. They will be less able to make decisions and to perform at their best. This means they will not be able to contribute positively to the community and may even become a burden in that they may need to be cared for and managed by families and community. This lack of independence means that the individual will have less of a productive part of their community. These disorders are not ‘fixed’ quickly and require on-going commitment to the care and management.

Regions

Income

Human Development

• human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices and enhancing human capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) and freedoms, enabling them to live a long and healthy life, have access to knowledge and a decent standard of living, and participate in community life decisions affecting their lives.

Human Development

• In order to improve human development, people need to build certain capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) and freedoms. Some of those include to:- be able to lead long and healthy lives - have access to knowledge - have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living (such as: - housing and a reliable food and water supply) - be able to participate in the life of the community - be able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives.

• Without these capabilities, human development cannot progress and many opportunities remain inaccessible.

Measuring the level of human development of a country is impossible. There are many aspects of peoples lives that need to be taken into account and to collect all of this information on a global scale is not possible. The United Nations has, however, developed a measurement system that attempts to reflect the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions. It is known as the Human Development Index (HDI) and it uses four indicators to make estimations of the level of human development in different countries. They are:

• life expectancy

• adult literacy

• access to all three levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary)

• peoples average income.

The Human Development Index indicates the level of development achieved, allows comparisons to be made between countries and regions, and allows improvements made over time to be monitored. The values given indicate the following levels of development: • high human development (with an HDI of 0.800 or above) • medium human development (HDI of 0.500- 0.799)• low human development (HDI of less than 0.500).

Human development index

Now and Homework

• Sample Q’s- 60, 61, 62, 63• Pg 271 Test your understanding Pg 1-6

Question 60

Practice questions

• 61. Statistics show that the richest 5th of the world’s population (living in developed nations), accounts for 86% of world gross domestic products, enjoys 82% of the expanding export trade, and 68% of foreign direct investment, while the lowest fifth of the world’s population (in developing nations) benefits from only 1% of each.

Practice question 61.

• a. What criteria are considered when defining a country as a ‘developed’ or a ‘developing’ country? What criteria does the WHO use to determine placement of countries in its five strata levels? (5 marks)

• b. Choose two criteria you listed in part a. Give details of how each could affect the health status of the population. (6 marks)

• a. Factors typical of developing countries: large segments of the population in poverty, insufficient food, poor health, low literacy, poor living conditions e.g. unsafe water ad poor sanitation. The WHO mortality strata is used to determine status as developing or developed. A letter grade of A-E is applied according to the rates of child and adult mortality rating each as low to very high, to place each country in one of the five strata levels.

• b. Factors affecting health: poverty results in lack of choice-inability to provide needs such as food, housing, medical treatment and education. This results in poor health status, susceptibility to disease and infections, which further inhibits the ability to work, to produce food or care for children. Poor infrastructure results in lack of primary health-care, e.g safe water, sanitation, basic medical services.

Question 62• Developing countries in the table: Mozambique, India,

PNG.

• Developing countries have low LE, Low adult literacy rates, and Low human development scores as a results.

• B. Health indicators which may affect heath status: Low life expectancy at birth is other cause by many factors including poor access to food/poor nutritional status, hard work and susceptibility to disease and poor health services. Also gender inequality for women, war, and local of political stability and poor housing and shelter options. Adult literacy rates relate to education, access to information and knowledge of health care.

Question 63• The major difference between Sudan and Australia evident

in the table are:

• Life expectancy at birth for Sudan is much lower than for Australia. A female in Sudan is expected to only live to 60 years whereas in Australian it is 83 years.

• Mortality rates are also very difference with only 5 female children per 1000 dying in Australian compared with Sudan where 84 females per 1000 die during childhood. Adult mortality for women in Sudan is 304 deaths per 1000 and only 50 per 1,000 in Australia.

Question 63 cont.• C. Healthy life expectancy for females is related to factors

such as access to health care, (including reproductive health), nutrition, exposure to disease and working conditions. In Sudan, many women have poor access to health care as women’s reproductive health is taboo. Many women suffer from malnutrition, putting them at greater risk of infectious disease. They also may not have access to immunisation or contraception. It is common for women to undertake hard physical labour in order to try to provide food for their family. Women in australia tend to have far greater access to primary health care.

• 1. Malaria-

• 2. Diarrhoeal disease-

• 3. HIV/AIDS-

• 4. tuberculosis-

• 5. pneumonia-

• 6. measles-

• 7. Maternal infections-

• 8. hepatitis B/C-

• 9. neurological disorders-

• 10. Congenital malformation-

Difference between.....• Income

• Gender Equality

• Peace

• Education

• Access to Health care

• Political stability

• water sanitation

• morbidity

• mortality

Sample answers• In countries such as Australia, we have access to safe water and sanitation whereas in

many middle and low income countries this is not always the case. Children are most at risk of becoming ill and dying from dehydration due to high rates of diarrhoea caused by drinking contaminated water.

• Australia has access to immunisation for children which is not always the case in middle and low income countries. This means that children under 5 are at greater risk of contracting infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, pertussis and tetanus.

• Australian children generally have access to a healthy diet which helps build immunity and helps fight infectious diseases such as colds and influenza. In many middle and low income countries, children are undernourished and therefore have poor immune systems and are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.

• Children living in middle and low income countries are more likely to be born underweight than those children who are born in Australia. Being born underweight means many of the major organs may not be fully developed, particularly the lungs. This increases an infants risk of dying from respiratory infections. In Australia, we also have access to health care facilities which increases the chances of the infant surviving.

