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Intro to HTML5
IDIA 619Spring 2013
Bridget M. Blodgett
Topics
• Getting to know HTML5• Using F12 + Learning From Code• Combining HTML5 and JavaScript• Pseudocode and project planning
An Evolution
• Created ~1990 HTML went through a series of rapid transformations during the early to mid decade– Finally found a home with the creation of a standards
group W3C• HTML3 (later updated to 3.2)was completed in
1997 and is the format many people are familiar with
• HTML4 was produced the same year but was seen as a dead-end with the introduction of XHTML
An Evolution
• In 1998 HTML (not XHTML) was declared dead although some groups did continue working on the DOM Level specifications
• In 2003 progress on replacing HTML with another technology (XML) were ceased when it became apparent that XML was more suited to newer tech than replacing old tech (e.g RSS)
• The initial principles for HTML5 began developing during 2005
An Evolution
• Private Industry decided to pursue working on the HTML standard and created the WHATWG site
• WHATWG was based on several core principles:– technologies need to be backwards compatible– specifications and implementations need to match
even if this means changing the specification rather than the implementations
– specifications need to be detailed enough that implementations can achieve complete interoperability without reverse-engineering each other
An Evolution
• The latter requirement in particular required that the scope of the HTML5 specification include what had previously been specified in three separate documents: HTML4, XHTML1, and DOM2 HTML
• W3C joined the group and then split off again over differences of how the standard should be updated– They borrow and release a more fixed version that
only updates for bug fixes
HTML vs XHTML
• The main difference today is in the MIME type declaration– Declaring a document text/html and
application/xhtml+xml results in slightly different parsing by the web browser with xml being stricter in its application
HTML
• A basic HTML document looks like this:<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head>
<title>Sample page</title> </head> <body>
<h1>Sample page</h1> <p>This is a <a href="demo.html">simple</a> sample.</p> <!-- this is a comment -->
</body> </html>
• HTML user agents (e.g. Web browsers) then parse this markup, turning it into a DOM (Document Object Model) tree. – A DOM tree is an in-memory representation of a document.
DOM
DOM
• This DOM tree can be manipulated from scripts in the page
<form name="main"> Result: <output name="result"> </output> <script>
document.forms.main.elements.result.value = 'Hello World'; </script> </form>
• Each element in the DOM tree is represented by an object, and these objects have APIs so that they can be manipulated
var a = document.links[0]; // obtain the first link in the document
a.href = 'sample.html'; // change the destination URL of the link
a.protocol = 'https'; // change just the scheme part of the URL
a.setAttribute('href', 'http://example.com/'); // change the content attribute directly
Presentaion in HTML5
• The majority of presentational features from previous versions of HTML are no longer allowed:– The use of presentational elements leads to poorer
accessibility– Higher cost of maintenance – Larger document sizes
• These items are no longer supported at all and should not be used with HTML5– Except for <style> which is situational
Updating to HTML5
• The structure of pages has changed slightly:– Doctypes can now be written simply as <!doctype html>– Charactersets are <meta charset=“utf-8”>– Stylesheet links: <link rel=“stylesheet” href=“blah.css”>– Scripts: <script src=“eg.js”></script>
• Best part is these should never change and are backwards compatible
APIs
• Stands for Application Programming Interface– What does this really mean in terms of developing and
designing things?• The reinvention of HTML with HTML5 added
support for a number of new features:– Local storage– 2D drawing– Offline support– Sockets and threads– Geolocation
HTML5
• These APIs are used through the cooperation of a series of different tools– HTML5/DOM to specify structure– CSS3 to handle presentation– JavaScript to add interactivity/cool things
What Is JS?
• Similar to but not based upon Java programming language
• Unlike PHP, JS is clientside scripting– It depends heavily upon what it being used to
view the website– It is often disabled– It is visible in the source material of the website
JS Do’s and Dont’s
• Design to support the user’s visit to your site– Avoid popups, annoying scripts, excessive “bling”
for bling’s sake• JS should “degrade gracefully”
– They know if they will be able to run or not and quietly fail if methods they make use of are not supported
• If you disable JS your site should still be accessible and useable
Implementation
• JS can be embedded as an external script or written directly into a page
<script>//JS
</script>
• Creating an external JS will allow you to apply changes consistently throughout the site but is unwieldy for one off effects
Writing JS
• JS is written as a series of statements– Unlike PHP JS WILL terminate with a line break or
a semi-colon• You must declare a variable before using it
– Use the key var before the variable name to declare it
– They can be initialized at declaration but don’t need to be
• Variables are case sensitive
Data Types
• There are several basic data types– Strings are wrapped in ‘’ or “”– Numbers – Booleans can be true/false or 0/1– Arrays
Arrays
• Arrays are a special type of variable that can contain many values at once:– Like a box that holds several different things at
once• Arrays are declared like normal variables but
they have a slightly different feature.– var array1 = new Array();– Or: var array2 = [‘cats’, ‘dogs’, ‘bunnies’,
‘hamsters’];
Operators
• JS has two categories of operators– Math
• +, -, *, /, ++, --
– Comparison• >, <, ==, !=, >=, <=• ===• !==
– Logical are a sub-category of comparison• &&, ||, !
Conditional
• If statements– If(2 <1){alert(‘Something is Wrong’);]
• if…else is also acceptedif (2<1){ alert(‘Something is wrong’);} else { Alert(‘Everything is fine’);}
(2<1) ? alert(‘Something is wrong’) : alert (‘Everything is fine’);
• Switch Statements
Loops
• Very similar to other languagesvar i = 10;while (I >=0 ){
Alert (i);i--;
}• While, Do…while, For
