Introd[1]. to MoT

8/3/2019 Introd[1]. to MoT

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INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT

OF TECHNOLOGY (MOT)

Nurbaity Aqmar Mahamud

Dept. of Construction and Real Estate

Management, FPTPK, UTHM


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Introduction: Technology and Society

Throughout human history, technology has had a profound effect on human

development and on the progress of civilization.

It took humans about 2 million years to develop from nomads foraging for

food in east central Africa to agricultural settlers capable of augmenting

their power with tools and domestic animals.

This significant development ushered in the dawn of civilization. The next several thousand years witnessed the development of the wheel,

the chariot, the water wheel, and mechanicals implements.

It was only less than two centuries ago that the steam engine and the

factory systems ushered in the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Energy generated from water and from mechanical, electrical, and nuclearsources enabled humans to achieve unprecedented change in their way of

life.

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Cont ~

Yet in no other time in history has technology been as pervasive in human

lives as it is today.

To an ever-increasing extent, it has invaded every aspect of human

endeavor.

Government operations, global corporations, private enterprises, and

individuals are highly dependent on technology for their success. The rate of technological progress and societys dependence on technology

only promises to intensify as the world moves into the 21st century.

In spite of the fact that technology is the most pervasive force influencing

human lives today, it remains mysterious to many people, and its exact

definition eludes most of the public and many professionals.

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Definition of Technology

Technologycan be defined as all the knowledge, products,processes, tools, methods, and systems employed in the

creation of goods or in providing services.

In a simple terms, technology is the way we do things. It is

the means by which we accomplish objectives. Technology is the practical implementations of

knowledge, a means of aiding human endeavor.

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Cont ~

Zeleny (1986) proposed that any technology consists of threeinterdependent, codetermining and equally important

components:

Hardware: The physical structure and logical layout of the

equipment or machinery that is to be used to carry out the

required tasks.

Software : The knowledge of how to use the hardware in order

to carry out the required tasks.

Brainware: The reason for using the technology in a particular

way. This may also be referred to as the know-why.

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Cont..

In addition to the three components, a fourth one must beconsidered independently, for it encompassed all levels of

technological achievements:

Know-how: The learned or acquired knowledge of or technical

skill regarding how to do things well. Know-how maybe a

result of experience, transfer of knowledge, or hands-on-

practice. People acquire technical know-how by receiving

formal or informal education or training or by working closely

with an expert in a certain fields. Know-how can also be

acquired through a recognized method of technology transfer,in last topic.

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What is Management?

Management is an art and to some extent a technology. It is the art of carrying on business. It involves directing and

controlling an organization and steering it towards achieving

its objectives.

It draws on knowledge, experience, and an understanding ofhuman and organizational behaviour.

Management is also a technology, as it the means by which the

desired goals of an enterprise are achieved.

Management functions in organization include planning,organizing, staffing, motivating, and controlling activities of the

organizations.

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What is Management of Technology?

Management of Technology (MOT) is an interdisciplinary fieldthat integrates science, engineering, and management

knowledge and practice.

The focus is on technology as the primary factor in wealth

creation.

Wealth creation involves more than just money; it may

encompass factors such as enhancement of knowledge,

intellectual capital, effective exploitation of resources,

preservation of the natural environment, and other factors

that may contribute to raising the standards of living andquality of life.

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Definition of MOT

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NRC (1987): Management of technology links engineering, science, and

management disciplines to plan, develop, and implement

technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the

strategic and operational objectives of an organisation

MOT industrial practice: identification and evaluation of

technological options, management of R&D itself including

determining project feasibility, integration of technology into the

companies overall operations, implementation of new technologies

in a product and/or process


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Definition of MOT

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Dussage(1991) Management of technology is a practice of integrating

technology strategy with business strategy in a company.

This integration requires the deliberate co-ordination of

research, production, and service function with the

marketing, finance, and human resources function of the

firm

Tarek M. Khalil (2000)

Management of technology (MOT) is an interdisciplinary

fields that integrates science, engineering, and

management knowledge and practices (Figure 1.1).


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Figure 1.1: The Interdisciplinary Nature of

MOT

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ENGINEERIN

G

NATURE

SCIENCE

SOCIAL

SCIENCE

INDUSTRIAL

PRACTICE

BUSINESS

THEORY

MOT


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s

Figure 2.1: SPINNING OUT TECHNOLOGY

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Technology must connect with customer needs to satisfy those needs and

achieve societal goals. Technology is the engine of economic growth.

