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Ms. Farris
Earth/Environmental Science
INTRO TO EARTH SCIENCE
BELLRINGER DAY 01
1. What do you think Earth Science is
all about?
2. Why is it important to understand our
Earth and the environment we live
in?
WHAT IS EARTH SCIENCE?
• The study of the earth and the universe around it!
• There are several different branches of Earth Science!
• These include…
LITHOSPHERE (GEOLOGY)
• Origin, history, and structure of the solid earth
• Natural resources
• Forces within earth
• Fossils to learn about earth’s past
HYDROSPHERE (OCEANOGRAPHY)
• Study of earth’s water (3/4 of earth’s surface)
• Oceans, rivers, groundwater, water vapor
• Oceanography – study of oceans and life in oceans
ATMOSPHERE (METEOROLOGY)
• Study of Earth’s gases
• Weather patterns
• Weather forecasts
• Climate Change
BIOSPHERE (ECOLOGY)
• Study of the complex relationships between living things and the environment
• Balancing the environment
• Pollution and its affects on the planet
• Ecosystem – community of organisms and the environment they inhabit
• Biosphere – all life on earth and physical environment which supports it
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES• All of these branches of Earth science have
environmental issues
• We will be studying the following:
• Water shortages/pollution
• Climate Change
• Species degradation/extinction
• Overpopulation/Ecological Footprint
WHY EARTH SCIENCE?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxbIJH4fTYo
NOW WE’LL BEGIN OUR FIRST UNIT…
ASTRONOMY• The study of the universe beyond earth
• Oldest branch of Earth Science
• Ancient Babylonians charted planet positions 4,000 years ago
THE BEGINNING...• ...of the universe
• Time and matter
• What is matter?
• Everything around you-anything that has mass and takes up space
• What is time?
• A measure of which events can be ordered; past, present, to future
EXPANDING UNIVERSE BALLOON LAB
BIG BANG THEORY
• In our EXPANDING Universe – rewind
it...what happens?
• This observation lead scientists to believe the Universe was together at one point, and then spread out over time
BIG BANG THEORY• All matter and energy was once compressed into
extremely small volume
• 14 billion years ago a sudden event (the big bang) sent all matter and energy hurling outward
• As cloud expanded, matter gathered into clumps and evolved into galaxies and the universe as we know it today
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9276Lk_Ipg
EXIT TICKET
• Go to Socrative.com
• Room: XX7CWRJG
• Enter Name
• Begin!
EXIT TICKET-DID THE INFORMATION “STICK?”
• Complete the following questions on a post-it note
found in the pouches under your desk:
1. Describe the Big Bang Theory in your own
words.
2. Explain one piece of evidence that has led
scientists to believe the universe is
expanding.
BELLRINGER DAY 02
1. Approximately how old do we estimate the universe to
be?
2. The Big Bang theory suggests that everything in the
universe was once condensed into a hot, dense state
of matter. Provide at least 1 piece of evidence
scientists use to support the theory.
3. What does the word hierarchy mean? For example,
today we are talking about the hierarchy of the
universe-what do you think we mean by that?
The Size of our Universe and Our Place in the Cosmos
OUR PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE
WHERE DO WE LIVE?• As you know, we live on planet Earth
• Earth revolves (circles around) our star, the sun
• One of multiple planets in our solar system. What are the other planets in our solar system?
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM• Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun in our
SOLAR SYSTEM
• There are approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy
OUR GALAXY• Our Solar System is located in the Milky Way
Galaxy
• Galaxy - a large system of stars held together by mutual gravitation and isolated from similar systems by vast regions of space
• Approximately 100-200 billion galaxies in the universe
LOCAL GROUP• Cluster of Galaxies in a “smaller” area
• Ours includes 54 galaxies (including our own)
UNIVERSE• Totality of existence, including planets, stars,
galaxies the contents of intergalactic space, and all matter and energy.
