Interrogating the role of the author in i-Doc production

7/21/2019 Interrogating the role of the author in i-Doc production

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Fetarrdgbtfeg toa rdca di toa butodrfe f-@dk prd`uktfde

Be f-@dk idr toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy Brkofva

Beelbrfa LkFetyraPoasfs suhlftta` idr toa `agraa di

Lbstar di Brts

EBPFDEBC QEFYAX[FPV DI FXACBE@, KDXJ

[KODDC DI@ FGFPBCBXP[ BE@OQLBEFPFA[

[aptalhar 8>20

Oab` di [koddc= ^rdiassdr Hrae`be @ddcay

[uparvfsdrs= @r Drcb Lurpoy@r Lfja KdsgrbvaLr [obwe @by


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Kdetaets

Cfst di Ifguras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ffBkjedwca`galaets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fv

Fetrdùktfde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vLatod`dcdgy [tbtalaet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vfff

2 Cftarbtura Xavfaw 2

8 Lbjfeg toa f-@dk= Poa Pakoefkbc rdkass 2>

8.2 ^rdùktfde= Gbtoarfeg Lbtarfbcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>8.2.2 Poa Kdetaets di toa Kdccaktfde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.2.8 Poa Fetarvfaw rdkass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.2.; Poa @fgftfsbtfde rdkass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2;8.2.0 Dtoar Brkofvbc Lbtarfbcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.2.1 Poa @fgftfsbtfde rdkass Kdetfeua` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

8.8 ^dst rdùktfde= Poa A`ftfeg rdkass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.8.2 Flbgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.8.8 Bu`fd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.8.; Yfàd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?8.8.0 Krabtfeg toa J-Ifcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2?8.8.1 Odusajaapfeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.8.9 Flpdrt La`fb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.8.7 [EQ-fiyfeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8>8.8.? Ldra de toa Fetaribka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

; Xaprasaetfeg toa Brkofvbc Lbtarfbc 80

;.2 Palpdrbc Ldetbga v [pbtfbc Ldetbga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89;.8 A`ftfeg toa Fetarvfaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?;.; Bssalhcfeg toa rdmakt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?;.0 Dtoar Qsar Pastfeg Ife`fegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;>

0 Kdekcusfde ;2

B Obr`wbra/[ditwbra Qsa` ;0

Wdrjs Kfta` ;1

f


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F, Beelbrfa LkFetyra, kartfiy tobt tofs toasfs fs ly dwe wdrj be` obs edt haaesuhlftta` idr bedtoar `agraa bt Qefvarsfty Kdccaga Kdrj dr acsawoara.

Beelbrfa LkFetyra

fff


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Bkjedwca`galaets

Ifrst di bcc F wduc` cfja td tobej @r. Drcb Lurpoy idr bcc ydur aekdurbgalaet beàetousfbsl be` idr oacpfeg la jaap tofegs sflpca. F wduc` bcsd cfja td tobej @r.Lfja Kdsgrbva be` @r. [obwe @by idr bcc toafr guf`beka be` suppdrt tordugodut toayabr.

Lbssfva tobejs td Lbry D@rfskdcc bt toa Kdrj Idcjcdra ^rdmakt idr ydur eavar ae`fegaekdurbgalaet be` idr gdfeg dut di ydur wby td bssfst la fe avary wby pdssfhca tofsyabr. Pobejs td toa rast di toa stbii bt toa prdmakt be` bt EKA aspakfbccy KcfdebDKbrrdcc, ^btrfkfb Kdccfes, Oacae Jaa`y, Marry D[oab, Kcbfra DHrfae, ^bt DCabry,Mdoe D@dedvbe be` Edraae Oagbrty.

Hfg tobejs bcsd td ly àbr irfae`s [brbo Podlpsde be` Lbfrab` Hraae idr hafeg

toara wfto oabrty `feears be` jfe` wdr`s di aekdurbgalaet woae F eaaà` toal toaldst. Pobejs idr cfstaefeg.

Pobejs td [abeb Ibrrfegtde idr jfe`cy gfvfeg la toa cdbe di oar kdpy stbe`. Ft lbàtoa wdrc` di `fiiaraeka. Pd Alar Pwdlay fe toa brkofvas. Vdur pbtfaeka,latfkucduseass, be` aiflkfaet obe`cfeg di abko vfsft td toa brkofvas `f` edt gdueedtfka`. [pakfbc tobejs bcsd td toa [pakfbc Kdccaktfdes stbii. Be` td @arldt Kbsay,idr oacpfeg la wfto toa podtdgrbpos.

Pd Mblas LkJade be` Bee Rubfe idr hafeg sd idrtokdlfeg wfto feidrlbtfde be` idrhafeg sd jfe` bs td fevfta la fetd ydur odlas. Ft rabccy wbs b pcabsura. Bcsd td Obrrfat

D@dedvbe-[oaaoy. Bctodugo F eavar gdt brdue` td laatfeg ydu, F bpprakfbta` ydurwfccfegeass td oacp be` F `d odpa td tobt wa kbe laat fe toa iutura. F odpa yducc haobppy wfto toa raprasaetbtfde di ydur àbr irfae` Ebeky fe tofs prdmakt.

F wduc` bcsd cfja td axtae` tobejs td Lbry D[uccfvbe idr bcc ydur suppdrt be` td bccly irfae`s be` odusalbtas wod japt la gdfeg tordugodut toa yabr wfto tab, hfskuftsbe` gdd` kdevarsbtfde.

Ifebccy, td ly iblfcy. F wducèt ha beywoara eabr oara wftodut ydu bcc. Pobej ydu.

fv


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Fetrdùktfde

Ofstdrfkbccy, `dkulaetbry lbjars obva haae toa cab`feg feedvbtdrs fe `rfvfeg flcl

takoedcdgy idrwbr` fe dràr td dvarkdla flclfeg fe `fiflkuct sftubtfdes dutsfà di toastu`fd be` td hattar kdevay bktubcfty td toa bu`faeka (LkCbea 88>). Fe toa cbta 2?>>s,

Cdufs Culfrfas axparflaetbtfde wfto toa hucjy Jfeatdgrbpo flcl systal rasucta` fe

toa obe`-krbeja`, pdrtbhca lbkofea jedwe bs toa Kfelbtdgrbpoa2 wofko bccdwa`

flcllbjars td flcl dutsfà di toa stu`fd be` toaraidra gat kcdsar td toafr suhmakt

(Hbrsbl 8>). Ibst idrwbr` td toa 269>s woara toa àvacdplaet di cfgotwafgot

kblarbs, pdrtbhca sdue` aqufplaet, be` ldra saesftfva flcl stdkj wbs safza` upde hy

`dkulaetbry flcllbjars td deka bgbfe gfva toa vfawar b ldra fetflbta racbtfdesofp

wfto suhmakts rasuctfeg fe toa dhsarvbtfdebc `dkulaetbry gaera, dtoarwfsa jedwe bskfelb vrft be` @frakt Kfealb (Hruzzf 71).

Deka bgbfe toa `dkulaetbry feùstry fs axpbe`feg td fekcuà toa axpcdrbtfde di eaw

takoedcdgfas fe dràr td tacc stdrfas fe b ldra `yeblfk wby be` fe ture bccdwfeg toa

vfawar yat bedtoar cavac di fetflbky wfto suhmakts. Pofs tfla odwavar, `dkulaetbry

flcllbjars bra utfcfsfeg fekrabsa` fetareat hbe`wf`to, bcdeg wfto toa fetarbktfva

kbpbhfcftfas di Wah 8.> be` koabpar `fgftbc takoedcdgfas td bccdw b eaw cavac di

fetflbky wfto suhmakts hy aebhcfeg vfawar (edw usars4) td bktfvacy pbrtfkfpbta fe

sobpfeg b ebrrbtfva. Bs b rasuct toara obs haae be axpdeaetfbc grdwto fe wah-hbsa``dkulaetbry idrls. Poara fs ed idrlbc àfleftfde di toa wah-hbsa` `dkulaetbry

(Cfefegtde). Fetarbktfva `dkulaetbrfas bra bcsd raiarra` td bs f-`dks, wah-`dks,

kdccbh-`dks, trbes-la`fb `dks, krdss-la`fb `dks, `btbhbsa `dks be` oypartaxt `dks

(Gubàezf be` Bstde 2;0). F wfcc usa toa tarl f-`dk dr ede-cfeabr ebrrbtfva idr toa

ùrbtfde di tofs toasfs.

Poasa `dkulaetbry idrls fekcuà ede-cfeabr flcls, woara toa bu`faeka pfaka tdgatoar

b stdry hy ebvfgbtfeg tordugo b wahsfta: krdw`-sdurka` dr kdccbhdrbtfva

`dkulaetbrfas gaearbta` irdl la`fb upcdbà` hy vfsftdrs td toa sfta: trbesla`fb`dkulaetbrfas woara ebrrbtfvas bra `fsparsa` bkrdss luctfpca pcbtidrls:

cdkbtfde-hbsa` `dkulaetbrfas woara la`fb fs fekdrpdrbta` fetd toa cfva` aevfrdelaet

usfeg ldhfca takoedcdgy be` flebccy, `btbhbsa `dkulaetbrfas, wofko bccdw toa usar td

ebvfgbta brkofvas decfe (LFP PakoPY). Pofs toasfs wfcc idkus de toa `btbhbsa

`dkulaetbry idrl td raprasaet brkofvbc lbtarfbcs irdl toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy

Kdccaktfde wofko fs odusa` fe QKK.

^btrfkfb ]fllarlbe brguas tobt ofstdrfkbccy, trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbrfas obva

2Iraeko raeàrfeg di be flbgfea` Graaj wdr` idr ldtfde rakdràr (Hbrsbl 8>)

v


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usa` b puso dut strbtagy woarahy be brgulaet dr be fàb fs pusoa` dut td pbssfva

vfawars. Odwavar, ede-cfeabr ebrrbtfvas fevfta aegbgalaet tordugo fetarbktfde

toaraidra pucc fe vfawars idr aegbgalaet. Bs b rasuct, toa bu`faeka fs ed cdegar must

toa rakfpfaet di kdetaet hut festab`, kbe ha saae bs pbrt di toa prdùktfde prdkass.(LFP PakoPY)

Poaraidra toa rdca di toa butodr fs edw kbcca` fetd quastfde. Woara `dsa toa hdue`bry

hatwaae butodr, usar be` takoedcdgy edw cfa4 Fe trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry, toa

vfawar fs tbjae irdl b stbrtfeg pdfet td be ae` pdfet hy idccdwfeg b praàtarlfea`

pbto hy be butodr. Oara, bs Kbstaccs pdfets dut toa hdue`brfas di butodrsofp be`

kdetrdc dvar toa `fskdursa bra kcabrcy àflea` (Kbstaccs). Odwavar, fe b ede-cfeabr

ebrrbtfva, wofca toa butodr obs toa bhfcfty td praàtarlfea pbtos wftofe toa ebrrbtfva,

toa usar obs toa bhfcfty td koddsa toafr dwe pbto be` toa butodr fs eavar sura di odwabko usar wfcc vfaw toa ebrrbtfva bs b wodca . Fe toa kbsa di toa cbttar, toa hdue`brfas

di butodrsofp be` kdetrdc dvar toa `fskdursa hakdla cass flpdrtbet (Kbstaccs). Poa

f-`dk fs edw td b kartbfe àgraa, `frakta` hy toa vfawars kodfkas wofko kbe ha

feuaeka` hy ldd`s, mu`glaets, aevfrdelaet, atk). Poaraidra, toa vfawar edw obs b

kartbfe àgraa di butodrsofp dvar toa prdmakt. Odwavar ft fs flpdrtbet td edta tobt toa

vfawar kduc` edt axfst wftodut toa flcllbjar edr toa `fgftbc systal, toaraidra wa kbe

cddj bt toa prdmakt bs b typa di akd-systal woarahy dea acalaet kbeedt axfst wftodut

bedtoar (Gubàezf 21).Kobptar dea di tofs toasfs prasaets b ravfaw di toa cftarbtura fe toa flac` td axpcdra

toasa fàbs fe ldra àtbfc. F wfcc dutcfea sdla `fiiaraekas hatwaae toa cfeabr be` toa

f-`dk be` fe pbrtfkucbr toa kobegfeg rdca di toa butodr wftofe tofs eaw `dkulaetbry

idrl. F wfcc bcsd usa [be`rb Gbuàezfs irblawdrj di kbtagdrfsfeg `dkulaetbry td

gfva toa rabàr b hattar fàb di toa typas di f-`dks hafeg prdùka` td`by. Bs F wfcc usa

be butodrfeg tddc td krabta b `btbhbsa `dkulaetbry, F wfcc ravfaw toa cftarbtura fe toa

flac` partbfefeg td tobt tddc wfto b pbrtfkucbr idkus de wobt toa cavacs di kdetrdc ft

biidr`s toa butodr, usar be` takoedcdgy.Bs b labes td àldestrbtfeg sdla di toasa fàbs, F prdùka` b `btbhbsa `dkulaetbry

aetftca` Ebeky LkKbrtoys Kdrj usfeg brkofvbc lbtarfbcs irdl toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy

Kdccaktfde be` F bssalhca` toal usfeg toa Jdrsbjdw f-`dk butodrfeg tddc. Ebeky

LkKbrtoy (26>8-26??) graw up fe Kdrj kfty fe b iblfcy di tae kofc`rae. @askrfha` fe

oar dhftubry fe toa Kdrj Axblfear bs b wftty rbkdetaur, soa dpaea` b pobrlbky fe

@dugcbs fe toa 261>s, ueusubc idr b sfegca wdlbe fe Fracbe` bt toa tfla. [oa

kdetfeua` td rue toa pobrlbky wacc fetd oar afgotfas. Ebeky wbs b cdvar di toa brts

be` wbs oabvfcy fevdcva` fe toa kucturbc skaea fe Kdrj tordugodut oar cfia. [oa wbs

vf


9/50

wacc trbvaca` be` ob` lbey irfae`s fekcu`feg wrftars Irbej DKdeedr, [abe @ueea

be` Arfk Krdss: bktdrs Lkoac Lbk Cfblldfr be` Kyrfc Kusbkj: skucptdr [ablus

Lurpoy: flktfde a`ftdr di toa Eaw Vdrjar lbgbzfea, Wfccfbl Lbxwacc be` ofs wfia

Alfcy: be` toa kacahrbta` kdupca Pfldtoy (Poa Pbfcdr) be` Bebstbsfb (Besty)Hukjcay irdl Gdugbea Hbrrb. [oa wbs axtralacy wacc cfja` be` raspakta`. Idr

axblpca, fe b cattar td Ebeky irdl Wfccfbl Lbxwacc oa sbf`, "Fi F ob` td Zkdlpdsa\ b

cfst di tae ibtbccy bttrbktfva wdlae ydu wduc` ha bt toa tdp".

Kobptar twd fs be dutcfea di toa takoefkbc prdkass haofe` toa krabtfde di Ebeky

LkKbrtoys Kdrj. Poa kobptar `dkulaets toa prdkass irdl toa pra-prdùktfde pobsa

di gbtoarfeg be` prapbrfeg lbtarfbcs td pdst-prdùktfde, woara toa lbtarfbcs wara

bssalhca` usfeg toa cfejfeg struktura prdvfà` hy Jdrsbjdw. Pofs kobptar dutcfeas

toa typas di lbtarfbcs F wdrja` be` toa prdkass hy wofko toay wara prapbra` idr usafe toa prdmakt.

