Contagious Disease Global Epidemic

Contagious Disease Global EpidemicJackie Sozio - Josh Shearer - Bea Sasondoncillo - Melissa Arrendell - Sabina Sina - Shannon Bresnahan

Contagious disease global epidemic dates back for a long time, as diseases have been used in warfare in the past. With the advancement of medical technology many historical epidemics have been cured. Although, Contagious disease in Today's society is still an issue. In 2012, 20.2 million people visited the doctors for infectious and parasitic diseases (CDC).

Today, our media has a habit of covering certain disease epidemics that many fell are being "over-sensationalized," so there are different opinions as to the seriousness of the epidemics. Governmental and scientific organizations do their best to monitor disease epidemics and prevent and stop them. In, 2008 reauthorization of PEPFAR expands the U.S. commitment to $48 billion over 5 years to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria (U.S. Department of State).

Introduction

OutlineOrigins - Shannon & BeaHealth Organizations - JoshMedia Impact - MelissaVaccines - Jackie & Sabina

TermsInfectious DiseasePathogensHostsEpidemic vs Endemic

To begin with, we will be defining a few terms that we will use in the presentation. An infectious disease is caused by microorganisms that either release toxins or invade the tissue, causing bodily harm. The cause of these diseases are either a bacterium or virus referred to as a pathogen. These pathogens can live in an animal or human. A host organism harbors these pathogens, which allows it to be transmitted. An endemic is a disease that is regularly found among a particular group in a certain area, whereas an epidemic is a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. Basically, they differ in how large the spread of disease is.

Five Stages Leading to Human Diseases

According to Wolfe, Dunavon and Diamond, there are five stages that lead to human infectious diseases.

Example: malarial plasmodia

Plasmodium are parasites that live in the Anopheles gambiae mosquito.

Stage 1: Animals Only

During Stage 1, a microbe is present in animals, usually just one host species such as a mosquito, but has not come to contact with humans under normal conditions (Wolfe, et. al). Malarial Plasmodia Commonly found in birds, mammals, and reptiles. This disease is transmitted from infected mosquitos. First recognized in 1899 but they werent identified until 1907 (Cox).

Stage 2: Primary Infection

AnthraxRabiesWest Nile Virus

During Stage 2, a pathogen undergoes a primary infection from animal to human, but not a secondary infection transmitted between humans. This is the first stage where humans are infected. Examples of diseases that are transmitted during this stage are anthrax, rabies and the West Nile virus (Wolfe, et. al). Anthrax is thought to have originated in Egypt and Mesopotamia in 1250 B.C. Its transmitted by touching or breathing in contaminated animal products like wool, bone, and hair. In 1881, scientist Louis Pasteur came up with the first vaccine for anthrax in animals. The first vaccine for humans didnt come until 1950. There were big anthrax outbreaks everywhere from Russia to the United States throughout history.Rabies infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. It is transmitted when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. West Nile virus was first detected in North America in 1999 and is most commonly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. There have been documented cases where it was transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplants, exposure in a laboratory setting and through childbirth or breastfeeding. Fevers and other symptoms appear in about 20% of infected people, but less than 1% of infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, neurologic illness.

Stage 3: Secondary InfectionEbola

In Stage 3, secondary infection cycles where human outbreaks from primary infections soon die out. An example of this is ebola (Wolfe, et. al). The first outbreak of Ebola was in Zaire, Africa in 1976. The disease is spread by close personal contact and the use of contaminated needles and syringes. All of the ebola cases have occurred in Africa but there was a lab contamination in England in 1976 and Russia in 1996.