SIZE OF OUR UNIVERSE• On Earth, we use miles or kilometers for
measurement
• Earth’s circumference at the equator is 24,901 miles (40,075 km)
SIZE OF OUR UNIVERSE• In our solar system, we use Astronomical Units
(AU)
• 1 AU is approximately 150 million km
• Earth is 1 AU from the sun
• Neptune is 30.07 AU from the sun (4.5 billion km)
SIZE OF OUR UNIVERSE• In the Universe we use light years (ly)
• Light year – How far light can travel in one year
• Light travels 300,000 m/s
• 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 trillion km
• Ex: the Milky Way is between 100,000 and 120,000 light years across
http://scaleofuniverse.com
EXIT TICKET-DID THE INFORMATION “STICK?”
• Complete the following questions on a post-it
note found in the pouches under your desk:
1. What’s bigger-a galaxy or a local group? What about the
solar system vs. Earth?
2. You are traveling the Milky Way Galaxy in your new space
ship. You are marking your route from Earth to Neptune
before your trip. What measurement system should you be
using (kilometers, AU, or light years)? Explain.
1.Order the following from smallest to
largest: local group, Earth, universe,
galaxy, solar system.
2.Why do we measure the universe in
light years as opposed to miles like
on Earth?
Solar System Research
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2qf5d
syfGE
Review: Big Bang Theory
14 (13.7) billion years ago
Creation of all matter
Hydrogen and Helium came first
More complex elements evolved through
time
34
Nebula Theory
Theory of how the bodies of our solar
system evolved from an enormous
rotating cloud called the solar nebula.
Theory how the planets were formed
8
So What Is a Nebula?...
• Nebula -
Interstellar cloud of
dust, hydrogen,
helium, and other
ionized gases.
The Nebular Hypothesis
The solar system formed from a collapsed nebula
1734 by Emanuel Swedenborg
Observations support this idea
Nebular Hypothesis: The Steps
Nebulae: Step 1
Gas (98%) and dust
(2%)
Rotates and is held
together by
gravitational force
Step 2: The Nebula collapses
The collapsed mass
forms a proto-sun
due to gravitational
force
Contraction
increases speed of
rotation: collapse
Step 3: sun is formed, disk cleared
The disk is “cleared
out” due to the
immense amount of
energy released.
Sun is formed
Dust and gases cool
and condense in
defined orbits around
the sun
Step 4: Planet formation
Temperature differences with respect to distance from sun
Closer = HOT!, iron and other heavy condense
Farther = cooler, hydrogen, water condense
material collides and accretes forming planetesimals (small planets)
Evidence: Orion Nebula
Third star down on
Orion’s belt
100 light years
across
Reflection of dust
and hydrogen
Evidence: Collapsed nebulae discs found in
the Orion nebula
Gaseous disks are circling proto-suns.
2-17 times larger than our solar system
About 153 protoplanetary disks found in the Orion Nebula
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL3YN
QK960Y
Bombardment From Space
For the first half billion years of its existence, the surface of the Earth was repeatedly pulverized by asteroids and comets of all sizes
One of these collisions formed the Moon
Formation of the MoonThe Giant Impact Hypothesis - 50 million
years after creation of Earth, a planet about
the size of Mars collided with Earth
First proposed about 30 years ago, but it took
calculations by modern high-speed computers
to prove the possibility
Formation of the Moon
This collision had to be very spectacular!
A considerable amount of material was
blown off into space, but most fell back
onto the Earth
Formation of the MoonPart of the material from the collision remained in
orbit around the Earth
By the process collision and accretion, this
orbiting material coalesced into the Moon
The early Moon orbited very close to the Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hahpE8b6fDI
Exit Ticket
Go to Socrative.com
Room: XX7CWRJG
Enter Name
Begin!
Exit Ticket
1. Thinking back to what we learned today, do
your best to describe how a galaxy is
formed using the steps of the nebular
hypothesis.
2. You are traveling the Milky Way Galaxy in
your new space ship. You are marking your
route from Earth to Neptune before your
trip. What measurement system should you
be using (kilometers, AU, or light years)?
Explain.
Bellringer-Day 04
1. What is the nebular hypothesis?
2. Does the nebular hypothesis apply
only to our solar system?
3. Explain briefly how the moon
formed.
Rotation and Revolution
Rotation-when something is rotating, or turning, on it’s axis Results in day/night (Earth spins once every 24 hours)
Ex. Basketball spinning on a finger
Revolution-when something is revolving, or circling, another object Results in a year (takes Earth 1 year to revolve around
sun)
Ex. The earth revolves around the sun
Remember these-you will see them again later!!