Kobptar toraa `dkulaets toa rabsdefeg haofe` toa kodfkas lbà ùrfeg toa krabtfde

di toa Ebeky LkKbrtoys Kdrj f-`dk prdmakt. Poa prdmakt stalla` irdl b

kdlhfebtfde di twd fetarasts: toa flrst fe kdetrfhutfeg td `fgftbc puhcfk ofstdry fe sdla

wby be` toa sakde` irdl be fetarast fe toa f-`dk idrl. Pofs kobptar dutcfeas woy F

kodsa td wdrj wfto toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy Kdccaktfde, woy F kodsa toa ebrrbtfva brk tobt

F `f` be` woy toa prdmakt fs bssalhca` fe Jdrsbjdw toa wby ft fs.

vff


10/50

Latod`dcdgy [tbtalaet

Poa tfla fs edw rfpa td mdfe toa fesfgots di àkbàs di flcl be` la`fb stu`fas

wfto toa eaw ldàs di feidrlbtfde lbebgalaet, vfsubcfsbtfde be`

`fssalfebtfde tobt `fgftbc takoedcdgfas bra aebhcfeg.Z...\ Pofs wfcc raqufra eaw

idrls di kdccbhdrbtfde be` aegbgalaet tobt lby puso us hayde` dur skodcbrcy

kdlidrt zdeas. (Lkôarsde 28>)

Poa b`vaet di Wah 8.> obs prasaeta` us wfto feflefta pdssfhfcftfas fe tarls di

prasaetfeg be` kdesulfeg feidrlbtfde. B rdca idr toa @fgftbc Oulbeftfas fs td

axpcdra odw wa kbe utfcfsa takoedcdgfas td `fssalfebta feidrlbtfde fe wbys tobtaekdurbga usar pbrtfkfpbtfde. @avacdpfeg prbktfkas tobt aegbga rabàrs tordugo

fetarbktfvfty, fllarsfde be` pbrtfkfpbtfde bccdw idr b àapar ueàrstbe`feg di toa

`fskfpcfeas wftofe toa Oulbeftfas. Bkkdr`feg td Pbrb Lkôarsde, ft fs ed cdegar

suiflkfaet td decy tbcj bhdut takoedcdgy be` la`fb hut rbtoar td bktfvacy pbrtfkfpbta fe

kdestruktfeg jedwca`gafebe`tordugodur dhmakts di stu`y (Lkôarsde 28>).

Poa dhmakt di stu`y fe tofs kbsa fs toa ede-cfeabr `dkulaetbry idrl. Bs b labes td

gaearbtfeg b ldra aegbga` prbktfka F wfcc krabta b ede-cfeabr fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry.

F wfcc usa toa Jdrsbjdw butodrfeg sditwbra td àldestrbta woara butodr, usar be`takoedcdgy edw stbe` fe racbtfde td abko dtoar wftofe b ede-cfeabr, oyparcfeja`

`dkulaetbry idrlbt. Poa `dkulaetbry wfcc fe ture àldestrbta b uefqua wby di

kurbtfeg brkofvbc lbtarfbc idr ebvfgbtfde decfea. F wfcc kurbta brkofvbc flbgas be`

bu`fd fe b wby tobt wfcc gfva toa usar toa iraa`dl td ebvfgbta bt toafr dwe pbka be`

praiaraeka. Wofca F wfcc obva sdla kdetrdc di odw toasa lbtarfbcs bra drgbefsa`, F

wfcc sodw odw toa usar be` toa takoedcdgy edw bcsd obva b rdca td pcby fe sobpfeg toa

ebrrbtfva de abko vfawfeg.

F wfcc usa toa Jdrsbjdw butodrfeg tddc td kurbta tofs lbtarfbc hakbusa di fts uefqua

bhfcfty td bccdw b cavac di butodrsofp woarahy be butodr obs cflfta` kdetrdc dvar odw b

usar ebvfgbtas toa ebrrbtfva. Pofs F hacfava, wfcc àldestrbta tobt toa `dkulaetbry

idrlbt fs ed cdegar bhdut raprasaetfeg rabcfty hut fs rbtoar b labes di b kd-krabtfde di

rabcfty (Gbuàezf). Poa rabàr wfcc saa tobt toa fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry fs wobt

Gbuàezf àskrfhas bs b racbtfdebc aetfty (21), woarahy toa `dkulaetbry ftsaci kbeedt

axfst de fts dwe hut festab` racfas de b kdlhfebtfde di toa usars sacaktfdes bs wacc bs

toa butodrs kodfkas. Bs b rasuct b `fiiaraet prdmakt wfcc ha krabta` de abko vfawfeg

àpae`feg de toa kdlhfebtfde di toasa ibktdrs bt bey dea tfla (Gbuàezf 21, 2>0).

vfff


11/50

B`rfbe Lfcas racbtas toa Jdrsbjdw flcl (J-flcl) td Gfccas @acauzas Oarbkcftabe

vfsfde di b wdrc` àflea` hy toa ldvalaet di bktfde be` rabktfde woarahy

avarytofeg rabkts de avarytofeg acsa (;). Pofs, F wfcc brgua, hrfegs us kcdsar td Hfcc

Efkodcs `fskdursa di sdhrfaty (;) woara oa pdsftfdes toa `dkulaetbry idrl kcdsar tddtoar ede-flktfdebc systals suko bs akdedlfks, pdcftfks, aùkbtfde be` wacibra.

[brbo ^fej brguas tobt prbktfkbc aegbgalaet fe toa latod`dcdgfkbc prdkass kbe

fespfra us td ratofej toadratfkbc pbrb`fgls fe wbys tobt obva flpcfkbtfdes idr toa wby

wa bcsd ueàrstbe` dc` la`fb (2>). Poaraidra, ft fs flpdrtbet tobt F bcsd kdlpbra

toa cfeabr `dkulaetbry idrl wfto toa ede-cfeabr fe tarls di toa dhmaktfvfty tobt toa

cbttar biidr`s toa usar. Di kdursa tofs kbccs fetd quastfde edtfdes di rabcfty toadrfas,

wofko bra tdd eulardus td kdvar kdlpraoaesfvacy fe toa skdpa di tofs rasabrko

odwavar F wfcc brgua tobt toa ede-cfeabr idrlbt bccdws idr b grabtar dhmaktfva rabcfty fe`dkulaetbry hy wby di àldestrbtfeg woy F lbà kartbfe kodfkas fe edt idrka

iaa`feg vfawars wfto ly fetarpratbtfde di flbgas fe toa brkofva.

fx


12/50

Kobptar 2

Cftarbtura Xavfaw

Fe dràr td sftubta ly wdrj wftofe toa eaw be` alargfeg flac` di decfea fetarbktfva

`dkulaetbry, F obva axpcdra` kurraet cftarbtura fe toa flac` partbfefeg td toa edtfde di

butodrsofp fe pbrtfkucbr. Prb`ftfdebccy, `dkulaetbry krftfkfsl be` skodcbrsofp obs

bttrfhuta` aetfra `dkulaetbry prbktfkas td b sfegca fe`fvfùbc f.a. toa `fraktdr dr

butodr, wofca a`ftdrs, kfealbtdgrbpoars be` dtoar pbrtfkfpbets wara saae bs sakde`bry

td toa prdùktfde prdkass (Kdoae ;86). Obrt Kdoae usas toa axblpca di Arfk

Hbredws @dkulaetbry bs b salfebc taxt fe toa flac` wofko usas toa butodr bs b

kaetrbc pdfet idr bebcysfs be` oa suggasts tobt ft fs hakbusa di tobt hddjs feuaeka tobtsd luko di trb`ftfdebc `dkulaetbry krftfkfsl usas toa butaur bpprdbko td bebcysa toa

gaera (;87).

F-`dks de toa dtoar obe`, bccdw idr usar fetarbktfde be` bs b rasuct toa usar fs gfvae

ldra bgaeky fe sobpfeg b ebrrbtfva. Poa stdry edw ueidc`s bkkdr`feg td usar kodfkas

ldvfeg us bwby irdl toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry td ede-cfeabr ebrrbtfvas

woarahy toa vfawar (wod F wfcc raiar td bs toa usar idr toa ùrbtfde di tofs toasfs) obs

bgaeky td pbrtfkfpbta fe toa prdùktfde di toa prdmakt. Hut td wobt axtaet4 Bkkdr`feg

td [be`rb Gbuàezf, tofs àpae`s de toa typa di fetarbktfde bvbfcbhca td toa usa (21).Poara fs kurraetcy b vbst brrby di fetarbktfva prdmakts bvbfcbhca de toa fetareat, irdl

slbcc prdmakts krabta` hy butodrfeg sditwbra td cbrga axpaesfva prdùktfdes irdl

cbrga kdlluefkbtfde kdrpdrbtfdes cfja toa HHK, [H[ fe Bustrbcfb, Brta PY, Ca

Ldeà, Pfla Lbgbzfea, Poa Gubr`fbe, be` ldra (Gbuàezf 20). Hakbusa toa flac` fs

fe fts feibeky, toadry be` krftfkbc bebcysfs brdue` toa idrl fs skbrka (Gbuàezf, 0). Idr

axblpca, toara obs edt yat haae bey idrlbc kcbssfflkbtfde di f-`dks (Gbuàezf be`

Bstde 289). Odwavar, Gbuàezf prdvfàs us wfto b irblawdrj hy kbtagdrfsfeg f-`dks

bkkdr`feg td toafr cdgfk di fetarbktfde woarahy b pbrbccac fs `rbwe hatwaae toa wby

2


13/50

fetarbktfvfty obs haae ueàrstdd`, be` usa`, fe axfstfeg f-`dks, be` toa racbtfdes tobt ft

obs aeidrka` hatwaae toa butodr, toa usar be` toa la`fb (;?). Bs b rasuct, wa bra

prasaeta` wfto idur ldàs di fetarbktfde= toa Kdevarsbtfdebc Ldà woarahy

fetarbktfde fs saae bs hafeg cfja b kdevarsbtfde wfto toa kdlputar (Gbuàezf ;6): toaOftkoofjfeg (dr Oypartaxt) Ldà woara toa fetarbktfde fs kbrrfa` dut hy kcfkjfeg de

cfejs wftofe toa tax (Gbuàezf 07): toa ^brtfkfpbtdry Ldà woarahy toa usar kbe

hdto hrdwsa be` axpbe` b `btbhbsa (Gbuàezf 1;): be` toa Axparfaetfbc ldà

woara toa fetarbktfde fs eagdtfbta` fe poysfkbc spbka (Gbuàezf 92).

Bstde be` Gbuàezf brgua tobt suko ldàs bra flpdrtbet hakbusa abko ldà dr

fetarbktfde krabtas b eaw `yeblfk hatwaae toa usar be` toa brtaibkt be` bs b rasuct, b

`fiiaraet rabcfty fs kdestrukta` (28?). Bstde be` Gbuàezf pdfet dut tobt toa

eagdtfbtfde di rabcfty axkaa`s [taccb Hruzzfs vfsfde di `dkulaetbrfas bsparidrlbtfva bkts wodsa truto kdlas fetd hafeg decy bt toa ldlaet di flclfeg

hakbusa toa ldlaet di truto fs edw bcsd pcbka` fetd toa bktfdes be` àkfsfdes di toa

usar/pbrtfkfpbet (28?). Poaraidra toay saa toa fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry bs b

kd-krabtfde di rabcfty rbtoar tobe b raprasaetbtfde di rabcfty, toa cbttar di wofko obs

haae kaetrbc td toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry idrl (Bstde be` Gbuàezf 28?).

[taccb Hruzzf dhsarvas tobt `dkulaetbry fs parsfstaetcy trabta` bs b raprasaetbtfdebc

ldà di flcllbjfeg (21). Bs b rasuct, àhbtas obva cdeg rbga` bhdut @dkulaetbrfas

kcbfls de dhmaktfva raprasaetbtfdes di rabcfty. Idr axblpca woae kfealb varft (f.a. bflcl wofko kbpturas bktfde wfto b obeòac` kblarb be` ed ebrrbtfde (Buiàroafà

18)) wbs fetrdùka` fe toa 269>s, prbktftfdears iact tobt toay ob` kdla kcdsar td

kbpturfeg be` raprasaetfeg toa rabc tobe bcc dtoar `dkulaetbry idrls cab`feg up td

tobt pdfet. Odwavar, toay ibfca` td tbja fetd bkkduet toa aiiakt tobt bastoatfk àvfkas

ob` de toa rabcfty hafeg raprasaeta` (Wbr` 9). Arrdc Ldrrfs krftfkfsa` toa idrl idr

kcbflfeg tobt sdlaodw fi ydu muggca b kblarb brdue` fe ydur obe`s, seabj brdue` fe

toa kdrears di rddls be` ofà haofe` pfccbrs, toa Kbrtasfbe rf``ca wfcc ha sdcva` bs b

rasuct. Pobt sdlaodw apfstaldcdgy wfcc ed cdegar pcby b rdca fe wobt ydu `d. Pobttofs fs truto kfealb, truto fekbrebta bs ravabca` hy b kblarb! (Buiàroafà 18)

Ldtfvbta` hy apfstaldcdgy, flcllbjars suko bs Mabe Xduko be` Xdhart Icboarty usa`

raaxfva takoefquas fe toa prdùktfde di toafr flcls. Idr axblpca, hdto pcbya` toafr

iddtbga hbkj td toafr pbrtfkfpbets fe dràr td gbfe iaa`hbkj be` td aekdurbga

flprdvfsbtfdes wofko wara ditae flcla` be` fekcuà` fe toa flebc kut (@a Grdii 22;,

220). [aci-`duht hrdugot bhdut hy saci-fetarrdgbtfde wbs fekdrpdrbta` fetd toa flcls

hy fekcu`feg toa parspaktfva di toa dtoar (@a Grdii 22>). Bctodugo @a Grdii brgua`

tobt raaxfva takoefquas ob` toa pdtaetfbc td pbrb`dxfkbccy kdekabc rabcfty fe sdla

8


14/50

kbsa (226), toay `f` bs Hartoa sbf`, kobccaega us td aegbga wfto toa rabcl di toa rabc

fe feedvbtfva be` flbgfebtfva wbys (@a Grdii 226). F wduc` brgua tobt decfea

fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry edw biidr`s us toa sbla dppdrtuefty td aegbga wfto toa

rabcl di toa rabc bs toa hbcbeka di pdwar edw sofits irdl toa butodr bs sdca krabtdr tdfekcuà toa usar fe toa prdkass di kd-krabtfde.

Kdoae cddjs bt toa prdùktfde prdkass surrdue`feg toa f-`dk (wofko oa raiars td bs

`btbhbsa `dkulaetbry) fe dràr td kdlpbra odw toa rdca di toa butodr obs sofita`

wftofe tofs eaw idrl di `dkulaetbry prdùktfde (;;>). Oa pcbkas toa rdca di toa f-`dk

prdùkar kcdsar td b kurbtdr dr àsfgear (Kdoae ;8?). Cfeabr `dkulaetbry obs

trb`ftfdebccy usa` brkofvbc lbtarfbcs bs avfàeka td idrl be brgulaet, td puso b stdry

idrwbr` dr td prdvfà fccustrbtfdes. Wofca f-`dk prdùktfde aebhcas butodrs td

kdetfeua td usa brkofvbc lbtarfbcs fe tofs wby, ft `fiiars irdl toa trb`ftfdebc idrl fetoa saesa tobt toa butodr edw obs toa bhfcfty td prdvfà b struktura tordugo wofko b

usar kbe bkkass be` axpcdra brkofvbc lbtarfbc be` suhsaquaetcy krabta toafr dwe

uefqua ebrrbtfva bs dppdsa` td pbssfvacy vfawfeg b cfeabr ebrrbtfva.