3 Subgroups:

1.Sylvatic Cycle - Yellow FeverStage 4: Varying Degrees of Importance2.Combo sylvatic & direct transmission - Dengue fever

3.Human-to-Human - Cholera

During Stage 4, the disease starts with animals, but has varying lengths of secondary infections in humans. It is broken up into 3 different subgroups. The first has the sylvatic (wild animal pathogen) cycle is more important. An example of this is yellow fever. There is no cure for it, but there is a vaccine that is given to people in areas where there are endemics. In 1648, because there were so many cases of yellow fever epidemics in the West Indies, Boston, Massachusetts had a quarantine for all the ships coming over. The first confirmed outbreaks happened in 1699 in Charleston and Philadelphia.

b. Both sylvatic and direct transmission are important. Ex: dengue feverc. Greatest spread is between humans. Ex: cholera(Wolfe, et. al)

Dengue Dengue fever first became a worldwide problem in the 1950s and like the West Nile virus, it is transmitted by mosquitoes. It is the leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics as almost 400 million people are infected annually. Dengue causes a high fever and severe headaches, severe eye pain, joint/muscle pain, a rash and vomiting.

Cholera First appeared in Europe and North America in 1831. Its believed that it came from India and was brought to the United States by European travelers. Cases have occurred all over the world throughout history. There have been a number of theories for how people get cholera but the final conclusion was that the disease travels through contaminated drinking water. By the end of the 1800s, there were no more epidemics in Europe and North America and no one knows why.

Stage 5: Exclusively HumansAncestral PathogenEvolved PathogenSmallpox

Stage 5 Pathogen exclusive to humans that could be remnants of ancestral pathogen that existed in our common ape ancestors or a pathogen that evolved from the initial primary infection into a human pathogen. An example of this is smallpox (Wolfe, et. al).

Smallpox Its probably the most frequently occurring epidemic throughout history. The first case was in 430 B.C. in Athens Greece. It killed more than 30,000 people reducing the citys population by at least 20%. Its caused by a virus that spreads through skin to skin contact or contact with bodily fluids. Smallpox is one of the deadliest diseases for humans but the only disease that can be cured by a vaccination. Estimates say that 20th-century worldwide deaths from smallpox numbered more than 300 million people.

Disease Surveillance World Health Org. Center for Disease Control

Global Disease SurveillanceContagious disease cause[s] 63% of all childhood deaths and 48% of premature deaths (WHO Report).The CDC has discovered 30 new diseases in the past 3 decades (CDC Responds)One to two more develop each year globally, usually starting in animals (Gresham et al.)These diseases are hard to diagnose treat, and control (Gresham et al)They arent only health issues, they also result in legal, political, economic, and military issues (Espona)Proper surveillance and identification of known and unknown disease is required.

It was believed in the 1970s that the fight against infectious diseases was over, but the concern has increased in the past two decades. Contagious disease still cause[s] 63% of all childhood deaths and 48% of premature deaths today. The World Health Organization states that subsequently public health surveillance and identification of known and unknown disease is required (WHO Report).The CDC has discovered 30 new diseases in the past 3 decades (CDC Responds), and up to two more develop every year globally, most starting in animals. The rapid travel of the modern age increases exposure and the possibility of infection. These diseases may be be hard to diagnose treat, and control (Gresham et. al).Disease outbreaks also create legal, political, economic, and military issues. Proper surveillance, including gathering information about current and past prevalence of diseases in specific countries is required (Espona).

The World Health Organization (WHO)The WHOs goal is to increase the global prevention, treatment and care of various diseases and help countries around the world deal with problems of contagious disease (What We Do).Goal in Industrialized countries: prevent diseases from entering and causing an outbreak or re-emergence (Global Infectious).Goal in Developing countries: [detect] outbreaks early and [stop] their mortality, spread and potential impact on trade and tourism (Global Infectious)Information comes from both formal and informal sources, including government and academic organizations as well as websites (Global Infectious)Informal sources make up over 60% of the initial outbreak reports (Epidemic Intelligence)

WHO endeavors to increase the global prevention, treatment and care of various diseases. In emergency situations they lead and coordinat[e] the health response undertak[e] risk assessments, identify priorities and set strategies, provid[e] critical technical guidance, supplies and financial resources as well as monitor the health situation. They also aid countries in creating strong risk management plans (What We Do).WHOs goal in industrialized countries is to prevent diseases from entering and causing an outbreak or re-emergence, and to [detect] outbreaks early and [stop] their mortality, spread and potential impact on trade and tourism in developing countries through developing strong disease surveillance systems. WHO developed network of networks that links various networks around the world into a super surveillance network. Information comes from both formal and informal sources, including government and academic organizations as well as websites that aim to increase public awareness on public health issues (Global Infectious). Non-official, informal sources make up over 60% of the initial outbreak reports and may require verification (Epidemic Intelligence).

The World Health Organization (WHO)WHO posts up to date information on new disease outbreaks at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ They alert the relevant public health officials (WHO Report) and provide teams within 24 hours to handle the situation (Global Infectious)Not all data reported to WHO is accurate or quality dataMany countries dont send data to WHO out of economic concernsThe data still can increase understanding of disease in the long-term and provide a wider picture of its effects, including long-term mortality rates (WHO Report)

When theres an outbreak of contagious disease, WHO posts information about it on the internet (located at http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ (Links to an external site.)), alert[s] health officials (WHO Report), and will have a team on site within 24 hour of outbreak confirmation to assess and control the situation and prepare for a larger team if needed (Global Infectious). WHO data can increase understanding of diseases in the long-term. Unfortunately, not all countries report data to WHO out of economic concerns, and not all data is of the same quality, but the data is useful for providing a global picture of epidemic infectious disease as well as long-term mortality rates (WHO Report).

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)The CDC is a government agency of the United States that fights against disease and other health issues (Mission)A primary role is to detect and respond diseases by tracking and finding the most effective ways to prevent it (Mission)The CDC has conducted more than 750 field investigations across the United States and 25 countries over the past 2 years (Fast Facts)

The CDC is a U.S. government agency that works to fight against disease and other health issues. A primary listed role is to detect and respond to new health threats, involving tracking and finding the most effective ways to prevent disease (Mission). The CDC has conducted more than 750 field investigations across the U.S. and 35 countries over the past 2 years, investigating issues of health and disease (Fast Facts).

Connecting Organization for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS)CORDS is an international non-governmental organization that endeavors to link regional disease surveillance networks to improve global capacity to respond to infectious diseases (Gresham et al)The CORDS global network is based on trust, linking public and private sector groups to work towards a common goal: improving infectious disease surveillance capacity (Gresham et al)WHOs assistance is limited by the organizations vertical and geopolitical structure and outdated geopolitical boundaries, slowing down the information sharing process (Gresham et al)CORDS creates more effective communication among various informal health organizations in neighboring countries and around the world (Gresham et al)CORDS seeks to be a complementary organization to WHO (Gresham et al)

The organization Connecting Organization for Regional Disease Surveillance, or CORDS, is an international non-governmental organization that endeavors to link regional disease surveillance networks to improve global capacity to respond to infectious diseases. They work with governmental organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Food and Animal Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The CORDS global network is based on trust, linking public and private sector groups to work towards a common goal: improving infectious disease surveillance capacity (Gresham et. al).Gresham et al. believes that WHOs assistance is limited by the organizations vertical and geopolitical structure and outdated geopolitical boundaries, slowing down the information sharing process. CORDS serves to create more effective communication among various informal health organizations in neighboring countries and around the world, while still being in contact with WHO. CORDS seeks to be a complementary service to WHO and aid them in the overall fight against contagious disease in both surveillance and prevention (Gresham et. al).

Concerns from Maria Jose Espona

Espona believes that not all information in disease surveillance databases is good information and often contains discrepanciesInaccurate statistics detract from health defenseSurveillance of contagious disease must be improvedSuggestions:Health Organizations and Military Organizations focused on disease must work together on mutually relevant topics in order to decrease data discrepanciesThe education of health workers must improve, suggest through WHO mandated programs and monitoring of job performance

Maria Jose Espona believes that not all information in official health databases is good information, often contains discrepancies, which is troubling. As an example, she mentions when Paraguay wasnt reporting cases of dengue fever when the surrounding countries were, due to delayed updates. Espona states that [i]naccurate statistics detract from health defense and that the surveillance of contagious disease must be improved (Espona 18-9).Espona suggests that, in order to improve disease surveillance, two things have to happen: the groups that fight against diseases from the health perspective need to work with the groups that come from the military perspective (and vice versa) on the diseases that are relevant to both perspectives in order to decrease data discrepancies; and the education of health workers need to improve so that they know how to do their job. Espona suggest that the WHO develops proper educational programs, and monitor the performance of health workers (Espona 19-20).

How the Media Reports on Contagious Disease EpidemicsHaving the media post information about contagious diseases can help prevent spreading and warn those to be more cautious. These are some ways the media might reach usFacebookNews (Ex: CNN)Twitter Snapchatweb forums

Social media provide an additional informal source of data that can be used to identify health information not reported to medical officials or health departments and to reveal viewpoints on health-related topics, especially of a sensitive nature (Nsoesie).March 01, 2014

Josh Shearer () - missing citation?

Exaggerations on the Media About Diseases-When it comes to some researchers they watch and learn from what is on the internet and see who is getting sick, where they are getting sick, when and how they are getting sick. When it comes to using social media for monitoring the flu, the aim is typically to estimate current flu trends before agencies like the CDC release their official reports (Nsoesie).- other ways researchers such as Elaine Nsoesie get their information is be sweeping through what people tweet and where they are located. That may sound creepy but how else do people get their information. There is always that one person who finds the internet amusing. So why not ? The internet is full of information that people trust or dont trust. Theres nothing wrong with wanting to know if its true or just being "over-sensationalized".- the media is full of over exaggerated topics or making them seem more than what is is or better. Even the news can change its perspective on a story from what it originally was by leaving out crucial data or intel. Ex: The Trayvon Martin case they said that the police officer shot him but what the public really didnt know was that Trayvon Martin went for is gun. Whether or not it is true is hard to tell.

Josh Shearer () - missing citation?Can social media be integrated into disease surveillance practice?Yes. Why? This is because it can provide health information that is not reported to medical official or health departments to view the health related topics on what is out there and what is going on at the time.For younger people the internet is where you will reach more intel on what is going on instead of face to face connections. It is a faster way to get information when you are not near people who are dealing with certain situations.Such as in the movie Outbreak this shows you how there are connections through the media when epidemics happen in certain areas of the world.http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi547029273

How Diseases Impacts Public Perception-Not only is it scary to view these different illnesses but it is scary to have it as well.-People try their best to not get sick.-Others are preparing for the worst, such as stocking up on medical supplies.-It makes other worry more about how it is adapting and where its is coming from.-Schools and other know places are working very hard on sanitary environments.-Society only wants to stop others from spreading any diseases or sicknesses. They even come up with a way to stop it from happening by using the Breaking News Consumers Handbook.

Contagious Disease and Vaccinations Vaccines have prevented disease and death since they were introduced into modern medicine. Yet, some parents choose not to immunize their children with vaccines. Many argue that individuals should be able to freely exercise their actions on whether or not to get immunized, others argue that the health of the general public is put at risk with outbreaks of easily preventable disease.

-Ohio and surrounding areas having 341 cases of measles-Netherlands, an orthodox Protestant minority of about 250,000 members has religious objections to vaccination. -Polio epidemic of 1978.Examples

-Some point to Ohio and surrounding areas where over 341 cases of measles have been reported that resulted from the lack of vaccinations in an Amish population. Since the outbreak, a majority of the Amish have reconsidered their decision to refuse vaccines (Tribble 2014). -In The Netherlands, an orthodox Protestant minority of about 250,000 members has religious objections to vaccination. Forty percent of them have been found to not be vaccinated at all. Epidemics of polio, measles, rubella, and mumps have broken out among this group and in turn has spread to relatives in Canada.-During the polio epidemic of 1978, Veenman and Jansma identified among orthodox Protestants religious objections, family tradition, and fear of possible side- effects as major reasons for not being vaccinated.