Impact on Child health

Sustainability

• Sustainable development is ‘Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (UN, 1992)

• Sustainable development is generally thought to have three components or ‘pillars’: environment, society and economy.

• These components are intertwined, not separate – think of them as three overlapping circles of the same size, with the area in the centre being human wellbeing.

• As these three components become more aligned and the area of overlap becomes bigger, so too does human wellbeing increase.

• For example, if we are to have a healthy and prosperous community, we need a healthy environment that provides clean air, safe drinking water, and food and resources for its members.

Sustainability cont.Sustainable development means meeting todays needs and planning the country’s growth without creating problems or depleting resources for future generations. In order for development to be sustainable, it must be equitable. Sustainable development paints a clearer picture and takes into account pollution, environmental degradation and resource depletion. A country could have a high income due to oil reserves that they are mining, but oil reserves don’t last forever and therefore this income is not sustainable. Fisheries are another area for concern. Some areas are being shed beyond a sustainable limit which means this source of income will eventually dry up unless these practices change.

similarities and differences in health status and human development between developing countries and Australia in relation to morbidity, mortality, life expectancy, burden of disease and human development index;

Set up a table

Condition Description Statistics

Malaria(infectious)

Malaria is.......

Pneumonia Pneumonia is...

Holiday homework

• Complete practice questions 65-69 in booklet• Reading pg 266-305 ALL INFORMATION• Complete table on Disease and Statistics• Complete summary of influences of health status• Complete question from text on Weebly (Q’s

will be up by Thursday)

Holiday Homework• similarities and differences in

health status and human development between developing countries and Australia in relation to morbidity, mortality, life expectancy, burden of disease and human development index;


continue summary tables

ONE paragraph for each

How do you think it will impact on health status

+ and -

• http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s3502474.htm

• www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMkv0rbfYco• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=cc6dKKPclFk

SAC DATE......

• Monday 30th of July period 3/4• 60 mins• dot points 1- 4

similarities and differences in health status and human development

MortalityMorbidity

Burden of Disease

HDI

Life Expectancy

Influence of HS and HD of developing and developed countries

• Gender equality

• Income

• Peace

• Education

• Access to healthcare

• Political stability

• Global marketing

• Physical environment

Tobacco marketingBaby formulaFood consumption patternsGlobal Alcohol consumption

HousingPollutionIndoor air pollutionNatural disastersClimate change

• http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/23795

Question 65• i. this is the stuff that we spoke about when we looked at the social model of health and the

ottawa charter. Those models are used in developed countries. So for example you could talk about:- legislation to control tobacco sales and advertising- warning of cigarette packets- promotion of smoke free areas and workplaces- sales tax to keep prices high and deter consumption- quit campaign- education in schools

• Question iieffectiveness of government regulationseconomic realitieschanging social attitudesimpact of powerful campaignsmore choice with disposable income

• question iiithink more to do with global marketing; lack of health professionals or access to health care; lower education; other government priorities e.g. conflict, clean water and sanitation.

Question 68

a.medicines that are poorly labelled may not have information on strength of drugs and dosage. Unfamiliar brand names mean doctors working in the area have to look up information or seek out extra information which takes time and energy. No shelf-life details may mean that medicine is unsafe or useless

b.People living in developing countries have access to medical technology, e.g. mammograms, CAT scans, ultrasounds, MMR imaging, heart health testing and transplant operations. Developing countries have little access to expensive diagnostic or surgical equipment. Trained staff may not be available. More immediate primary health problems get priority.

Question 69a.Consequence of unsafe water supply and poor sanitation are that populations particularly children, are at risk of disease and illness (many life threatening). In many cases it is the poor sanitation that leads to a polluted water supply. Communities must travel long distances to get clean water and this can take many hours of the day and use much personal energy.

b.Armed conflict had direct influence on health status. Conflict may mean infrastructure can be damaged which effects basic utility supplies such as electricity. It may take long periods on time for repairs to occur. Conflict may mean political instability where decisions making by the government are affected and repairs can conflict can continue for long periods of time. Food supplies may be affected and the distribution of food to the people may not be regular.

Question 70a.Credit with education is likely to be sustainable because it encompasses the values of empowerment, co-operation, security and equity. Women work in groups and make decisions about their future. They have financial security and have the opportunities to to make decisions that are equitable with the men in the community.

b.Women are often the focus of programs to improve human development because they are central to the decision making around food and nutrition and therefore the health status of the family.

• Imagine you are standing on a busy street of your nearest big city (or the one you live in).1. 1 Make a list of what you see.

2. 2 Identify particular resources and infrastructure that highlight the fact that you are living in a developed nation.

3. 3 Who pays for all the infrastructure you can see around you? What do you think are the top priorities of government spending in Australia?

Now imagine you have travelled to a developing country. Examine your perceptions of what you might see around you in the capital city you have flown to.

1. 1 Make a list of what you see.

2. 2 Identify particular images that highlight the fact that you are visiting a developing nation.

3. 3 In a developing country, what would the government prioritise spending money on? Explain how public spending may differ in comparison to a developed country like Australia.

•

people first- human development report

• http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/videos/humandev/

tale of two girls

• http://www.who.int/features/2003/lifeline.swf

Documents

Introducing global health and human development34hhdbsc.weebly.com/uploads/6/4/0/2/6402803/global_health.pdfeducation and health care systems. - The majority of people living in developed