Jbta Ebso àfleas f-`dk butodrsofp bs b prdkass di strukturfeg dppdrtueftfas idr

fetarbktfde be` pbrtfkfpbtfde bkkdr`feg td toa eaa`s be` gdbcs di toa `dkulaetbry

lbjars (Ebso). [oa raiaraekas Mdoe @dvay be` Lbe`y Xdsa td brgua tobt fe racbtfde

td fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry, Butodrsofp hakdlas b prdkass di irblfeg bu`faeka

bktfdes, fevftfeg pbrtfkucbr idrls di aegbgalaet be` pdsftfdefeg toa bu`faeka feracbtfde td toa `dkulaetbry kdetaet (Ebso, Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?1). Ebso

pdfets dut tobt [taibed D`drfkd bcsd bttrfhutas toa edtfde di butodrsofp fe fetarbktfva

`dkulaetbry td odw toa butodr irblas toa fetarbktfdes pdssfhca fe b `dkulaetbry

(Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?9).

Wofca wa kbe sby tobt fetarbktfvfty be` usar pbrtfkfpbtfde edw bttrfhuta td kobegfeg

dur edtfdes di butodrsofp, Ebso pdfets dut tobt ft fs flpdrtbet td kdesfàr wobt axbktcy

fs labet hy toasa tarls (Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?1, ;?9). Hakbusa di b krfsfs di

ae`cass ldùcbtfde di pcbtidrls be` sacaktfde krftarfb (Cfefegtde) àgraas dibutodrsofp be` usar bgaeky swby àpae`feg de toa typa di prdmakt be` toa cavac di

fetarbktfde ft bccdws. Wofca toara obs haae b cdt di aetousfbsl brdue` toa ibkt tobt toa

fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry idrlbt bccdw bu`faekas td spabj idr toalsacvas (Ebso,

Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?1) Ebso brguas tobt ft fs flpdrtbet td kdesfàr toa

kdekapts di fetarbktfde be` pbrtfkfpbtfde. [oa fetarrdgbtas toasa tarls wfto ragbr` td

toa cavac di butodrsofp toay biidr` toa usar, bs hy koddsfeg kdetaet irdl b `btbhbsa

toay bra krabtfeg eaw labefegs. Odwavar, wofca Ebso bttrfhutas sdla bspakts di toa

butodrfeg prdkass td toa usars soa pdfets dut tobt vdfka, fetarbktfvfty be` pbrtfkfpbtfde

;


15/50

obva bcc td sdla axtaet hakdla dbtfeg sfgefflars, dhskurfeg `fiiaraet usar bktfdes

be` àgraas di bgaeky (Ebso, Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?9) be` urgas tobt

fetarrdgbtfdes di toasa tarls fs eakassbry td àvacdp b krftfkbc irblawdrj idr stu`fas

fe toa flac` di fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry. (Ebso, Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4 ;?1, ;?9)Wofca toara bra lbey f-`dk butodrfeg tddcs bvbfcbhca2, F kodsa td wdrj wfto

Jdrsbjdw, be dpae sdurka bppcfkbtfde tobt bccdws flcllbjars td krabta b `btbhbsa

ebrrbtfva tobt kbe ha bkkassa` de toa fetareat. Poa `btbhbsa fs kcdsa` be` toa usar decy

obs toa bhfcfty td hrdwsa rbtoar tobe b`` kdetaet toaraidra, tofs typa di prdmakt ibccs

ueàr toa Oftkoofjfeg (dr Oypartaxt) ldà di fetarbktfde àflea` hy Gbuàezf

(2>>). Bkkdr`feg td Gbuàezf, b `dkulaetbry fs sbf` td usa tofs ldà di fetarbktfde

woae ft raqufras toa usar td kcfkj de b la`fb acalaet fe dràr td ebvfgbta tordugo toa

ebrrbtfva. Ft labes tobt toa `btbhbsa fs cflfta` be` kbeedt ha axpbeà` hy toa usar,be` toa rdca di toa usar fs td axpcdra toa pdssfhca pbtos cbf` `dwe hy toa butodr. Ft fs

toa ldst wfàcy usa` ldà fe fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry be` fs fespfra` hy oypartaxt

cfejfeg cdgfk woarahy b usar kcfkjs de b taxt wofko toae raiaraekas bedtoar taxt.

Odwavar fe toa kbsa di toa Oypartaxt `btbhbsa `dkulaetbry, tofs cfejfeg systal fs

edw axpbeà` td fekcuà luctfpca idrls di la`fb, dtoarwfsa jedwe bs oyparla`fb

(Lbedvfko 0>)8. Poa cfejs bra praàtarlfea` hy toa butodr, wfto toa usar koddsfeg

wofko rdutas td tbja. Oftkoofjfeg fs b latbpodr usa` td suggast toa fàb di stbrtfeg b

mdureay wfto dea parsde be` ae`feg ft wfto bedtoar. (Gbuàezf 1>)Poa `fiiaraeka hatwaae Jdrsbjdw be` dtoar oypartaxt f-`dk butodrfeg tddcs fs fts

cfejfeg struktura. Abko la`fb acalaet (raiarra` td bs b [EQ;) àtarlfeas fts cfejfeg

struktura irdl b sat di jaywdr`s f.a. FE (F bl..) be` DQP (Cddjfeg idr...). Pofs

latb`btb àskrfhas wobt toa ftal fs be` wobt ft wbets td kdeeakt td raspaktfvacy. Poa

butodr di toa prdmakt àfleas toa cdgfk di toa rucas hut `das edt àkfà wofko vfàds

wfcc bppabr deka toa usar obs lbà toafr kodfka. (Gbuàezf 2>>)

B`rfbe Lfcas usas toa feidrlbc tarl iuzzy td àskrfha toasa cfejs woarahy b cfej

tobt obs idur `fiiaraet àstfebtfdes idr axblpca, `das edt raqufra idur `fiiaraet cfejsbs wduc` ha toa kbsa wfto trb`ftfdebc oypartaxt cfejfeg. Oa stbtas tobt ft kbe odwavar,

ha b sfegca cfej wofko obs b kde`ftfde dr ruca bttbkoa` td ft woara tobt ruca fs sbtfsfla`

(fe tofs axblpca) hy idur àstfebtfdes.

Oa cbhacs tofs typa di cfej iuzzy ùa td toa febhfcfty di toa butodr td spakfiy b stbrt

be` ae` pdfet idr abko cfej (Lfcas, Jdrsbjdw bs Oypartaxt). Pofs cfejfeg struktura

2Axblpcas fekcuà ;W@dk: @maodutf: Jcyet: Jdrsbjdw: [tdrypcbeat: ]aagb ([dbr 809)8

Idr tofs prdmakt F wfcc usa bu`fd, vfàd be` flbgas;Be [EQ fs b [lbcc Ebrrbtfva Qeft Zprdedueka` [edd\

0


16/50

wfcc ha àskrfha` fe ldra àtbfc fe toa Bssalhcfeg toa ^rdmakt saktfde fe Kobptar ;.

Ifgura 2.2= Cfejfeg struktura fe Jdrsbjdw (Lfcas, "Jdrsbjdw bs Oypartaxt")

Jdrsbjdw `das edt raqufra bey prdgrbllfeg jedwca`ga. Ft wbs hufct hy

Harcfe-hbsa`, la`fb-brtfst be` `dkulaetbry-flcllbjar, Icdrfbe Pobcodiar fe toa cbta

266>s be` obs sfeka haae tbjae de hy b tabl bt Kdekdr`fb Qefvarsfty fe Ldetrabc ca`

hy Lbtt [dbr fe toa Kdlluefkbtfdes [tu`fas @apbrtlaet. Idr ofs Lbstars toasfs,

Pobcodiar krabta` b pfaka di sditwbra fe dràr td prdùka b `btbhbsa `dkulaetbry

bhdut bckdodc kdesulptfde. @urfeg ofs rasabrko oa ob` kdla bkrdss Jdrsbjdiis

[ye`rdla, b eaurdcdgfkbc `fsdràr hrdugot bhdut hy kordefk bckdodc bhusa wofkocab`s td sodrt tarl laldry cdss be` toa kdlpucsfde td tacc stdrfas. Pobcodiar àkfà`

de tofs ebla idr toa prdmakt be` oa racabsa` ft idr iraa de toa Fetareat. IBR)

Jdrsbjdw wbs drfgfebccy hufct fe Lbrkrdla`fb @fraktdr (edw B`dha @fraktdr) wofko

[dbr edtas bs qufta be bkofavalaet hakbusa @fraktdr wbs àsfgea` td hufc`

luctfla`fb prasaetbtfdes edt sditwbra bppcfkbtfdes ([dbr 818). @ua td toa ibkt tobt

axpdrta` flcls eaaà` toa eabr dhsdcata [odkjwbva hrdwsar axtaesfde td pcby, b eaw

varsfde wbs racabsa` fe 8>>6 wofko fevdcva` kdlpcatacy raprdgrbllfeg ft fe Mbvb bs

be dpae sdurka bppcfkbtfde. B OPLC1 racabsa wbs ùa idr 8>2; hut obs edt yat haaeracabsa`.

Jdrsbjdw flcls bra saci-kdetbfea` sd toay `d edt eaa` td ha vfawa` decfea hut kbe ha

axpdrta` be` wbtkoa` difea vfb b wah hrdwsar. Pofs labes tobt Jdrsbjdw flcls

raqufra tobt bcc la`fb sft wftofe toa prdgrbl. Ft fs pdssfhca td alha` b Jdrsbjdw flcl

fetd b wahsfta hut ft fs edt yat pdssfhca td alha` decfea kdetaet fetd b Jdrsbjdw flcl.

([dbr 810)

Be axblpca di b `dkulaetbry flcl lbà wfto toa Jdrsbjdw prdgrbl fs toa

ZCdva[tdry^rdmakt\ (Ifg. 2.8 be` 2.; hacdw). Poa flcl wbs prdùka` hy Pobcodiar

1


17/50

oflsaci be` oa àskrfhas ft bs be avdcvfeg be` `yeblfk `dkulaetbry-flcl. B flcl

tobt fs eavar toa sbla twfka (qudta` hy Gbuàezf 2>8). Gbuàezf bgraas tobt toa flcl

fs `yeblfk fe tobt toa cfejfeg lakobefsl wfcc prdùka b `fiiaraet pbto idr toa usar

abko tfla hakbusa toa butodr kbe b`` ldra fetarvfaws td toa `btbhbsa (Gbuàezf2>8)0. Lfcas àskrfhas toasa cfejs bs ldlaets di rfsj, hakbusa toa butodr `das edt

jedw wobt wfcc ae` up kdeeakta`, dr wobt wfcc obppae fi dea idccdws b pbrtfkucbr cfej.

Lfcas fs fespfra` hy tofs rfsj be` sbys tobt tofs fs woy Jdrsbjdw prdvfàs toa hast

kurraet ldàc idr toa assby flcl fe fetarbktfva kdetaxts. (Xbb)

Ifgura 2.8= Ebrrbtfva ^bto be` Cfejfeg Cdgfk idr toa ZCdva[tdry^rdmakt\ (Gbuàezf 2>8)

Kd-àvacdpar di toa Jdrsbjdw sditwbra prdgrbl, Lbttoaw [dbr brguas tobt àsfgefeg

toa fetaribka idr `btbhbsa `dkulaetbry stdrytaccfeg fs be axtaeà` axarkfsa fe

fetarbktfva spbtfbc ldetbga (81;). Poa tarl [pbtfbc ldetbga raiars td be fetaribka

`fspcbyfeg b eulhar di flbgas di pdtaetfbccy `fiiaraet sfzas be` prdpdrtfdes, wofko

bppabr de toa skraae bt toa sbla tfla (Lbedvfko ;88). Odwavar Lbedvfko strassas

tobt fe dràr idr ft td qubcfiy bs b ldetbga, toa flbgas bra kdestrukta` wfto b spakfflk

cdgfk wofko àtarlfeas wofko flbgas bppabr tdgatoar, woae toay bppabr be` wobt

jfe` di racbtfdesofp toay obva wfto abko dtoar (;88). Poa butodr kdestrukts toasa

racbtfdesofps fe Jdrsbjdw hy usfeg jaywdr`s be` dtoar latb`btb td cbhac la`fb

acalaets. Jdrsbjdw bcsd bccdws toa butodr toa bhfcfty td àtarlfea odw lbey flbgas

bppabr de toa skraae bt toa sbla tfla bs wacc bs toa `flaesfdes di abko flbga de toa

skraae.

Ft fs fetarastfeg td edta oara tobt [dbr raiaraekas Wfcc Caurs wdrj de fetaribka àsfge

fe `btbhbsa stdrytaccfeg. Caurs dhsarvas tobt toa ebrrbtfde di toa `btbhbsa fs tordugo

0

Gbuàezf `fsbgraas tobt toa prdmakt fs avdcvfeg bs ft kbe decy grdw hy toa kdetaet toa butodr b``sbe` edt bs b rasuct di kdccbhdrbtfde irdl usars.

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18/50

Ifgura 2.;= Poa ZCdva[tdry^rdmakt\ skraae wfto pdssfhca oyparcfejs (Gbuàezf 2>2)

toa fetaribka ([dbr 81;). Iurtoarldra, [dbr qudtas [obrde @befacs wod edtas tobt

àsfgefeg toa fetaribka kdestftutas b idrl di brgulaet (81;). Hfcc Efkodcs lbjas toa

dhsarvbtfde tobt fi ebrrbtfva fevftas us td aegbga wfto toa kdestruktfde di b stdry fe be

flbgfebry wdrc`, toae `dkulaetbry fevftas us td aegbga wfto toa kdestruktfde di be

brgulaet wofko pdfets us tdwbr` be ofstdrfkbc wdrc` (22?). Poaraidra, wofca toa bfl

di tofs toasfs fs td àldestrbta toa kobegfeg rdca di toa butodr, ft fs flpdrtbet td pdfet

dut tobt toa butodr stfcc obs toa bhfcfty td feuaeka toa usars parkaptfde fe tofs

ede-cfeabr idrl di la`fb raprasaetbtfde.

[dbr àskrfhas Jdrsbjdw flcls bs hafeg kdetalpcbtfva, fetarpratfva be` axpcdrbtdry=

axtaeà` spbtfbc ldetbgas wfto lfeflbc fetaribka acalaets, be` kartbfecy edt

bcc-sfegfeg-bcc-`bekfeg, takoedcdgfkbccy prakdkfdus biibfrs ([dbr 811). Oa gdas de

td sby tobt Jdrsbjdw flcls bra typfkbccy slbcc-skbca, dhsarvbtfdebc, kobrbktar-`rfvae

be` avae la`ftbtfva ([dbr 811). Idr toa ZCdva[tdry^rdmakt\, Gbuàezf sbys tobt ft fs

toa fetflbky di toa suhmakt tobt krabtas aedugo kurfdsfty be` fetarast td wbet td

kdetfeua td hrdwsa tordugo be` cfstae td padpcas stdrfas.

Poa butodrfeg prdkass wfto Jdrsbjdw raqufras be avdcvfeg àgraa di sjfcc ([dbr

81;) be` fevdcvas toraa `fiiaraet jfe`s di a`ftfeg= a`ftfeg toa rbw lbtarfbc idr abko

vfàd saglaet (dr [EQ f.a. [lbcc Ebrrbtfva Qeft): bcgdrftolfk a`ftfeg f.a. b``feg

latb`btb td abko [EQ: be` flebccy, a`ftfeg tobt dkkurs ùa td b usars kodfkas f.a. wobt

toay kodsa td kcfkj de tordugodut toa ùrbtfde di toa ebrrbtfva (816). [dbr pdfets dut

tobt oa be` Jdrsbjdw krabtdr, Mucfbe Pobcodiar, `d edt kcbfl tobt toa `btbhbsa

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19/50

`dkulaetbry `das edt rb`fkbccy alpdwar toa vfawar: odwavar, toay `d brgua tobt

lbjfeg ebrrbtfvas wfto Jdrsbjdw prdvfàs flcllbjars wfto be axtrbdr`febry àgraa

di krabtfva cbtftuà fe tarls di stdrytaccfeg, b cbtftuà tobt `btbhbsa flcllbjars obva

decy must hague td axpcdra tordugo toafr bcgdrftolfk a`ftfeg (898). Jdrsbjdwprdmakts obva be ueusubc flpcfkbtfde idr butodrsofp, edt decy fs toa saquaekfeg

suhmakt td usar-hbsa` sacaktfdes hut wfto pbrtfkucbr prdgrbllfeg kdestrbfets, toa

saquaeka sacaktfde kbe ha àtarlfea` dutsfà toa bgaeky di hdto toa butodr be` toa

usar. (Kdoae ;0;)

Ft fs hakbusa di tofs ueusubc flpcfkbtfde idr butodrsofp tobt F kodsa td usa toa

Jdrsbjdw prdgrbl idr toa purpdsa di tofs prdmakt. F wbeta` td àldestrbta b cavac di

butodrsofp bs ibr bwby irdl toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry bs pdssfhca (wftofe

tfla be` ldeay kdestrbfets) sd bs td bccdw idr toa ldst dhvfdus kdetrbst hatwaaehdto idrls1. Jdrsbjdw flcls bra bcsd kcdsar td wobt wobt Gbuàezf àskrfhas bs

racbtfdebc aetftfas bs dppdsa` td stbtfk aetftfas, hakbusa toay raqufra b kdlhfebtfde di

usar, butodr be` takoedcdgy (21). Poa usar soa brguas, fs saae bs hafeg fetarebc td toa

systal rbtoar tobe axtarebc (?6). [oa àskrfhas fetarbktfva `dkulaetbrfas bs b typa di

akdsystal woara bcc pbrts bra fetaràpaeàet be` `yeblfkbccy cfeja` (21) be` ft fs

hakbusa di tofs `yeblfk systal tobt toa fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry rasalhcas b cfvfeg

aetfty. [oa sbys di flcls prdùka` wfto Jdrsbjdw=

Poa `fgftbc brtaibkt fs toa rasuct di b kdekdlftbeka di oatardgaeadus kdlpdeaets=

usar kodfkas (aldtfdes, fetarasts, hbkjgrdue`, kdlputar cftarbky atk...), takoefkbc

iabsfhfcftfas, (Jdrsbjdw kd`feg, Fetareat prdtdkdc, sarvar iuektfdebcfty, àcfvary

hbe`wf`to, sdkfd-gadgrbpofkbc pdsftfdefeg di toa usar atk...), butodr

fetaetfdebcfty (wobt wara toa fe be` dut kdà` idr abko saglaet, toa

bastoatfks di toa pfaka, toa kodfka di toa fetarvfawaas...atk). (Gbuàezf 2>0)

Fe 2698, flcl krftfk Be`raw [brrfs wrdta bhdut toa flcl lbgbzfea Ldvfa= Poabssulptfde tobt ueàrcfas bcc toa wrftfeg fe Ldvfa fs tobt toa `fraktdr fs toa butodr di

toa flcl, toa parsde wod gfvas ft bey `fstfektfva qubcfty ([brrfs 2). Poa cftarbtura de

f-`dks td `bta dutcfeas tobt tofs fs ed cdegar toa kbsa. Poa f-`dk `fraktdr stfcc

lbfetbfes b cavac di kdetrdc fe tobt toay kbe irbla usars kodfkas td be axtaet hut b eaw

àgraa di kdetrdc fs obeà` dvar td toa usar fe tobt toay koddsa wofko wby td ebvfgbta

1Ft fs flpdrtbet td laetfde tobt F bcsd kdesfàra` toa Jcyet prdgrbl td prdùka tofs wdrj, toaprdmakts di wofko bcsd ibcc ueàr toa kbtagdry di toa Oypartaxt Ldà di fetarbktfvfty. Odwavar toa

cfejfeg cdgfk wftofe Jcyet fs `fiiaraet td tobt di b Jdrsbjdw prdmakt fe tobt cfejs bra flxa` rbtoar tobe`yeblfk. Fe dtoar wdr`s, toa butodr wfcc bcwbys jedw toa pdssfhca dutkdlas di kcfkjfeg b cfej.

?


20/50

toa la`fb. Pofs labes tobt toa usar edw obs toa bhfcfty td sobpa toa prd`uktfde

prdkass be` toaraidra toa rdca di toa butodr hakdlas tobt di b kurbtdr dr `asfgear,

ibkfcftbtfeg toa usars axpcdrbtfde tordugo b ebrrbtfva bs dppdsa` td toa sdca krabtdr di

toa ebrrbtfva bs wbs toa kbsa fe trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry flcllbjfeg.

6


21/50

Kobptar 8

Lbjfeg toa f-@dk= Poa Pakoefkbc

^rdkass

Pofs kobptar dutcfeas toa takoefkbc prdkass F usa` td prdùka be f-`dk aetftcaÈbeky

LkKbrtoys Kdrj. Iabtura flcl be` tacavfsfde a`ftdr, [bluac @. ^dccbr` àskrfhas ofs

axparfaeka di toraa typas di `dkulaetbry prdùkar. Poa flrst fs toa prdùkar tobt

bpprdbkoas ofl wfto b skrfpt, b struktura be` iddtbga be` bsjs ofl td idccdw tobt

talpcbta td krabta toa `dkulaetbry. Poa sakde` fs toa typa tobt bpprdbkoas ofl wfto

iddtbga be` b rdugo fàb di toa typa di ebrrbtfva toay wbet td bkofava. Be` flebccy, toatofr` fs toa prdùkar wod obs bcc (dr ldst di) toa lbtarfbcs be` jedws wod (dr wobt)

toa stdry fs bhdut hut fs uesura di toa brk. (Harebr` ;2;-;20) Fe toa kbsa di tofs

prdmakt, F hacdeg fe toa tofr` kbtagdry. F jeaw irdl toa hagfeefeg F wbs gdfeg td

krabta b ebrrbtfva usfeg toa lbtarfbcs fe toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy Kdccaktfde hut F wbs

uesura bt toa dutsat odw axbktcy toa stdry wduc` ha tdc`.

Edrlbccy toa prdkass wduc` ha spcft fetd toraa pobsas: pra-prdùktfde, prdùktfde be`

pdst-prdùktfde (Kdrear 76). Odwavar, F wbs uesura bhdut odw axbktcy F wbs gdfeg td

tacc toa stdry be` wobt lbtarfbcs F wduc` usa, toaraidra F obva larga` toapra-prdùktfde be` prdùktfde pobsas bs F ftta` hbkj be` idrto hatwaae hdto pobsas

ùrfeg be feftfbc sarfas di trfbcs be` arrdrs.

8.2 ^rdùktfde= Gbtoarfeg Lbtarfbcs

Poa feftfbc fàb idr toa prdmakt sprueg irdl be fetarast fe kdetrfhutfeg td toa prdkass di

`fgftfsfeg brkofvas kdupca` wfto b hbkjgrdue` fe `dkulaetbry prdùktfde. Bitar

2>


22/50

koddsfeg td wdrj wfto toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy kdccaktfde, ft wbs àkfà` td usa toa f-`dk

idrlbt td lbja toa lbtarfbcs ebvfgbhca decfea. Dhvfduscy, ùa td toa vdcula di

kdetaets fe toa kdccaktfde ft wbs eakassbry td koddsa toa lbtarfbcs tobt kduc`

kdetrfhuta td b fetarastfeg ebrrbtfva brk irdl b ede-cfeabr parspaktfva.

8.2.2 Poa Kdetaets di toa Kdccaktfde

Poa kdccaktfde fs kdlprfsa` di ? hdxas di lbtarfbc wofko kbe ha sapbrbta` fetd toraa

pbrts. Poa flrst kdlprfsas di parsdebc lbtarfbcs wofko fekcuàs cattars di

kdrraspdeàeka wfto oar lbey irfae`s be` bkqubfetbekas, parsdebc `fbrfas, lbtarfbc

racbta` td oar lbrrfbga, iblfcy laldrbhfcfb, lbtarfbc racbtfeg td oar toabtra pursufts

be` cdeg-stbe`feg irfae`sofp wfto Pfl Poa Pbfcdr Hukjcay be` ofs wfia Besty be`flebccy lbtarfbc racbtfeg td oar pbssfeg be` oar iuearbc. Poa sakde` saktfde fs

kdlprfsa` di lbtarfbc racbtfeg td oar prdiassfdebc kbraar bs b Koalfst be` husfeass

wdlbe be` flebccy toa tofr` saktfde kdetbfes lbey podtdgrbpos bcdeg wfto wrftfegs,

brtwdrj be` eawspbpar kuttfegs wofko soa ob` gbtoara` tordugodut oar cfia.

De toa flrst vfsft td toa brkofvas, toa idccdwfeg ftals wara raquasta` idr vfawfeg= Ftal

908 f.a. b `fbry hacdegfeg td Ebeky irdl 26;1 woara soa `dkulaeta` b odcf`by soa

tddj td @aelbrj: Ftal 716 f.a. b podtdgrbpo bchul hacdegfeg td Ebeky wfto flbgas

irdl oar vfsft td @aelbrj: Ftal 9?2 f.a. b flca wofko fekcuà` eawspbpar kcfppfegs didhftubrfas be` brtfkcas wrfttae de Ebeky, cattars irdl Obrrfat D@dedvbe [oaaoy,

wf`dw di Irbej DKdeedr be` Axakutrfx di Ebekys astbta, td toa a`ftdr di toa Kdrj

Xavfaw wod wbs wdrjfeg de b kdllaldrbtfva fssua di toa lbgbzfea de Ebeky be` b

cattar irdl Irbej DKdeedr td Ebeky irdl 26;2: Ftal 9?6 f.a. b kdllaldrbtfva

fssua di toa Kdrj Xavfaw à`fkbta` td Ebeky.

@ua td toa dutstbe`feg prbfsa soa rakafva` fe toa kdllaldrbtfva fssua di toa Kdrj

Xavfaw, F kdesfàra` krabtfeg b hfdgrbpofkbc ebrrbtfva bhdut Ebeky. F todugot bhdut

krabtfeg b ebrrbtfva wofko `dkulaeta` oar cfia be` oar wby di cfvfeg fe toa wdrc`. Befeftfbc fàb wbs td kdlhfea Ebekys `fbry aetrfas wfto kdrraspde`feg flbgas irdl oar

trbvacs. Bs toara wbs ed bu`fd vfsubc lbtarfbc fe toa kdccaktfde F todugot bhdut

rakdr`feg sdladea rab`feg toa `fbry aetrfas be` toae pcbkfeg vfsubcs dvar toa bu`fd td

krabta b sarfas di talpdrbc ldetbgas2 tobt kduc` ha sdlaodw oyparcfeja` tdgatoar.

Odwavar, ft wbs àkfà` tobt toara wduc` edt ha aedugo vfsubcs bvbfcbhca fe toa

kdccaktfde td lbtko toa bu`fd. Ft fs hacfava` tobt tofs fàb wduc` obva wdrja` wacc ob`

2Cav Lbedvfko àskrfhas talpdrbc ldetbga bs saquaetfbccy pcbkfeg flbgas tdgatoar td idrl

kdesakutfva ldlaets fe tfla (20?). Palpdrbc ldetbga oa sbys, fs kfealbs lbfe dparbtfde idrkrabtfeg ibja rabcftfas (Lbedvfko 206).

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23/50

toara haae bkkass td brkofvbc iddtbga, odwavar ft wbs edt wftofe toa hu`gatbry

kdestrbfets di tofs prdmakt.

Bt tofs pdfet ft wbs kdlpcatacy uekcabr wofko lbtarfbcs irdl toa brkofva td koddsa td

wdrj wfto. Bctodugo toara wbs be bhue`beka di lbtarfbc, ft wbs iact tobt toara wbs beaa` idr sdla bu`fd/vfsubc lbtarfbc fe dràr tobt tofs ha kcbssffla` b `dkulaetbry.

Bkkdr`feg td Mdoe Kdrear, toa kdra ldà di `dkulaetbtfde irdl toa 26;>s tordugo

td td`by fs toa alpcdylaet di toa rakdrà` flbgas be` sdue`s di bktubcfty td prdvfà

toa vfawar wfto b `fstfektfva jfe` di saafeg be` oabrfeg axparfaeka (7?). Oa

waet de td sby tobt toa `dkulaetbry idrl fs grdueà` fe be bppabc td saesdry

avfàeka (7?). Idr tofs rabsde ft wbs àkfà` tobt ft wbs edt suiflkfaet td decy `fgftfsa

flbgas be` `fspcby toal decfea hut tobt toara wbs b eaa` td fekdrpdrbta sdue` fetd

toa prdmakt. Poaraidra, wfto b hfdgrbpofkbc `dkulaetbry fe lfe`, ft wbs b ebturbcprdgrassfde td kbrry dut qubcftbtfva rasabrko fe toa idrl di drbc ofstdry fetarvfaws

wfto padpca wod jeaw Ebeky.

8.2.8 Poa Fetarvfaw ^rdkass

Poa lbfe fàb haofe` rakdr`feg fetarvfaws wbs td gbtoar laldrfas di Ebeky be` td

krabta sodrt vfàd ldetbgas hy a`ftfeg flbgas be` laldrbhfcfb tdgatoar wfto

padpcas rakdccaktfdes di oar. Ft wbs todugot tobt flclfeg toa fetarvfaws wbs tdd lukotd bsj de b flrst laatfeg wfto be fetarvfawaa sd ft wbs àkfà` td flrst rakdr` bu`fd

be` toae àkfpoar woatoar dr edt td usa toa fàb di b hfdgrbpofkbc ebrrbtfva be` fi sd,

rature td gbtoar vfàd iddtbga wfto toa fetarvfawaa bt b cbtar `bta. Pofs wduc` aebhca b

racbtfdesofp td ha astbhcfsoa` wfto toa fetarvfawaa haidra bsjfeg toal td sft fe irdet di

b kblarb.

Bt tofs pdfet toa lbfe bfl wbs td gbtoar laldrfas di Ebeky be` td gat b hattar grbsp

de oar wby di hafeg fe toa wdrc`. Poa idccdwfeg fs b cfst di quastfdes prapbra` idr toa

fetarvfaw prdkass=

^cabsa tacc la odw ydu kbla td jedw Ebeky LkKbrtoy4

Kbe ydu tacc la bhdut ydur flprassfde di oar4

Bra toara bey laldrfas fe pbrtfkucbr tobt stbe` dut idr ydu fe racbtfde td Ebeky4

Kbe ydu tacc la bhdut Ebekys fevdcvalaet fe toa Kdrj @rblb Cabgua4

Kbe ydu tacc la bhdut Ebekys fevdcvalaet fe toa Brts fe gaearbc4

Kbe ydu tacc la bhdut Ebekys racbtfdesofp wfto Irbej DKdeedr4

28


24/50

Kbe ydu tacc la wobt ydu jedw bhdut Ebekys iblfcy4

Kbe ydu tacc la wobt ydu jedw bhdut Ebekys lbrrfbga td Harry Bccft4

Poa flrst fetarvfaw wbs wfto Mfl LkJade, Irbej DKdeedrs hfdgrbpoar. Ebeky wbsaegbga` td DKdeedr be` bctodugo soa flebccy raiusa` td lbrry ofl, toay ralbfea`

cfia cdeg irfae`s. Ebeky wbs laetfdea` axtaesfvacy fe toa hfdgrbpoy woara LkJade

rakdccakta` ofs laldrfas di laatfeg oar de ldra tobe dea dkkbsfde (LkJade 97,

216).

Fe toa fetarvfaw, LkJade rakbcca` Ebekys racbtfdesofp wfto Irbej DKdeedr bcdeg

wfto ofs laldrfas di laatfeg oar de b iaw sapbrbta dkkbsfdes. Poa fetarvfaw wbs

qufta parsdebc wfto LkJade àskrfhfeg fe àtbfc Ebekys racbtfdesofp wfto DKdeedr

bs wacc bs oar lbrrfbga cbtar fe cfia td Harry Bccft.Poa sakde` fetarvfaw wbs kbrrfa` dut wfto Bee Rubfe, idr wodl LkJade prdvfà`

kdetbkt àtbfcs. Bgbfe, Bee rakbcca` sdla laldrfas soa ob` di Ebeky be` di oar cfia

bcdeg wfto laldrfas soa ob` di toa Brts fe Kdrj. Oar pbraets, [abe be` Garbc`fea

Eaasde, wara grabt irfae`s di Ebeky be` grabt pbtrdes di toa brts fe Kdrj fe toa lf`

8>to kaetury.

Bt tofs tfla, toara wbs bcsd b raquast suhlftta` td toa Frfso Ifcl Festftuta (FIF) fe

@uhcfe idr brkofvbc iddtbga di Kdrj fe toa flrst obci di toa 8>to kaetury wofko, ft wbs

hacfava`, wduc` wdrj wacc fe b talpdrbc ldetbga idrl wfto flbgas irdl toa QKK

brkofva, be` bu`fd axkarpts di laldrfas di Ebeky. Wofca toara wbs qufta b cdt di

iddtbga bvbfcbhca bt toa FIF, ft wbs vary axpaesfva be` kdlpcatacy uebiidr`bhca. Fe b

sftubtfde woara dea wduc` saaj dut iue`feg idr b prdmakt cfja tofs, brkofvbc iddtbga

wduc` ha fekcuà` fe toa iue`feg prdpdsbc. Odwavar, F wbs edt prapbra` td fevast sd

luko ldeay idr toa purpdsa di tofs prdmakt.

Bt tofs stbga di toa prdùktfde prdkass F wbs stfcc uekcabr di b stdry brk hut cfja toa

tofr` prdùkar àskrfha` hy ^dccbr` bhdva, F wbs stfcc àtarlfea` td usa Ebekys

lbtarfbcs td krabta b ebrrbtfva. Poa idccdwfeg prdkass wbs rueefeg sfluctbeaduscy td

toa fetarvfaw prdkass dutcfea` bhdva.

8.2.; Poa @fgftfsbtfde ^rdkass

Ft wbs àkfà` td koddsa b saktfde di Ebekys brkofva td `fgftfsa be` irdl toara,

bttalpt td krabta b prdtdtypa wfto toa Jdrsbjdw sditwbra. Poa feftfbc `fgftfsbtfde

prdmakt kaetra` brdue` toa Pbfcdr be` Besty saktfde di toa kdccaktfde. Pofs saktfde

2;


25/50

kdesfsta` di b flca di trbeskrfpts hy Ebeky LkKbrtoy saet td oar hy Pfl Poa Pbfcdr

Hukjcay bcdeg wfto dtoar kdrraspdeàeka racbtfeg td lbttars kdekarefeg Ebekys

racbtfdesofp wfto toa kdupca.

Poa `fgftfsbtfde prdkass wbs kbrrfa` dut wfto raiaraeka td b toasfs hy Xfse DHrfaewofko dutcfea` toa prdkass irdl stbrt td flefso fekcu`feg wobt aqufplaet td usa bcdeg

wfto toa rakdllaeà` sattfegs td suft toa aevfrdelaet fe wofko toa prdkass wduc` ha

kbrrfa` dut (DHrfae ;>-07). Ft fs edt wftofe toa skdpa di tofs toasfs td dutcfea toa

prdkass stap hy stap hut toa obr`wbra usa` fe toa prdkass fs cfsta` fe toa

Obr`wbra/[ditwbrasaktfde fe toa Bppae`fx. Odwavar ft wdrto laetfdefeg tobt

hakbusa ft wbs toa fetaetfde td kdetrfhuta td hrfegfeg brkofvas decfea, hdto b rbw flca

(EAI) be` b MÂG di abko ftal wbs kbptura`. Bcsd, abko ftal wbs bcfgea` wfto b

labsurfeg tbpa ùrfeg toa kbptura, wofko wbs toae krdppa` dut usfeg podtdlbefpucbtfde sditwbra bt b cbtar stbga. B kdpy di toa drfgfebc flca fe hdto idrlbts wbs

japt idr brkofvbc purpdsas.

Bitar `fgftfsfeg toa cattars irdl Poa Pbfcdr, toa pcbe wbs td rakdr` b vdfka bktdr

rab`feg abko cattar be` suhsaquaetcy lbja toa drfgfebc trbeskrfpt, bcdeg wfto b typa`

trbeskrfpt, bvbfcbhca td ebvfgbta usfeg toa Jdrsbjdw tddc. Poara wbs b rdugo

prdtdtypa `rbwe up wfto tofs pcbe fe lfe` be` wofca toara wbs b saesa tobt tofs wbs b

gdd` wby td lbja toa cattars bvbfcbhca td toa puhcfk, toa lbtarfbc `f` edt wdrj wacc

wftofe toa irblawdrj di be fetarbktfva `dkulaetbry.

Fe tofs saktfde di toa brkofvbc lbtarfbc, toara wbs bcsd sdla podtdgrbpos be`

eawspbpar kcfppfegs racbtfeg td toa Pbfcdr be` Besty. Poara wbs bcsd b cdeg

kdrraspdeàeka wfto XP rasabrkoar Kdcul Jaeey bhdut b tacavfsfde `dkulaetbry

racbtfeg td toa Pbfcdr be` Besty wofko bfra` fe toa cbta 7>s. Ebeky wbs fetarvfawa`

idr toa `dkulaetbry.

8.2.0 Dtoar Brkofvbc Lbtarfbcs

Ft wbs bt tofs pdfet tobt kdetbkt wbs lbà wfto toa XP brkofvas fe racbtfde td fle`feg

lbtarfbc iabturfeg Ebeky. B raquast wbs suhlftta` bsjfeg idr bkkass td toa

`dkulaetbry tobt soa iabtura` fe. Wofca wbftfeg idr b raspdesa, be albfc wbs saet td

toa `fraktdr, Kdcul Jaeey, wod wbs fe kdrraspdeàeka wfto Ebeky bhdut toa

`dkulaetbry aetftca`B [tbr wbs Hdre. Poa albfc dutcfea` toa rdugo bfls di tofs

prdmakt be` raquasta` bey feidrlbtfde racbtfeg td toa rbw iddtbga di toa fetarvfaw

wfto Ebeky8. Fe ofs rapcy, oa stbta` tobt oa `fèt jedw toa woarabhduts di toa rbw

8Xbw iddtbga fs iddtbga tobt obs edt yat haae a`fta`.

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26/50

iddtbga hut tobt oa ob` rakdrà` b sat di rasabrko fetarvfaws wfto Ebeky fe toa

pra-prdùktfde pobsa di toa XP `dkulaetbry. Fekcuà` fe b caegtoy kdrraspdeàeka

wfto ofl wbs feidrlbtfde de odw td sdurka toa rasabrko fetarvfaws wfto Ebeky.

Wofca sdurkfeg toa rasabrko fetarvfaws, ft hakbla bppbraet tobt toara wbs bedtoarsarfas di fetarvfaws kbrrfa` dut wfto Ebeky be` bfra` de XP Xb`fd 2 dvar sfx waajs

fe 26??, b yabr bitar Ebekys pbssfeg. B raquast wbs suhlftta` idr toa cbttar de Muea

80to be` de Bugust 22to, toa fetarvfaws brrfva` hy lbfc bt b kdst di 2;2Aurd;.

Wfto ragbr` td toa `dkulaetbry iabturfeg Ebeky, toara wara kdpyrfgot fssuas be`

bctodugo ft wbs pdssfhca td vfaw toa `dkulaetbry ft wbs edt pdssfhca td rausa toa

iddtbga. Fe b kdrraspdeàeka wfto toa XP tacavfsfde brkofvas, ft wbs bcsd lbà kcabr

tobt toara wara b eulhar di vfàd fetarvfaws kbrrfa` dut wfto Ebeky idr toa Fracbe`s

Ayaprdgrbl wfto bfra` de XP 8. Wofca ft wbs lbà kcabr tobt ft wbs pdssfhca td usa

tofs iddtbga idr toa purpdsa di toa prdmakt f.a. toara wara ed kdpyrfgot fssuas, ft wbs

edt odwavar, biidr`bhca wftofe toa hu`gat kdestrbfets di toa prdùktfde.

Ifebccy, Jaeey acaktrdefkbccy trbesiarra` dea rasabrko fetarvfaw kbrrfa` dut wfto

Ebeky idr toaB [tbr wbs Hdre`dkulaetbry. Bt tofs pdfet, toara wbs 2 odur be` 21

lfeutas di bu`fd de obe` td wdrj wfto, wofko F iact wbs suiflkfaet td krabta be

fetarastfeg ede-cfeabr ebrrbtfva wftofe toa irblawdrj di toa Jdrsbjdw sditwbra

prdgrbl.

8.2.1 Poa @fgftfsbtfde ^rdkass Kdetfeua`

Ft wbs àkfà` tobt toa eaxt stap td tbja wbs td `fgftfsa toa flbgas fe toa Ebeky

LkKbrtoy kdccaktfde bs ùa td hu`gatbry kdestrbfets, toara wbs ed bkkass td dtoar

vfsubc lbtarfbc. Bctodugo ft wbs kcabr tobt toa flbgas fe toa kdccaktfde wduc` edt wdrj

fe talpdrbc ldetbga idrl dvar toa bu`fd, ft wbs àkfà` festab` td krabta toal usfeg

Lbedvfkos fàb di [pbtfbc ldetbga fe dràr td lbja toal ebvfgbhca idr toa usar.De tofs, toa tofr` be` flebc raquast idr ftals irdl toa brkofvas, bcc pfktdrfbc ftals wara

raquasta` axkapt idr ldueta` flbgas be` flbgas tobt wara prdtakta` ueàr kdpyrfgot.

Dvarbcc, afgot `bys wara spaet fe toa brkofva rddl fe toa QKK cfhrbry be` 67 ftals

wara raquasta` idr vfawfeg. Di toasa 67 ftals, 77 ftals wara `fgftfsa`. Bt toa ae` di

toa `fgftfsbtfde prdkass, toara wara ;8> podtdgrbpofk flbgas td wdrj wfto.

;Pofs kdst `das edt fekcuà cfkaesfeg iaas bs ft wbs uekcabr td toa prdùkar bt tofs pdfet odw

axbktcy toa bu`fd wduc` ha usa`. Poaraidra XP suggasta` kdetbkt bgbfe deka toa prdmakt fs kdlpcataìdr b eagdtfbtfde di iaas bt tobt pdfet.

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8.8 ^dst ^rdùktfde= Poa A`ftfeg ^rdkass

Edw tobt bcc toa lbtarfbcs ob` haae gbtoara`, toa eaxt stap wbs td prapbra toa flbgas

be` toa bu`fd la`fb acalaets idr usa fe toa Jdrsbjdw [ditwbra.

8.8.2 Flbgas

Bs F `f` edt obva bkkass td B`dha ôdtdsodp, F `dwecdbà` GFL^, b iraa GEQ

Flbga Lbefpucbtfde ^rdgrbl, iabturas di wofko fekcuà toa krdp be` rdtbta tddcs.

Bctodugo toara wbs b XBW (EAI) be` b kdlprassa` (.MÂG) flca di abko flbga, ft

wbs àkfà` td wdrj wfto toa kdlprassa` flbga bs bastoatfkbccy, ft wdrja` hattar.

Poa hast flbga di abko podtdgrbpo wbs kodsae be` suhsaquaetcy krdppa` be`

strbfgotaea` be` axpdrta` bs b .ÊG flca. Pofs idrlbt wbs kodsae sflpcy hakbusa ft

wbs rakdllaeà` hy b Grbpofk @asfgear irfae` di lfea be` hakbusa ft wbs dea di

toraa flca idrlbts bkkapta` hy toa Jdrsbjdw sditwbra0.

8.8.8 Bu fd

Poa bu`fd rakdr`fegs wara trbesiarra` irdl toa XP tbpa brkofvas hy K@-XDL be`wara `fvfà` fetd sfx BFII flcas. Poa bu`fd wbs trbeskrfha` usfeg toa Axprass [krfha

EKO sditwbra, wofko fs bvbfcbhca iraa di kobrga. Hy tbjfeg toa tfla td trbeskrfha toa

fetarvfaws, ft wbs absfar td saa pdssfhca axkarpts wftofe toa fetarvfaws fe toafr aetfraty.

Poa prdkass di a`ftfeg fevdcva` stbrtfeg bt toa flrst tbpa be` toa fetaetfde wbs td wdrj

tordugo td toa ae` di toa tbpas. Odwavar, ùa td tfla kdestrbfets, F wbs uebhca td

wdrj wfto toa flebc tbpa fe toa XP Xb`fd 2 sarfas.

Deka toa axkarpts wara sacakta`, ft wbs toae eakassbry td cfstae hbkj td toa bu`fd td

aesura tobt kuts lbà saesa burbccy. Idr axblpca, toa idccdwfeg axkobega wbstrbeskrfha`=

^DX= Edw ydur fetarast fe toa toabtra..

EL= Do ibskfebta` hy toa toabtra!

^DX= [dlahd`y tdc` la tobt ydu ydu wara b pdtaetfbc bktrass ydursaci4

0Poa dtoar flca idrlbts kdlpbtfhca wfto Jdrsbjdw bra .peg be` .mpg

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EL= Wacc F iact tobt F wbs bhdut toa grabtast bktrass tobt avar cfva` fi yb jedw.

Be` yb jedw Zcbugos\ Lbry Lbode usa` td sby td la, bra ydu bs gdd` bs

Lfkobac sbys ydu bra hakbusa oa wbs b..

^DX= Lfkobac hafeg Irbej DKdeedr4..Zkdet.\

Fe toa flrst toraa cfeas di tofs axkobega fe toa bu`fd fetarvfaw, hdto toa fetarvfawar be`

fetarvfawaa wara tbcjfeg dvar abko dtoar. Poaraidra ft wbs àkfà` tobt toa flebc

axkarpt hagbe bt Wacc F iact tobt F wbs bhdut toa grabtast bktrass tobt avar cfva` fi yb

jedw..

Poa bu`fd a`ftfeg prdkass wbs kbrrfa` dut wfto toa Bu`bkfty sdue` a`ftfeg prdgrbl

wofko fs bgbfe bvbfcbhca iraa di kobrga. Ft fs wdrto edtfeg bt tofs pdfet tobt abko bu`fd

flca kdetbfea` b hbkjgrdue` oullfeg sdue`. Poaraidra ft wbs eakassbry td usa

Bu`bkftys Edfsa Xaldvbc Aiiakt. Pofs labet tobt toa oullfeg edfsa kduc` ha

flctara` dut wftodut aiiaktfeg toa qubcfty di toa rast di toa bu`fd. Poara wara twd staps

fevdcva` fe tofs prdkass=

2. Gat Edfsa ^rdflca

Pofs aetbfca` sacaktfeg b pbrt di toa bu`fd flca tobt wbs sfcaet axkapt idr toaoullfeg sdue`. Poae sacaktfeg Aiiakt5Edfsa Xaldvbc be` kcfkjfeg Gat

Edfsa ^rdflca. Pofs kbptura` b prdflca di toa oullfeg sdue` sd tobt toa

sditwbra jedws wobt eaa`s td ha raùka`.

8. Poa Edfsa Xaldvbc

Poa eaxt stap wbs td sacakt toa bu`fd flca fe fts aetfraty ([acakt Bcc) be` gd td

Aiiakt5Edfsa Xaldvbc bgbfe td flctar dut toa edfsa hy b spakfflk blduet di

àkfhacs. Pofs raqufra` sdla trfbc be` arrdr bs raùkfeg toa edfsa hy tdd luko

taeà` td aiiakt toa rast di toa rakdr`feg lbjfeg ft sdue` ueusubc. De toa dtoarobe`, raùkfeg toa edfsa hy tdd cfttca labet tobt edt aedugo di toa oullfeg

sdue` wbs raldva`. Poa blduet di edfsa raùka` fe abko rakdr`feg vbrfa`

irdl ;`h td 0`h fe dràr td ratbfe b edrlbc sdue` cavac irdl toa rast di toa

rakdr`feg. (Edfsa Xaldvbc)

Bitar toa edfsa raldvbc aiiakt wbs bppcfa` td abko rakdr`feg, b ibà fe be` dut wbs

bppcfa` td abko axkarpt. Ifebccy, deka be fe be` dut pdfet wbs àtarlfea` idr be

axkarpt, ft wbs sacakta` be` axpdrta` bs be BFII flca. Pofs idrlbt wbs kodsae bs ft fs

kdlpbtfhca wfto toa Ifebc Kut ^rd a`ftfeg sditwbra.

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Poa fetaetfde wbs td stby bs trua td toa drfgfebc fetarvfaw bs pdssfhca be` td wdrj

wftofe toa rakdllae`btfdes di toa butodrfeg sditwbra f.a. td stby bs kcdsa td toa

lbxflul rakdllae`btfde di 8 lfes par axkarpt. 0;lfes di bu`fd wbs a`fta` irdl b

tdtbc di 2or 0> lfes di fetarvfaw bu`fd. Poa cdegast axkarpt fs 0lfes ;>saks be` toasodrtast fs 11 saks.

8.8.; Yfàd

Feftfbccy, idr toa purpdsa di b prdtdtypa, abko bu`fd flca wbs flpdrta` fetd Ifebc Kut

^rd be` axpdrta` flla`fbtacy fe toa idrlbt rakdllaeà` hy toa Jdrsbjdw krabtdrs

f.a. O.890 Kdàk, Wf`to= ;9> | Oafgot= 8>8 | 81ips | strablfeg de | bu`fd= BBK,

lded, 80,>>> jOz1 (IBR).

Odwavar, bitar krabtfeg b prdtdtypa, ft wbs kcabr tobt abko vfàd saglaet wduc`

raqufra taxt skraaes fe dràr td gfva abko axkarpt sdla kdetaxt. Poara wbs bcsd b

raqufralaet idr b stbrtfeg skraae td gfva toa prdmakt b kdetaxt bcsd. Ifebc Kut ^rd

bccdwa` la td `d tofs. Edw tobt toa vfàd saglaets be` flbgas wara rab`y, ft wbs

tfla td flpdrt toal fetd toa Jdrsbjdw [ditwbra ^bkjbga be` stbrt td krabta toa

J-Ifcl.

8.8.0 Krabtfeg toa J-Ifcl

Poa cbtast varsfde di Jdrsbjdw wbs `dwecdbà` be` festbcca`. B`rfbe Lfcas

rakdllae`s idccdwfeg sdla gdd` odusajaapfeg rucas bt tofs pdfet. Bctodugo oa

pdfets dut tobt toa sditwbra fs wacc wrfttae, oa wbres di toa prdhbhfcfty tobt toa

sditwbra wfcc krbso aspakfbccy fi prdpar rucas bra edt idccdwa` irdl toa hagfeefeg

(Lfcas, Jdrsbjdw Wdrjdw). Poaraidra ft wbs flpdrtbet td idccdw sdla

odusajaapfeg rucas irdl toa dutsat.

1Poa bu`fd flcas wara kdevarta` td vfàd flcas sd tobt toa Jdrsbjdw sditwbra kduc` rakdgefsa toalbs [EQs ([lbcc Ebrrbtfva Qefts). Pofs labet tobt jaywdr`s be` dtoar rucas kduc` ha bppcfa` td toala`fb acalaet bs toasa dptfdes wara edt bvbfcbhca idr bu`fd flcas. Pofs fs dtoarwfsa jedwe bs[EQ-fiyfeg. Poa Jdrsbjdw IBR stbtas tobt typfkbccy, vfàd saglaets rbega irdl b ùrbtfde di 8>

sakde`s td 8 lfeutas toaraidra F trfa` td jaap toa axkarpts wftofe tobt rbega hut ft wbs edt bcwbyspdssfhca td stby hacdw 8 lfeutas be` sdla flcas cbst up td ; lfeutas (IBR).

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8.8.1 Odusajaapfeg

Poa flrst stap wbs td pcbka toa Jdrsbjdw bppcfkbtfde fe toa bppcfkbtfdes idcàr. Poa

sakde` wbs td astbhcfso b wdrjdw. Idccdwfeg Lfcas rakdllae`btfdes, F kbrrfa` duttoa idccdwfeg staps=

Astbhcfsoa` wobt flcas wara eaaà`

Astbhcfsoa` woara toay eaaà` td ha

Astbhcfso b latod` idr eblfeg toa la`fb acalaets9

Aesura` tobt bcc la`fb acalaets ralbfea` fe toa sbla pcbka idr toa cfia di toa

prdmakt

Aesura` tobt toa prdmakt be` axpdrt idcàrs ralbfea` fe toa sbla pcbka idr toa

cfia di toa prdmakt (Lfcas, Jdrsbjdw Wdrjdw)

8.8.9 Flpdrt La`fb

Deka toa wdrjdw wbs astbhcfsoa`, toa eaxt stap tbjae wbs td flpdrt bcc toa prapbra`

la`fb fetd toa prdmakt. Poa flpdrt fs kbrrfa` dut hy sflpcy `rbggfeg b `rdppfeg toa

la`fb detd toa bppcfkbtfde wfe`dw. Fe tofs festbeka, idcàrs wara krabta` fe dràr tdgrdup vfàd kcfps be` flbgas.

Ifgura 8.2= Jdrsbjdw bppcfkbtfde lbfe wfe`dw

9Ft fs b`vfsa` td decy usa cattars be` eulhars woae eblfeg flcas bs sdla hrdwsars wfcc edt kdpa

wfto dtoar kobrbktars dr spbkas fe toa flcaeblas. Qeàrskdras dr `bsoas bra rakdllaeà` bs bebctarebtfva. (Pfps be` Prfkjs)

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8.8.7 [EQ-fiyfeg

Bs stbta` pravfduscy, [EQ-fiyfeg fs toa bkt di cbhaccfeg abko la`fb acalaet wfto

jaywdr`s be` dtoar `btb, toarahy taccfeg toa la`fb acalaet odw td paridrl wftofe toaprdmakt bs b wodca. Fe toa eaxt kobptar F wfcc gd fetd ldra àtbfc bhdut woy F lbà toa

àkfsfdes F `f` ragbr`feg jay wdr`s be` dtoar `btb tobt wbs bppcfa` td abko la`fb

acalaet, hut idr edw F wfcc sflpcy `dkulaet toa prdkass di odw td [EQ-fiy b la`fb

acalaet.

Poa prdkass fs stbrta` hy `duhca-kcfkjfeg de b la`fb acalaet td dpae toa [EQ a`ftdr

(saa Ifg 8.8 hacdw). B`rfbe Lfcas ralfe`s us tobt a`ftdr oara `das edt labe flbga

dr vfàd a`ftdr, ft labes ft a`fts toa bttrfhutas dr vbcuas tobt Jdrsbjdw obs idr tobt kcfp

(hakbusa tofs fs odw ydu butodr fe Jdrsbjdw). (Lfcas, Fetrdùktfde).

Ifgura 8.8= [EQ A`ftdr fe Jdrsbjdw

Poa idccdwfeg fs b cfst di flac`s fe toa a`ftdr be` toafr purpdsa=

Poa Fesart Paxt Ifac`= Paxt aetara` oara bppabrs de toa [EQ wofca ft fs pcbyfeg

[tbrt [EQ= Woae koakja`, aesuras tobt tofs [EQ wfcc pcby woae toa prdmakt

stbrts

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Ae` [EQ= Woae koakja` wfcc aesura tobt tofs [EQ wfcc ha toa cbst la`fb

acalaet td pcby

Cddp= Woae koakja` wfcc labe toa toa [EQ pcbyfeg wfcc cddp fi toa usar `das

edt kcfkj de bey dtoar la`fb acalaet

Cfvas= Poa blduet di tflas toa [EQ wfcc bppabr

[EQ Xbtfeg= Aesuras tobt toa [EQ fs ldra dr cass cfjacy td bppabr tobe dtoar

[EQs

FE-Jaywdr`= Paxt aetara` oara taccs toa prdgrbl wobt toa [EQ fs

DQP-Jaywdr`= Paxt aetara` oara taccs toa prdgrbl wobt toa [EQ fs cddjfeg idr

^ravfaw= Bttbkoas be flbga td toa [EQ wofko wfcc bppabr fe toa prdmaktfetaribka

^ravfaw Paxt= Paxt aetara` oara bppabrs bs b pravfaw de toa [EQ woae ft

bppabrs fe toa fetaribka hut edt woae toa [EQ fs pcbyfeg

Fetaribka= [pakfflas wofko Fetaribka toa [EQ fs bttbkoa` tdd

F wfcc `fskuss odw toasa flac`s fe ldra àtbfc fe toa eaxt kobptar hut idr edw ft fs

usaiuc td pdfet dut tobt abko flbga be` bu`fd axkarpt fs gfvae dea cfia labefeg tobt ft

wfcc ed cdegar bppabr de toa skraae deka toay obva haae sacakta`. Bcsd ùrfeg toa`fgftfsbtfde prdkass, F edta` bey feskrfptfdes de toa hbkj di toa podtdgrbpofk flbgas

be` fekcuà` toasa feskrfptfdes bs taxt wofko bppabr woae toa usar pcbkas toa kursdr

dvar toa flbgas.

Ifgura 8.;= Yfaw di [EQ-ffla` la`fb acalaets

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8.8.? Ldra de toa Fetaribka

Poara bra b eulhar di àibuct fetaribka talpcbtas bcrab`y bvbfcbhca fe Jdrsbjdw. Poa

àibuct fetaribka fs fccustrbta` fe Ifg 8.0 hacdw=

Ifgura 8.0= 0x; - ; Hacdw Fetaribka fe Jdrsbjdw

Odwavar toa fetaribka àsfge fs aetfracy up td toa usar wftofe toa irblawdrj di wobttoa sditwbra diiars. Idr axblpca, toa sditwbra bccdws bey eulhar di la`fb acalaets

(kbcca` pravfaws fe toa fetaribka a`ftdr) bvbfcbhca idr fetarbktfde de toa skraae bt bey

dea tfla. Pofs fs `dea sflpcy hy `rbggfeg toa ^ravfaw dptfde bvbfcbhca fe toa @rbg

td [tbga saktfde di toa fetaribka a`ftdr. Deka ofgocfgota`, toa wf`to be` toa oafgot di

toa pravfaw skraae kbe toae ha b`musta`. Bcsd, deka b pravfaw fs ofgocfgota`, toa

^rdpartfas saktfde fs bvbfcbhca td b`must toa prdpartfas di tobt pravfaw skraae. B

prdparty acalaet di edta oara fs toa [kbcfeg ^dcfky.

Ifgura 8.1= ^rdpartfas [aktfde di toa Fetaribka A`ftdr

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Axbkt flt labet tobt toa flbga wduc` bppabr stratkoa` fe ldst kbsas. Poaraidra, toa

Lbfetbfe bspakt rbtfd dptfde wbs kodsae idr abko pravfaw skraae.

Ft fs bcsd wdrto edtfeg toa prdpartfas di toa acalaets cfsta` fe toa @rbg td [tbga

saktfde di toa fetaribka a`ftdr=

[EQ= La`fb di kurraetcy pcbyfeg [EQ

^ravfaw= [EQ kodfka àtarlfea` bt ruetfla

Fesart Paxt= Kbe ha `rbgga` be` pcbka` detd dr brdue` bey ^ravfaw dr [EQ be`

wfcc rasuct fe toa taxt aetara` fe toa [EQ a`ftdr bppabrfeg oara bt ruetfla. Poa

idet be` sfza di toa taxt kbe ha àtarlfea` bt tofs stbga di toa prdkass.

[uhtftcas= Kbe ha `rbgga` be` pcbka` detd dr brdue` toa [EQ td iabtura

suhtftcas

^cbyoab`= [odws toa [EQs pcby pdsftfde

^cby Huttde= ^cbys toa [EQ

Lbstar Ydcula= Lbstar Ydcula Kdetrdc

^cby Pfla= ^cby tfla di toa [EQ

Pdtbc Pfla= Pdtbc ruetfla di prdmakt

Iuccskraae Huttde= Aecbrga toa skraae

Deka abko di toa la`fb acalaets bra [EQ-ffla`, ft fs edw pdssfhca td vfaw toa prdmakt

hy gdfeg td toa Ifca laeu be` koddsfeg Axpdrt5@rbit idr Wah. Poa prdmakt toae

dpaes fe toa hrdwsar fevftfeg toa usar td aegbga wfto toa lbtarfbc.

Pofs kobptar dutcfea` toa takoefkbc prdkass hy wofko F kbla td krabta J-Ifcl usfeg

brkofvbc lbtarfbcs. Poa prdkass hagbe hy gbtoarfeg lbtarfbcs irdl b eulhar di

`fiiaraet sdurkas, àkf`feg de wobt lbtarfbcs td usa be` toae bssalhcfeg toa prdmakt

usfeg toa Jdrsbjdw butodrfeg sditwbra pbkjbga td krabta b J-Ifcl aetftca` EbekyLkKbrtoys Kdrj. Wobt fs avfàet irdl tofs kobptar fs tobt toa prdkass di wdrjfeg

wfto brkofvbc lbtarfbc fe dràr td krabta b `fgftbc brtaibkt fs tfla kdesulfeg be`

axpaesfva. Odwavar, bs wfcc ha avfàet irdl toa idccdwfeg kobptar, ft fs pdssfhca td

wdrj brdue` tfla be` hu`gatbry kdestrbfets td krabta b prdmakt tobt lby edt ha toa

dutkdla di toa feftfbc fetaeà` fàb hut wa wfcc fle` tobt toa brtaibkt stfcc kdlas td

sarva bs be aiiaktfva tddc td àldestrbta toa sofitfeg rdca dr butodr be` usar wftofe toa

f-`dk idrlbt.

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Kobptar ;

Xaprasaetfeg toa Brkofvbc Lbtarfbc

Fe iabtura flcls toa `fraktdr fs Gd`: fe `dkulaetbry flcls Gd` fs toa `fraktdr

Bcira` Oftkokdkj (Hfdgrbpoy)

Wofca toara wara lbey kdccaktfdes fe toa QKK brkofva, toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy

kdccaktfde wbs kodsae idr savarbc rabsdes. Ifrstcy, bs fs avfàet irdl toa kdetaets cfst

hrfay dutcfea` fe toa pravfdus kobptar, toa kdccaktfde fs b vbcubhca kdetrfhutfde td

Kdrjs kucturbc ofstdry. Bctodugo ft fs kurraetcy bvbfcbhca de raquast bt toa QKK

brkofvas, ft fs edt yat odwavar bkkassfhca decfea. Poaraidra, F wbs fetarasta` fe

prdldtfeg toa kdetaets fe sdla wby.

F wbs bcsd fetarasta` fe Ebeky LkKbrtoy oarsaci. Ebeky wbs hy bcc bkkduets, be

dr`febry wdlbe wod cfva` b ralbrjbhca cfia. Poa Kdrj Xavfaw, à`fkbta` b

kdllaldrbtfva fssua di toafr lbgbzfea td Ebeky be` fe ft, wbs toa idccdwfeg bkkduet=

Ebeky wbs bcwbys bt avarytofeg hut ft wduc` ha ueibfr td kcbss oar bs be

festftutfde. [oa wbs b kobrbktar, yas, hut soa lust edt ha lbà fetd be akkaetrfk

dr b kbrfkbtura (dr feàa` b sbfet). [oa wbs edt b kuta, `bit dc` cb`y wodl

padpca mdccfa` bcdeg. [oa wbs dr`febry, be` tobt wbs pbrt di oar bppabc. Ebeky

wbs vary luko Kdrj: soa kduc` ha bkarhfk be` bssartfva, hut soa wbs eavar

kruac, aekdurbgfeg rbtoar toa ydueg hcdd`s wfto toafr krbzy edtfdes, eurturfeg

toal kbraiuccy sd tobt woae toay lbtura`, toafr krabtfvfty `f` edt `fa hut ft tdd

wbs odea` be` fetaesffla` hy gdd` kdlpbey.(Oabcy ;0)

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Wofca toara wara dtoar ofgoar prdflca kdccaktfdes bvbfcbhca fe toa QKK spakfbc

kdccaktfdes brkofva, toara wbs be festfektubc pucc tdwbr` toa LkKbrtoy kdccaktfde ùa

td toa typa di wdlbe Ebeky wbs f.a. feàpaeàet, ouldrdus be` a`gy bs Bee

Rubfe àskrfha` oar (ârsdebc Fetarvfaw). Ebeky `fcfgaetcy kdccakta` cattars be`laldrbhfcfb tordugodut oar cfia fe wobt F sbw bs be bttalpt td `dkulaet cfia fe Kdrj

be` feàa` oar kdeeaktfdes wfto sd lbey wdeàriuc padpca bs soa sbf` oarsaci

(Ebeky LkKbrtoy).

Poa Kdrj Axblfear àskrfha` Ebeky bs rairasofegcy parkaptfva bs be dhsarvar di

hdto padpca be` avaets (L). Oar kdccaktfde fs be dhsarvbtfde di cfia bs soa sbw ft

lbefiast tordugo cattars, `fbrfas, podtdgrbpos be` dtoar laldrbhfcfb. Ft wbs

toaraidra, b sarae`fpftdus `fskdvary td fle` toa fetarvfaws wfto Ebeky bt toa XP

brkofvas be` td oabr oar dhsarvbtfdes flrst obe`. Ft wbs bt tobt pdfet, tobt toa iuccarpfktura alarga` be` ft wbs toae kcabr tobt `dkulaetfeg oar kdccaktfde irdl toa pdfet

di vfaw di oar dhsarvbtfdes rbtoar tobe irdl b hfdgrbpofkbc parspaktfva wbs b ldra

cdgfkbc be` atofkbc bpprdbko woae dea tofejs bhdut wobt fs kdetbfea` fe toa

kdccaktfde. Idr axblpca toa cattars wara qufta flparsdebc, eavar rabccy gfvfeg bwby

iaacfegs hut ldra be dhsarvbtfde di odw cfia wbs dkkurrfeg brdue` oar. [flfcbrfty, oar

`fbry aetrfas spdja di toa padpca soa lat be` toa pcbkas soa` haae rbtoar tobe hafeg b

parsdebc bkkduet di odw soa iact fe toa wdrc` be` odw soa racbta` td ft. Bkkdr`feg td

oar irfae` Bee Rubfe, Ebekys kdeeaktfdes wfto padpca wara de parobps be brtfstfkcavac dr fe toa sodp, de b husfeass jfe` di cavac, hut F wducèt obva todugot soa wbs

dpae td padpca bhdut iaacfegs be` tofegs cfja tobt. Poaraidra F `det iaac ft wduc`

obva haae atofkbc td krabta b parsdebc raprasaetbtfde di Ebeky woae soa oarsaci

vbcua` oar prfvbky fe tobt raspakt.

Cfja Ebso pdfets dut ft fs edt pdssfhca td aegbga fe `dkulaetbry prdùktfde idr cdeg

wftodut stuhhfeg deas tda de atofkbc quastfdes (@dkulaetbry-idr-toa-dtoar 880).

Wofca kbrryfeg dut toa qubcftbtfva rasabrko, toa fetaetfde wbs td kdla bt toa

`dkulaetbry irdl b hfdgrbpofkbc parspaktfva hut bt ed pdfet wbs toara kdeflàeka fetofs bpprdbko. Wofca toa fetaetfde wbs td gbtoar parsdebc laldrfas di Ebeky, toa

fetarvfawaas ravabca` b cdt di Ebekys parsdebc cfia fekcu`feg oar racbtfdesofp wfto

Irbej DKdeedr be` oar lbrrfbga cbtar fe cfia td Harry Bccft wofko F `f` edt iaac wbs

bpprdprfbta lbtarfbc idr puhcfk vfawfeg. Poa fàb wbs td kbrry de wobt Ebeky ob` sat

dut td bkofava f.a. lbja toa lbtarfbcs bvbfcbhca td toa puhcfk. Pofs, F iact, labet tobt F

wduc` ha raprasaetfeg oar kdccaktfde be` oar dhsarvbtfdes festab` di oar saci wofko F

wbs ldra kdlidrtbhca wfto irdl be atofkbc stbe`pdfet.

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;.2 Palpdrbc Ldetbga v [pbtfbc Ldetbga

Bs wbs dutcfea` fe toa pravfdus kobptar, toa drfgfebc fàb wbs td krabta b eulhar di

talpdrbc vfàd ldetbgas wofko wduc` toae ha cfeja` tdgatoar fe sdla wby. Poalbfe rabsde tofs fàb `f` edt lbtarfbcfsa wbs hakbusa toara wbs edt suiflkfaet vfsubc

lbtarfbc td kdfekfà wfto toa bu`fd fe suko b wby tobt hdto la`fuls wduc`

kdlpcflaet abko dtoar. Fe dtoar wdr`s, toa vfsubcs de obe` f.a. podtdgrbpofk flbgas

irdl toa kdccaktfde, wara edt aedugo td lbja vfsubc saesa di toa dhsarvbtfdes be`

stdrfas fe toa bu`fd fetarvfaws. Fi toa fetarvfaws wara flcla`, toae parobps toara wbs

toa kobeka tobt dea kduc` kut hatwaae toa flbgas be` toa tbcjfeg oab` fe toa

fetarvfaw fe kbsas woara ed flbgas wduc` kdlpcflaet wobt wbs hafeg spdja` bhdut.

Odwavar, fe tofs kbsa, flbgas de toafr dwe fe talpdrbc ldetbga idrl wduc` edt lbjasaesa td toa vfawar ldst di toa tfla.

Ft wbs toaraidra bedtoar sarae`fpftdus `fskdvary td rabcfsa tobt toa fetaribka a`ftdr fe

Jdrsbjdw bccdwa` idr toa idrlbtfde di spbtfbc ldetbga. Bs dppdsa` td Lbedvfkos

àskrfptfde di toa ibja rabcfty di toa talpdrbc ldetbga kdlpdsa` hy saquaetfbccy

pcbkfeg flbgas tdgatoar td idrl kdesakutfva ldlaets fe tfla (20?), oa pdfets dut

tobt spbtfbc ldetbga bccdws fe`fvfùbc cbyars td ratbfe toafr sapbrbta fàetftfas rbtoar

tobe hafeg larga` fetd b sfegca spbka (21?). Jaapfeg tofs fe lfe`, F iact tobt usfeg

spbtfbc ldetbga wbs vary aiiaktfva fe toa kbsa di tofs prdmakt bs ft bccdwa` abko flbgatd ratbfe fts dwe sapbrbta fàetfty wofca stfcc flttfeg fe wfto toa prdmakt bs b wodca.

Ifgura ;.2= Poa Fetaribka A`ftdr fe Jdrsbjdw

Ft wbs bcsd iact tobt toa spbtfbc ldetbga aebhca` b usar axparfaeka kcdsar td toa

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38/50

axparfaeka di aetarfeg toa brkofva be` ebvfgbtfeg toa lbtarfbc toalsacvas bccdwfeg

usars td aegbga wfto wobt @a Grdii àskrfha` bs toa rabcl di toa rabc fe be

feedvbtfva wby (226). Idr axblpca fe toa 269>s Hrftfso butodr be` mdurebcfst Mdoe

Cbeg`de-@bvfas, fetrdùka` b ldàc di tabkofeg jedwe bs toa Mbkj`bw sarfas(Qrfkkofd). Abko Mbkj`bw kdetbfea` b idcàr di brkofvbc lbtarfbcs racbtfeg td b

spakfflk suhmakt. [tuàets cabrea` bhdut b pbrtfkucbr tfla be` pcbka fe ofstdry hy

krabtfeg toafr dwe ebrrbtfvas bkkdr`feg td wobt lbtarfbcs toay kodsa td axblfea be`

fe wobt dràr. Fe toa kbsa di tofs prdmakt ft wbs iact tobt spbtfbc ldetbga wdrja` hattar

tobe talpdrbc ldetbga fe bccdwfeg toa usar toa iraa`dl td ebvfgbta tordugo toa

lbtarfbc bkkdr`feg td toafr dwe praiaraekas. Poaraidra ly rdca hakbla kcdsar td

Kdoaes fàb di toa f-`dk butodr bs b kurbtdr dr àsfgear sobpfeg bkkass td toa brkofvbc

lbtarfbc (;8?) dr bs Ebso pdfeta` dut, b prdkass di irblfeg bu`faeka bktfdes,

fevftfeg pbrtfkucbr idrls di aegbgalaet be` pdsftfdefeg toa bu`faeka fe racbtfde td toa

`dkulaetbry kdetaet (;?1, Wobt fs Fetarbktfvfty idr4).

Qsfeg [pbtfbc ldetbga bccdwa` toa prdmakt td ralbfe kcdsar td be dhmaktfva

raprasaetbtfde di Ebekys dhsarvbtfdes. Ft wbs iact tobt talpdrbc ldetbga wbs ldra

cfjacy td feuaeka toa usars parkaptfde di toa axkarpts ldra sd tobe fi toay wara

prasaeta` fe b spbtfbc ldetbga. Bs Lbedvfko dhsarvas, toa ldetbga kbe bkt bs b jay

takoedcdgy idr fàdcdgfkbc lbefpucbtfde tordugo fts alpcdylaet fe prdpbgbe`b flcls,

`dkulaetbrfas, eaws, kdllarkfbcs be` sd de (206). Wofca toa J-flcl kbe stfcc bkt bsb takoedcdgy idr fàdcdgfkbc lbefpucbtfde hy usfeg jaywdr`s td krabta bssdkfbtfdes

hatwaae flbgas be` bttbkofeg pravfaw flbgas td axkarpts fe toa kbsa di ly prdmakt, ft

fs stfcc iact tobt flpdsfeg ly fetarpratbtfde di Ebekys dhsarvbtfdes fe toa idrl di

talpdrbc ldetbga wbs be ueeakassbry b``ftfde td toa lbtarfbc.

;.8 A`ftfeg toa Fetarvfaws

Fe ofs decy hddj de flcl a`ftfeg, flcl a`ftdr be` sdue` àsfgear Wbctar Lurko pdfets

dut tobt toa a`ftdr obs toa raspdesfhfcfty di bssalhcfeg flbgas fe b pbrtfkucbr dràr

be` fe b pbrtfkucbr roytol (89). Poa sbla raspdesfhfcfty fs bcsd àlbeà` di toa

butodr fe toa J-Ifcl. [flpcy put, toa roytol fe tofs kbsa wbs astbhcfsoa` hy toa

bhfcfty di be axkarpt td paridrl bs b stbe`bcdea la`fb acalaet2

Poa roytol bs b wodca fs bcsd toae astbhcfsoa` hy toa pbka be` dràr hy wofko toa

usar kdlas td fetarbkt wfto toa pfaka. Pofs fs toaraidra bedtoar axblpca di toa

2

Jdrsbjdws rakdllae`btfde di jaapfeg toa la`fb acalaets up td be` brdue` twd lfeutas cdegbcsd ob` be feuaeka de toa roytol.

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Ifgura ;.8= Poa fetaribka bt ruetfla

`fiiaraeka hatwaae butodrsofp fe cfeabr be` ede-cfeabr ebrrbtfva. Woara toa roytol di

b flcl wduc` ha àkfà` hy toa a`ftdr fe b cfeabr ebrrbtfva, ft fs edw pbrtfbccy àkfà`

hy toa usars toalsacvas fe toa f-`dk idrl.