ConclusionIn conclusion, contagious disease can be spread by germs, feces, mouth, through air, skin to skin, blood, food and water, Etc. Prevention of contagious diseases is crucial. Always remember to wash your hand and cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough. When outdoors, use insect repellent. Also, if it applies, stay up to date on vaccinations, especially when traveling. Not only does media report the situations about disease but they show you how to handle it and help take care of yourselves. Always listen to the News and keep up to date with others to help survive any type of contagious diseases or even help others.

Origins - Works Cited"A History of Anthrax." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 01 Sept. 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2016."About Ebola Virus Disease." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 18 Feb. 2016. Web. 30 Mar. 2016."Cholera Epidemics in the 19th Century." Contagion, Historical Views of Diseases of Epidemics. Harvard University Library, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016."Deadly Diseases: Epidemics throughout History." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016.Dengue. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 19 Jan. 2016. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.How is rabies transmitted? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 22 Apr. 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2016."History of Smallpox." History of Vaccines RSS. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016.

Origins - Works Cited"Infectious and Chronic Disease." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2016.West Nile Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 12 Feb. 2015. Web. 25 Mar. 2016."Yellow Fever." History of Vaccines RSS. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2016.Cox, Francis EG. "History of the Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and Their Vectors." Parasites & Vectors. BioMed Central, 01 Feb. 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2016.Wolfe, Nathan D., Claire Panosian Dunavan, and Jared Diamond. ORIGINS OF MAJOR HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES33. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 03 Apr. 2016.

Disease Surveillance - Works Cited"CDC Responds to Disease Outbreaks 24-7." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. ."Epidemic Intelligence - Systematic Event Detection." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .Espona, Maria Jos. "Winning The Battle Against Emerging Pathogens." Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists 70.4 (2014): 18-21. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2016."Fast Facts about CDC." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 Feb. 2016. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. ."Global Infectious Disease Surveillance." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .Gresham, Louise S., et al. "Creating A Global Dialogue On Infectious Disease Surveillance: Connecting Organizations For Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS)." Emerging Health Threats 6.(2013): 1-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2016."Mission, Role and Pledge." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Apr. 2014. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. ."What We Do." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. ."WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases - Introduction." World Health Organization. WHO, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2016. .

Vaccination - Works CitedThe Debate Over Vaccinations In Schools." Penn Bioethics Journal 10.1 (2014): 10. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.M. Ruijs, Wilhelmina L., et al. "How Healthcare Professionals Respond To Parents With Religious Objections To Vaccination: A Qualitative Study." BMC Health Services Research 12.1 (2012): 231-239. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.Ulrich, Michael R. "Guidance From Vaccination Jurisprudence." American Journal Of Bioethics 13.9 (2013): 40-42. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.WALSH, MARK. "Appeals Court Upholds N.Y. Vaccination Rules." Education Week 34.17 (2015): 4. Academic Search Premier. Web. 18 Mar. 2016.Cox, Elaine, Dr. "The Importance of Vaccinations in Preventing Diseases | Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health." Youtube. IUHealth, 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2016.

Media - Citations

-Charles-Smith, Lauren E. "Using Social Media for Actionable Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Management: A Systematic Literature Review." PLOS ONE:. PLOS ONE:, 5 Oct. 2015. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .-Nsoesie, Elaine. "Digital Disease Detection: Using Social Media To Predict Flu Trends | HealthMap." Digital Disease Detection: Using Social Media To Predict Flu Trends | HealthMap. Healthmap.org, 11 Mar. 2014. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .-Gutman, Matt, and Seni Tienabeso. "Trayvon Martin Shooter Told Cops Teenager Went For His Gun." ABC News. ABC News Network, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .-Kamradt-Scott, Adam. "Changing Perceptions: Of Pandemic Influenza and Public Health Responses." American Journal of Public Health. American Public Health Association, Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .-Gladstone, Brooke, and Bob Garfield. "Breaking News Consumer's Handbook: Infectious Disease Edition." WNYC. ON THE MEDIA, 24 Oct. 2014. Web. 01 Apr. 2016. .

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