Famous Astronomers
Famous Astronomers
Johannes Kepler’s Observations
Mars’ orbit is not a perfect circle,
it is elliptical
The speed of Mars’ orbit
changes
Closer to sun = faster
Farther away from sun = slower
Observation lead to Kepler’s
3 Laws
Kepler’s 3 Laws
Kepler’s 1st Law
The path of each planet around the sun
is an ellipse with the sun at one focus
Kepler’s 2nd Law
Each planet revolves so that the
“imaginary line” that connects it to the
sun sweeps equal amount of area in
equal time intervals
Closer to sun = faster
Farther away = slower
Kepler’s 3rd Law
The square of a planet’s orbital period is
proportional to the cube of its distance from
the sun (Formula: T2/d3=1)
Orbital period - how long it takes to orbit
the sun
Astronomical Unit (AU) – average distance
between Earth and sun – 150 million km
T2 = d3 ; T = orbital period, d=distance
from sun in AUs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7vc4e8efus
Name the Law:
You are observing Mars in the night sky.
You are surprised to find that it does not
orbit in a perfect circle, but rather an
oval orbit called an ellipse. Which of
Kepler’s Laws have you observed?
Name the Law:
You are given the distance of a planet
from the sun in AU, but are unsure of the
orbital period. Which of Kepler’s Laws
could be used in calculating this?
Draw the Law:
Kepler’s second law states that planets
sweep equal are in equal time. Draw a
picture to represent this law.
Draw the law:
Kepler’s first law says that the planets
revolve in an elliptical shape, and that
the sun is not directly in the center. Draw
a picture to demonstrate this law.
Answer:
At which point would Earth be moving
faster-closer to the sun, or farther away
from the sun?
The planet below is orbiting the sun.
Though the orbital distance covered in
each sweep is different, the time interval in
each sweep is the same. What can be
determined about the relationship between
area A and B?
1. Area A is 50% larger than B.
2. Area A is 50% smaller than B.
3. Area A is the same size as B.
4. Area A is twice as big as B.
A new planet is discovered orbiting a
single star. The planet has one moon.
According to Kepler’s First Law, what do
scientists know about the orbit of the
planet around the star?
a) The orbit is circular with the star at the
center of the circle.
b) The orbit is elliptical with the star at one
focus of the ellipse.
c) The planet orbits the star in a direction
opposite to the direction of the moon’s
orbit.
Exit Ticket-Did the Information “Stick?”
Complete the following questions on a
post-it note found in the pouches under
your desk:
1. After much observation, an alien in another
galaxy has discovered that all the planets in
his solar system move in an oval shape.
Which of Kepler’s laws has he discovered?
2. Draw Kepler’s second law, labeling where
the Earth would be moving faster and
slower.
Bellringer-Day 05
1. The image to the right
shows Kepler’s 2nd Law.
Explain why the planet moves faster from point
A to B than it does from point X to Y.
2. Use Kepler’s 3rd Law to set up: Mars takes 1.88
years to complete one orbit around the sun.
What is its average distance from the sun?
3. Describe any experience you may have had
with tides.
TIDES
Rotation and RevolutionRotation-when something is rotating, or
turning, on it’s axis
Revolution-when something is revolving, or circling, another object
Barycenter Barycenter – point between two objects where they
balance each other
When a moon orbits planet, or planet orbits a star, both bodies are orbiting around a point that lies outside of the larger body (star/planet)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZImcxqa1_w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGBANgbRkws
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnHUAc20WEU
OrbitsThe Sun is NOT a stationary object.
Sun moves as the planets tug on it
Sun orbits the solar system’s barycenter
Moon and Earth RelationshipEarth pulls on the moon, and moon
pulls on Earth
This “tugging” from the moon can cause the Earth to bulge
What are Tides?
changes in elevation of the ocean surface
What causes Tides?
Gravitational forces of the moon and sun
Moon and Earth RelationshipEarth’s solids cannot give, however water
does, causing our tides
Two high tides and two low tides a day
12hrs and 25 min between two high tides
Moon and Earth RelationshipRise and fall daily due to Earth, Sun, and
Moon interactions
Since earth is rotating, we experience two tides each day
Spring Tides•Occur during the new and full moons
•Extreme high and low tides
•Earth, moon, and sun are aligned!