Avae todugo ft wbs odpa` tobt toa axkarpts wduc` paridrl bs stbe`bcdea la`fb

acalaets, usar tastfeg rasucts uebeflduscy ravabca` tobt toara wbs b eaa` td prdvfàkdetaxt idr sdla axkarpts. @ua td tfla kdestrbfets, taxt skraaes bs dppdsa` td vdfka

dvars wara àkfà` upde td prdvfà toa kdetaxt woara eaaà`. Poa [EQ tobt bppabrs

de stbrtup fs bcsd kdlpdsa` di taxt skraaes àsfgea` idr kdetaxtubcfsbtfde purpdsas.

;.; Bssalhcfeg toa ^rdmakt

Ft fs b`vfsa` hy toa Jdrsbjdw krabtdrs td bvdf` lbppfeg dut toa prdmakt fe b`vbeka.Poay wbre butodrs tobt J-Ifcls bra edt cfja Koddsa ydur dwe b`vaetura stdrfas,

f.a. toay `det obva flxa` cfejs (Pfps be` Prfkjs). Feftfbccy F àvfsa` b cfst di

jaywdr`s td bttbko td abko acalaet toarahy kdestruktfeg b spakfflk cdgfk hy wofko toa

[EQs bppabr de toa skraae. Idr axblpca, toa idccdwfeg cfst di jaywdr`s wbs

àvfsa`= Lusfk, Bcdys, ôbrlbkfst, Iblfcy, ârsdebc, Irbej, @rblb, [ablus, [dkfbc,

Mdbe, Hbccat, Kdrj, Lfkoac.

Odwavar be feftfbc prdtdtypa krabta` wfto b irbktfde di toa flbga be` axkarpts

bvbfcbhca, prdva` td ha b vary kdlpcax dparbtfde ùa td toa kdlpcaxfty di toa cfejfeg

8?


40/50

struktura fe Jdrsbjdw. Idr axblpca, fe Ifg ;.; B`rfbe Lfcas sjatkoa` b struktura di b

J-Ifcl wfto must ? acalaets. Ly prdmakt kdetbfes 6> acalaets. Poaraidra td krabta b

cfejfeg struktura wfto b prdmakt di tofs sfza wduc` raqufra axtaesfva tastfeg wofko wbs

edt pdssfhca wftofe toa tfla kdestrbfets di tofs prdmakt.

Ifgura ;.;= Cfejfeg struktura fe Jdrsbjdw (Lfcas, "Jdrsbjdw bs Oypartaxt")

F bcsd iact tobt usars wduc` haeaflt irdl cfstaefeg td sdla axkarpts haidra dtoars. Idr

axblpca, Ebeky spabjs bhdut oar hbkjgrdue` fe pobrlbky fe dea axkarpt wofko wa

wfcc kbcc E2 idr toa sbja di brgulaet be` raiar td toa `fbgrbl fe Ifg ;.;. [oa toae

gdas de td spabj bhdut oar axparfaeka di dpaefeg oar dwe koalfst cbtar de fe cfiawofko wa wfcc kbcc E9. F iact tobt toa usar wduc` haeaflt irdl b struktura woarahy

toay oabr` dea axkarpt haidra bedtoar fe dràr td prdvfà ldra kdetaxt td toa suhmakt

fe quastfde. Odwavar, cfja toa J-flcl butodrs pdfeta` dut, ft fs edt pdssfhca td krabta b

cfejfeg struktura fe tofs wby. Idr axblpca, fi toa usar kcfkja` de E2 toay wduc` toae

ha prasaeta` wfto toa dptfdes E9 be` E7 (fe toa kbsa di ly prdmakt toara wduc` ha

toa pdssfhfcfty di 29 edàs de toa skraae bitar abko sacaktfde). Poa usar lby toae

kcfkj de E7 be` hakbusa abko la`fb acalaet kbe decy bppabr deka, E2 wfcc edt

bppabr bgbfe be` toaraidra eaftoar wfcc E9.

Wfto tofs fe lfe` be` b cbkj di tfla td wdrj dut b cfejfeg struktura tobt wduc` krabta

b sat di bssdkfbtfdes hatwaae la`fb acalaets, ft wbs àkfà` td cbhac abko la`fb

acalaet wfto toa sbla Fe-Jaywdr` be` Dut-Jaywdr` f.a. acalaet. Poaraidra,

woaeavar be [EQ wfto toa Dut-Jaywdr` acalaet wbs sacakta` hy toa usar, toa

pravfaw skraaes de toa fetaribka wara rbe`dlcy flcca` wfto flbgas irdl toa

kdccaktfde. Wofca tofs lby edt ibcc ueàr wobt Lbedvfko àskrfhas bs b spbtfbc

ldetbga, ft `das odwavar labe tobt toa butodr obs avae cass kdetrdc di wobt flbgas

be` axkarpts bppabr be` woae. Poa ebrrbtfva fs toaraidra kdlpcatacy cait up td toa

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systal be` toa usar bt tofs pdfet. Poaraidra toa flcl fs wobt Gbuàezf àskrfha` bs b

racbtfdebc aetfty hakbusa ft raqufras b kdlhfebtfde di butodr, usar be` takoedcdgy

(21). Poa usar fs edw fetarebc td toa systal aegbgfeg wfto toa lbtarfbc, rbtoar tobe

hafeg axtarebc bs fs avfàet wfto toa cfeabr `dkulaetbry idrl.

;.0 Dtoar Qsar Pastfeg Ife`fegs

Idccdwfeg b raquast irdl abko di toa toraa usar tastfeg sassfde, axkarpts wara bcsd

gfvae pravfaw flbgas wofko wara cbhacca` wfto be bu`fd sylhdc td `fiiaraetfbta toa

axkarpts irdl toa flbgas. Qsars bcsd raquasta` tobt taxt ha prdvfà` de flbgas woara

pdssfhca td gfva sdla fe`fkbtfde di wobt be` wod toara wara cddjfeg bt. Idr axblpca,dea axkarpt ob` b pravfaw flbga di Mdbe @aefsa Ldrfbrty. Dea usar wbs uebhca td

fàetfiy Ldrfbrty be` wdeàra` fi ft wbs Ebeky oarsaci. Poaraidra F prdvfà` pravfaw

taxt upde ldusa dvar de toa flbgas woara pdssfhca. @ua td tfla kdestrbfets F wbs

uebhca td fàetfiy avarydea fe toa podtdgrbpos hut F odpa tobt tofs kbe ha kbrrfa` dut

bt b cbtar `bta.

Hy strfvfeg tdwbr`s be atofkbc raprasaetbtfde di Ebeky be` oar kdccaktfde, F idue` F

wbs bhca td krabta b prdmakt tobt àldestrbta` b cavac di butodrsofp ibr raldva` irdl

toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbry idrl. Wofca toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dkulaetbrybutodr hrfegs toa vfawar irdl b stbrtfeg pdfet td be ae` pdfet hy cbyfeg `dwe b

praàtarlfea` pbto, ft soduc` edw ha avfàet tobt f-`dk prdùktfde edw hcurs toa

hdue`brfas di butodrsofp be` kdetrdc dvar toa ebrrbtfva. Bctodugo tfla kdestrbfets

labet tobt F wbs uebhca td iurtoar àtarlfea toa racbtfdesofps hatwaae toa la`fb

acalaets, ft `das odwavar labe tobt kdetrdc dvar toa ebrrbtfva fs ldra avaecy

`fstrfhuta` hatwaae butodr, usar be` systal toarahy àldestrbtfeg wobt Gbuàezf

labet hy toa J-flcl hafeg b racbtfdebc aetfty (21). Pofs, F iact, wbs ldra fe cfea wfto

ly feftfbc bfl di obvfeg bs cfttca blduet di feuaeka toa brkofvbc lbtarfbcs bs pdssfhca

toaraidra ralbfefeg kcdsar td be dhmaktfva raprasaetbtfde di toa Ebeky LkKbrtoy

Kdccaktfde.

;>


42/50

Kobptar 0

Kdekcusfde

Poa bfl di tofs toasfs wbs td krabta b prbktfka hbsa` rasabrko td àldestrbta toa

sofitfeg rdca di toa butodr wftofe f-`dk prdùktfde. F bfla` td `d tofs hy usfeg toa

f-`dk idrlbt td kurbta brkofvbc flbgas be` bu`fd axkarpts fe b wby tobt wduc` fevfta

aegbgalaet tordugo fetarbktfde wfto toa lbtarfbc. Pofs F iact wduc` sukkassiuccy

àldestrbta b hbcbekfeg di pdwar hatwaae toa butodr, usar be` takoedcdgy.

F iaac F obva bkofava` tobt bfl tordugo toa krabtfde di toa f-`dk Ebeky LkKbrtoys

Kdrjusfeg toa Jdrsbjdw butodrfeg sditwbra tddc. F sukkassiuccy `fgftfsa` ldst di toa

flbgas fe oar kdccaktfde be` tdgatoar wfto bu`fd axkarpts irdl be fetarvfaw kbrrfa`dut wfto oar b yabr haidra oar pbssfeg, kurbta` b ede-cfeabr, oyparcfeja` struktura

woarahy usars kbe ebvfgbta toa lbtarfbc bt toafr dwe pbka be` bkkdr`feg td toafr dwe

praiaraekas. Bs be butodr, F wbeta` td obva bs cfttca feuaeka dvar toa lbtarfbc bs

pdssfhca be` toa f-`dk idrlbt biidrà` la tofs bhfcfty. Bctodugo F kodsa td a`ft toa

fetarvfaws fe b kartbfe wby be` àsfgea` toa fetaribka, F obva ed fàb bs td odw toa

usar wfcc kdla td vfaw toa lbtarfbc dr fe wobt dràr toay wfcc cfstae td toa axkarpts.

Pofs prdùktfde styca `fiiarars fllaesacy irdl tobt di toa trb`ftfdebc cfeabr `dk

woarahy toa butodr obs kdlpcata kdetrdc dvar toa ebrrbtfva `fskdursa. Bs Kdoaepdfeta` dut toa f-`dk, be` fe pbrtfkucbr toa J-Ifcl, obs be ueusubc flpcfkbtfde idr

butodrsofp woarahy edt decy fs toa saquaekfeg suhmakt td usar-hbsa` sacaktfdes hut

wfto pbrtfkucbr prdgrbllfeg kdestrbfets, toa saquaeka sacaktfde kbe ha àtarlfea`

dutsfà toa bgaeky di hdto toa butodr be` toa usar. (Kdoae ;0;). Pofs fs avfàet fe

toa prdmakt woarahy F ob` toa bhfcfty td àsfge toa fetaribka, prapbra toa la`fb

acalaets be` cbhac toal wfto jaywdr`s, be` toa usar ob` toa bhfcfty td àtarlfea toa

saquaeka hy wofko toay wduc` toae vfaw toa lbtarfbc. Odwavar, eaftoar F edr toa usar

wara bhca td àtarlfea wofko la`fb acalaets wduc` bppabr idr fetarbktfde be`

;2


43/50

aegbgalaet de toa skraae bt bey gfvae pdfet.

Xaprasaetfeg brkofvbc lbtarfbcs usfeg toa f-`dk idrlbt bccdwa` idr be axparfaeka

kcdsar td tobt di aetarfeg toa brkofvas. Poara wbs uctflbtacy ed fetarpratbtfde di toa

flbgas wofko wduc` obva ob` td obva haae toa kbsa fi F wbs usfeg talpdrbc ldetbga,b takoefqua kaetrbc td toa ede-cfeabr idrlbt. [pbtfbc ldetbga odwavar bccdwa` abko

flbga td ratbfe fts dwe fàetfty, wofko F iact àldestrbta` b ldra dhmaktfva

raprasaetbtfde di toa flbgas fe toa brkofva bs wacc bs toa axkarpts toalsacvas.

Xaaktfeg hbkj de toa prdkass, àtarlfefeg b ebrrbtfva brk wbs toa ldst tfla

kdesulfeg acalaet di toa prdmakt. Bs dutcfea` bt toa hagfeefeg di Kobptar 8, F

hdueka` hatwaae toa pra-prdùktfde be` prdùktfde haidra F wbs bhca td ldva de td

bssalhcfeg (dr a`ftfeg) toa prdmakt idr toa flebc kut. F iaac ft wbs b prdkass di

garlfebtfeg be fàb bs td odw F wduc` raprasaet toa lbtarfbc, kdupca` wfto toa

`fskdvary di toa XP fetarvfaw tobt flebccy gbva la be begca irdl wofko F kduc`

brrbega toa lbtarfbc fe b wby tobt wduc` hast àldestrbta f-`dk butodrsofp. Fe

ofe`sfgot F `det iaac F kduc` obva `dea beytofeg `fiiaraetcy. Poa prdkass ueidcà` toa

wby ft `f` be` bpbrt irdl edt obvfeg toa tfla td usa jaywdr`s tobt wduc` muxtbpdsa

toa acalaets bkkdr`feg td b pbrtfkucbr systal (f.a. Lbedvfkos kde`ftfdes tobt qubcfiy

b wdrj bs spbtfbc ldetbga bs dutcfea` fe Kobptar 2), F iact tobt toa prdmakt edeatoacass

aiiaktfvacy àldestrbtas odw toa rdca di toa butodr obs sofita` wftofe toa f-`dk idrlbt

be` fs avfàeka di Gbuàezfs fàb di toa f-`dk bs b racbtfdebc aetfty bs dppdsa` td toastbtfk ebtura di toa cfeabr idrl.

Wofca Jdrsbjdw aebhcas b uefqua cavac di butodrsofp bs wacc bs be feedvbtfva wby td

raprasaet la`fb decfea, Wah 8.> takoedcdgfas bccdw idr lbey ldra pdssfhfcftfas fe

tarls di stdrytaccfeg pdtaetfbc de toa wah. Poa feùstry fs kurraetcy fe fts feibeky be`

bs Qrfkkofd pdfets dut toaras edt yat drtod`dxy idr padpca td ibcc hbkj de. Poaras

edtofeg hut pdssfhfcfty (LFP PakoPY). Bt toa ldlaet toara bra ed trfa` be` tasta`

latod`dcdgfas be` prdkaùras idr flcllbjars td ibcc hbkj de. Fe b rakaet `fskussfde,

Fegrf` Jdpp, toa la`fb iue` `fraktdr bt toa Prfhakb Ifcl Festftuta, kbcca` idr ldrarbpf` prdtdtypfeg be` axparflaetbtfde (LFP PakoPY). [oa edtas tobt hast prbktfka

kbe decy alarga irdl trbfc be` arrdr, hut bt toa ldlaet toara fs edt luko rddl idr

axparflaetbtfde be` ibfcura wofko fs be assaetfbc pbrt di bey rasabrko be`

àvacdplaet ldàc. Feùstry prdùkar, Garry Icbofva, suggasta` tobt toa feùstry

kdetfeua td ture td be` rue bcdegsfà bkbàlfb idr krabtfva be` feedvbtfva sdcutfde

(LFP PakoPY). Poaraidra, td sby tobt toara bra rasabrko dppdrtueftfas wftofe

bkbàlfb idr f-`dk prdùktfde be` bebcysfs fs be ueàrstbtalaet. Pofs toasfs fs hut b

àldestrbtfde di toa ouga pdtaetfbc tobt toa f-`dk idrl obs idr stdry taccfeg be` la`fb

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