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Internet Infrastructure
© N. Ganesan, Ph.D.
Chapter Objectives
• Bring together in perspective various components of the Internet– Network Infrastructure – Communication Infrastructure – Organizations and groups that set
standards
Module
Network Infrastructure:Hardware and Access
Infrastructure
Evolution
• Started as ARPANET• Grew with the introduction of PCs, LANs
and WANs• CCITT (now ITU) was the initial standard
setting organization• Lower level protocols was X.25• Higher level protocol was TCP/IP that
followed the initial introduction of the Network Control Protocol (NCP)
Current Trend
• Global network based on high speed fiber lines
• IPV4 is being replaced by IPv6 • X.25, Frame Relay etc. are being
replaced with ATM
Hardware Infrastructure
• The hardware infrastructure now is essentially a hierarchy of interconnected networks– Local– Departmental– Campus or Enterprise– Wide Area
Networking and Internetworking Devices
• Hubs– Layer 1 devices
• Switches– Mostly Layer 2 devices
• Routers– Layer 3 devices
Connection to the Internet Example
LA Fiber Connection Hierarchy
Source: http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html
Internet National Connection Example (Cogent Communications)
Internet Global Connection Example (MCI)
Major Digital Line Types
• Lower speed access point– DSL– ISDN
• High network connections– T1, T3 etc.– OC3, OC12 etc.
Digital Lines and Speeds
Line Speed
DS0 64Kpbs
ISDN 128 Kbps (BRI) 2 DSO (B channels)
T1 1.544 Mbps 24 DSO
T3 43.232 Mbps 28 T1
OC3 155 Mbps 100 T1
OC12 622 Mbps 4 OC3
OC48 2.5 Gbps 4 OC12
OC192 9.6 Gbps 4 OC48
Source: www.howstuffworks.com
Speed
• Faster backbones are providing faster access to the Internet
• Internet2 is a joint venture project between many universities to develop a high-speed Internet– This development, however, is very
likely to be spearheaded by the industry given the commercial attractiveness of providing fast Internet access
High-Speed Internet (Abeline)
Abeline Update
Source: http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf
Internet Traffic
Source: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm
Internet Traffic Status in Asia
Source:
Asia Traffic Index
Response Time to Asia
Packet Loss in Asia
Connection Hierarchy
Definition of Terms
• POP (Point of Presence)• NAP (National Access Points)• High-speed backbone network
service
End of Module
Module
Communication Infrastructure:The Protocols
Protocol of the Internet
• TCP/IP
IP Addressing
• 32-bit numbering system– Divided into network ID and host ID
• Grouped into Classes A, B, C, D and E– Classes A, B and C are the ones relevant to
commercial use
• Several IP addresses have been reserved for private and other uses– Addresses used in Network Address
Translation (NAT)– Addresses used of IP multicasting
TCP/IP Model
ISO/OSI Model
Mapping of the Models
Meeting the Demand for IP Addresses
• DHCP• Network Address Translation (NAT)• IPv6• Classless Inter Domain Routing
(CIDR)
Some Application Layer Protocol
• HTTP, HTTPS• FTP• