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Teaching Assistant - Lab Schedule - Rules
Arika Ward: [email protected]
Lab Hours : T 6-8 pm; W 6-8 pm
Or anytime the lab is not in use see Dr. Smith or secretariesin department office (SCH 332)
Honor system handle material carefully, put everything backwhere you found it, dont bring others into lab withoutpermission, dont take anything out of the lab, keep the labneat.
Dont brag to everyone that you know where all the coolbones are!
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Smiths Summary Class Evaluation
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Paleoanthropology
study of human evolution several disciplines
paleolithic archaeology earliest evidence of humancultural behavior
molecular biology genetics comparative anatomy morphology
paleoenvironments
primate behavior
chronology
but the key discipline is
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Human Paleontology
Scientific study of the fossil record pertinent tothe origin and evolution of humans (hominins) -
and the processes and principles that apply tothat study
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Three Epochs of Geological Time
Miocene (23.5 5.2
million years ago mya):
(1) origin and radiation of
apes Age of Apes; (2)possible earliest hominins
Sahelanthropus ~7mya
Orrorin ~ 6mya
SahelanthropusOrorrin
Dryopithecus
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Three Epochs of Geological Time
Pliocene (5.2 1.75
mya): (1) origin and
radiation of
Australopithecus andrelated forms; (2) origin
of the genus Homo
Sterkfontein
Hadar
Hadar
Koobi Fora
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Three Epochs of Geological Time
Pleistocene (1.75
0.012 mya [12,000]):
(1) terminal
australopithecines; (2)radiation ofHomo; (3)
origin of modern
people
HertoQafzeh
Koobi Fora
Olduvai Gorge
Petralona
La Ferrassie
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New Data
Partial skeleton of
Ardipithecus ramidus
from Aramis, Ethiopia
4.4 mya (million years
ago)
Further bridges the
morphologies of
Miocene apes and the
australopithsARAVP-6/500
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New Data
Malapa, South Africa
1.9 mya site 2 partial
skeletons more to be
excavated
new species
Australopithecus sebida
claimed to be transitionalto Homo
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New Data
Gona Pelvis - Ethiopia
Busidima Formation
Site: 0.9-1.4 mya Pelvic inlet (birth canal) bigger
than Lucy or the Nariokotome
Erectine male
Very broad bi-iliac breadth
different fromN
ariokotome Questions tropical trunk form
indicated by Nariokotome
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New Data
North Sea Neandertal
Further indications that
Neandertals lived
farther north than
previously thought
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New Data
Neandertal genome
Specific analyses show
Neandertals: 1. had very
small population size; 2.were lightly pigmented with
presence of light hair; 3.
likely had modern language
capabilities.
Neandertals contributed at
least 1-4% of modern
western Eurasian gene pool
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Paleoanthropology
Chronology Cartmill & Smith pp. 4-13:
Review: relative vs. absolute dating;radiopotassium and fission track dating
Paleolithic Archaeology later
Comparative biology (anatomy, molecularbiology) among living (extant) organisms
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Superfamily Families Genus (Genera)
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Pongidae
(Great Apes)
Hylobatidae(LesserApes)
Homo
Pan
Gorilla
Pongo
Hylobates
Dendrogram Traditional Ape Taxonomy
(Comparative Anatomy)
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Molecular Biology (Genetics)
Example: beta-globin gene
cluster (handout)
African great apes = distinct
cluster. Orangutans?
Pan (chimps & bonobos)
closer to humans than to
gorillas
Traditional taxonomy of
apes is not correct
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Molecular Ape Taxonomy
Superfamily Hominoidea (hominoids)
Families Hylobatidae (lesser apes)
Hominidae (hominids)all great apes
Subfamilies Ponginae Genus: Pongo
orangutans
Gorillinae Genus: Gorillagorillas
Homininae Genus: Pan
chimpanzees, bonobos
Genus: Homo
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Molecular Ape Taxonomy
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribes: Panini Genus: Pan
Hominini Genus: Homo(hominins)
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HylobatidaeHylobates
Hominidae
Ponginae
Gorillinae
Homininae
Panini
Hominini
Pongo
Gorilla
Pan
Homo
Superfamily Families Subfamilies Tribes Genera
Dendrogram Molecular Ape Taxonomy
Cartmill & Smith p. 90
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Use of Molecular and Anatomical Data on
Extant Organisms
Establish hypotheses (hypothesis)
Test hypotheses by the fossil record
Establishing and testing hypotheses = basis ofscience
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Paleontology
study of fossils
Ernst Mayr science that deals with the life of
past geological periods FHS science concerned with:
-- reconstruction of lineages,
-- understanding the nature ofrelationships within & among lineages,
-- based on the fossil record (primarily)
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Paleontology
Pan troglodytes Homo sapiens
Lineage line of descent (ancestor-descendant relation-
ships
PO
1. Reconstruction of lineages
2. Understanding the nature of relationships
within & among lineages
3. Based primarily on the fossil record
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Paleontology
Pan troglodytes Homo sapiens
Lineage line of descent (ancestor-descendant relation-
ships
PO
Documentation vs. Explanation
Limitations: Practical & Theoretical
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Practical Limitations
1. Incomplete biological data skeletal
elements & what can be derived from them
2. Fragmentation, incompleteness & distortionof fossils: Example 1 Australopithecus
bahrelghazali. 3-3.5 mya Chad. Is it a
different species orA. afarensis ?
Anterior mandible with symphysis
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Practical Limitations
1. Incomplete biological data skeletal
elements & what can be derived from them
2. Fragmentation, incompleteness & distortionof fossils: Example 2 Sahelanthropus
tchadensis: ~ 7 mya Chad. Single cranium.
Reconstructed (right) and unreconstructed
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Practical Limitations
3. Inadequate sample
sizes. Example 2
Gorillas
Gorilla gorilla
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Practical Limitations
4. Inadequate chronology
5. Inadequate knowledge of paleoecology
6. Gaps in fossil record-- temporal gaps Example: African
hominoid fossil record between 12 & 4 mya
-- geographical gaps Example: distributionof australopithecines
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Australopithecine Distribution
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Theoretical Limitations
Paleontology = historical science
Reconstruct complex events that occurred in the
past. Cant go back in time and observe events
Cant duplicate events experimentally
Physics envy
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Theoretical Limitations
Indirect evidence:
Comparative anatomy
Comparative molecular biology Fossil record
Ancient DNA
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Theoretical Limitations
Indirect evidence:
Comparative anatomy
Comparative molecular biology Fossil record
Ancient DNA Less Indirect
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SCIENCE
Based on two principles:
Falsification Karl Popper. Must be able to
construct testable hypotheses Replication experimentation vs.
observation.
Example: Role ofAustralopithecus afarensis
(East Africa 4.2 2.8 mya)