•All gravitational forces are added together
Neap Tides• Occur during the
1st and 3rd quarters of the Moon
• Weak high and low tides
• The Earth, moon, and sun are not aligned
• Gravitational forces are offset
Exit Ticket
Complete the following questions on a post-it note found in the pouches under your desk:
1. You are at the beach with a friend, and they say “I wonder why the water is really far up the shore today?” You know that there is a full moon occurring tonight. Use your knowledge to explain to your friend why the tidal range is so extreme.
Bellringer-Day 06
1. You hear on the radio that the numbers
for high and low tides being recorded
are very extreme. Draw a picture to
represent what type of tide is occurring,
and explain why it has this effect.
Rotation
What was our definition of rotation?
Results in day/night.
24 hour period (measured by Earth’s
equator.
Center of Earth is larger at center due to
this spinning motion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pLl8sDZRSYg
Precession
Change in Earth’s tilt but NOT its 23.5⁰
angle.
Does NOT affect the seasons, only
position of stars
Vega and Polaris
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=qlVgEoZDjok
Nutation
Wobbling of precession motion (1/2
degree over 18 year period)
Due to gravitational pull of the Moon.
Can slightly increase or decrease
seasonal affects
Nutation
Revolution (orbit)
Occurs approx. 150 million km away
Perihelion – closest to the sun (Jan 3rd)
Aphelion – farthest away from the sun
(July 4th)
Does this match what you would have
guessed? Why or why not?
Seasonal Change
More influenced by TILT of Earth’s axis
(23.5)
When the Earth is tilts towardsthe Sun = warmer seasons
When the Earth tilts away from the Sun = cooler seasons
Where is the Light? Seasons
Observations
Exit Ticket-Did the Information “Stick?”
Complete the following questions on a
post-it note found in the pouches under
your desk:1. You overhear someone say that the summer is hot
because the Earth is closer to the sun. You know
that this is wrong! Explain why the seasons really
take place in your own words.
Bellringer-Day 07
1. Recall-what is the angle of Earth’s tilt?
What does this tilt mean for Earth?
2. Imagine a scenario in which the Earth
was tilted 40.2 degrees and rotated
twice as fast as it does now. What
would life be like here on earth?
Seasons Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUU7IyfR34o
Astronomy Simulations
Located on Google Classroom
Season Misconceptions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUql48yLZF8
Although many students in this video identified the correct cause of the seasons, many did not. You have been hired to write an article for the school paper detailing the reason for the seasons! Be sure to write this article so that it could be understood by the general public. It should include a diagram to help illustrate your point.
Example: http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/seasons/en/
Requirements:
Digital format-Piktochart.com
You may use the paper formats to help you
get started, if needed
Diagrams-Explain your points using the
icons available.
Sources-Any information or pictures you
pull into the infographic need to be given
credit (provide the URL at the bottom of
the infographic)
Bellringer-Day 08
Explain WHY there is a greater tidal
range during a spring tide event.
Draw a picture that shows the Earth
experiencing winter in the Northern
Hemisphere.
The Sun’s Energy
The Sun’s Energy
Energy leaves the sun in the form of
heat and electromagnetic radiation
Result from the fusion reactions in the
sun
The Sun’s Energy
Fission – splitting of atoms (nuclear bombs) Particles split to create energy
Found in Nuclear Reactors splitting atoms to create energy
Fusion – fusing of nuclei to form heavier elements (hydrogen to helium) Particles “Fuse” together to create energy
Found on the Sun and Stars
IMMENSE amts. of energy and neutrons released
The Sun’s Energy
Sun’s Energy
Travels in the form of Electromagnetic
Energy Waves
Energy absorbed or radiated by particles
Include x-rays, gamma rays, visible light, etc
Lots of it may be harmful to life
Sun’s Energy
Lots of harmful radiation absorbed or
reflected by atmosphere
Earth’s magnetism also reflects radiation
Sun’s Energy
Solar energy that reaches Earth’s
surface is…
Turned into chemical energy by process
called photosynthesis (occurs in plants)
○ Leads to our own energy
Light
Electromagnetic radiation (spectrum)
Gamma rays - fastest
X-rays
UV rays
Visible spectrum (ROYGBIV)
Infrared waves
Radio waves – slowest
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The arrangement of
these waves according to their wavelengths and
frequencies
Spectroscopy
Study of the
properties of light
that depend on
wavelength.