Society needs

Market needs

Technologyconversion

Technologycreation oracquisition

Production

The customer

Standards of living, socialand environmental issues


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History of MOT

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The emergence of management of technology as adiscipline in its own right is due to the fact that: There have been changes in the business, political and social

environments of firms, R&D spending has grown in absolute terms andas a percentage of GNP, and managers have become concerned with'core competencies as a source of competitive advantage

There has been a shift toward external networks and leveraging theentire corporate knowledge base

Due to the fact that technology as one of the primary factor in thewealth creation, as the strategic dimension of technology and itssignificant competitive value is acknowledge in Management of

Technology


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History of MOT

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Technology management in its present form has existedsince the early 1980s, but its roots can be tracked back to

the early 1970s under such titles as Strategic

Management,


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Evolution of MOT

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R&D Management: Rational was to provide funds for R&D (appropriate development) in

order to harvest benefits from the higher levels of performance

resulting from R&D efforts

Innovation Management

Focus innovation to commercialization

Technology Planning (technology strategy)

Due to increased global competition, sustained progress brought

technology strategy


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Evolution of MOT

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Strategic management of technology Technology based strategic MOT (effective management of

technology

Organisation and technology based MOT (human resources

and organizational measures to be integrated with

technological development

Integrated MOT (technology and business)


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Evolution of MOT schools of thoughts

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Refinement of theory and development of its own rights

Source: Drejer (1996)


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Schools R&Dmanagement

Innovationmanagement

Technologyplanning

Strategic MOT

Perceived

environment

Stable, simple

and expanding

Changing, but

predictable

Changing and

discontinuous

Changing and

discontinuous,unpredictable,with newdimension

Scope Manage R&Dresources

Manageinnovation in theentire company

Managetechnologyacross the

company

Manage andintegratetechnology with

other aspects

Issues People, ideas,funds, culture

Conception,invention andexploitation oftechnology

Analyze andplan thecomplexprocess oftechnologicaldevelopment

Deal with all thedimension oftechnologyevolution

Tools for makingdecision

Technologyforecasting

Delphiforecasting,Project mgt ofthe innovationprocess

Scenarioforecasting,technologyanalysis,planning

Strategic MOT,Org-Techapproach toMOT, IntegratedMOT

Source: Drejer (1996)


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R&D Management


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Nature and Scope of MoT

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Three contexts exist within which the management of technology is

commonly considered:

Technology Management and the Company: How a business can manage its technology for competitiveness and business

success.

Technology Management and the Nation: How a country or region can use technology to enhance the competitiveness of

the businesses that operate in it, for economic development and to createwealth among its people.

Technology Management and Society: How to ensure that technology is managed for the good of people and the

environment, and to minimise any negative effects, such as pollution.


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Nature and Scope of MoT

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Technology management issues can exist at many levels ofhuman organisation.

The working team

The enterprise


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Team Levels

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Technology management issues here generally relate to the

skill set and personal attributes of the team members. It is

essential to consider ideas such as skills matrix, multi-skilling

and team dynamics so that the technology inherent in the

human resource is fully exploited. Conversely, teams must be

structured in ways to enable optimum efficiency in production(process technologies) or maximum creativity in design

(product technologies).


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Enterprise levels

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Technology must be managed carefully so that critical andrisky investments will affect competitiveness as opposed

to business failure.


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MoT in Business Processes

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Knowledge

acquisition

Product

creation

Productsupply

TechnologyManagement

People

Development

Business

planning

Knowledge

acquisition

Product

creation

Productsupply

TechnologyManagement

People

Development

Business

planning


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Building up Technology Management

Competences

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TECHNOLOGY-CONTINGENT FIRMS TECHNOLOGY-INTENSIVE FIRMS

LARGEFIRMS

Large Technology-contingent FirmsNeed to increase productivity and qualityby means of "business process re-engineering" and "lean production"methods, which require organisationalinnovation in close association withinformation technology. These firms alsoneed to develop strategies and skills to

accommodate the increasingtechnological sophistication of processequipment, materials and components.

Large Technology-Intensive FirmsResponding to competitive pressureshave restructured their R&D in recentyears to link it better with immediatebusiness demands. They now face thechallenge of developing long-termstrategies, which will require them tofocus on core technologies, collaborative

ventures, and organisationalmechanisms to balance corporate anddivisional interests.

SMAL

LFIRMS

Technology-contingent SMEsIs the biggest group of companies inEurope; their central concern is to keepabreast of developments in processequipment. The main problem they faceis a lack of basic technological know-

how, which also leads to difficulties inidentifying their technological needs andtaking advantage of the "knowledgeinfrastructure" intended to serve them.

Technology-intensive SMEsTend to be highly specialised in nichemarkets and need to keep abreast ofchanges in associated technologies thatthey cannot master in-house. They oftenlack the strategic capabilities to cope

with broader technology trends, co-operation and/or growth, to match theirspecialist skills.


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Tutorial 1

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Why do you think Management ofTechnology important for

businesses?

Documents

Introd[1]. to MoT