Visible white light
passes through a
prism producing
the colors of the
rainbow (ROYGBIV)
109
Energy from the Sun
Solar energy is turned into chemical
energy through photosynthesis
Plants use sunlight to produce sugar
through the actions of the chlorophyll
Chemical Formula
6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Why would plants be important for our
survival?
30
Exit Ticket-Did the Information “Stick?”
Complete the following questions on a
post-it note found in the pouches under
your desk:
1. What is the difference between fission and
fusion? What part of the word can help you
to remember the difference?
2. Label the longest wavelength and the
shortest wavelength on the spectrum below.
Bellringer-Day 09
1. Explain how all of the energy from
the food you ate this morning
originated in the sun.
2. Draw a wave. Label the
wavelength and frequency of the
wave.
LAB TIME!!!!
Finished with everything? Pick up Astronomy flash
cards from Ms. Farris. Your test is this Friday!
Lab Review: Earth’s Energy
Solar energy that reaches Earth’s surface is… Reflected/absorbed by
land and water
Takes LOTS of energy to heat up water
○ Why do you think this is important?
Exit Ticket-Did the Information “Stick?”
Complete the following questions on a
post-it note found in the pouches under
your desk:
Using the knowledge you gained in lab today,
hypothesize what a scientist might find if he
monitored the temperatures of the ocean
water and the sand on the shore over a long
period of time.
Bellringer-Day 10
Have your study guides from yesterday
out and ready
Circle 3 questions you are not sure
about!
Your Astronomy Test is Friday! Make
sure that you study!
MC Review
How old is the universe, and what theory
tells us how it began?
Which characteristic about the Earth’s
position and movement most influences
its seasons?
a) How close or how far away Earth is from
the sun
b) The wobbling of Earth’s polar axis
c) The 23.5 degree angle of Earth’s polar axis
d) The phases of the moon
Perihelion refers to:
a) The point when Earth is at its closest point
to the sun
b) The point when Earth is at its farthest point
away from the sun
c) When Earth’s axis wobbles
d) The shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun
Draw a picture of the Earth, moon, and
sun during a SPRING TIDE.
What is the tilt of Earth’s axis? What
does it cause?
Two objects balancing each other out,
like the Canadian Hammer Throwing
competition, describes what term?
a) Barycenter
b) Perihelion
c) Precession
d) Nutation
What motion of Earth causes us to have
day/night every 24 hours?
What motion of Earth is how we
measure our 365 day year?
Which of the following is NOT addressed by one of Kepler’s Laws?a) The time it takes to revolve around the sun in
relation to its distance from the Sun
b) The fact that when planets are closer to the sun they move faster, and when they are farther away they move slower
c) The fact that the orbit of planets which revolve around the sun is elliptical rather than circular
d) Not only are planets pulled by the sun, the sun is pulled by the planets
What process do plants use to convert
solar energy (energy from the sun) to
chemical energy (energy our bodies can
use)?
Which unit tells us Earth’s average
distance from the sun?
True/False: The sun is stationary in our
solar system.
Define Precession. How long does it
take?
Define Nutation? How often does it
occur?
Make sure you study:
The 5 motions of Earth (rotation,
revolution, precession, nutation,
barycenter)
Seasons and Tides
Kepler’s Laws
The Sun’s Energy
The theories we discussed
YOU WILL SEE THESE ON FRIDAY!
Vocabulary Bingo
Big Bang Theory
Nebular Theory
Universe
Heliocentric
Geocentric
Kepler’s 1st Law
Kepler’s 2nd Law
Kepler’s 3rd Law
Barycenter
Rotation
Revolution
Precession
Nutation
Spring Tide
Neap Tide
23.5 degrees
Fission
Fusion
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Solar System
Earth
Sun
Photosynthesis
Matter
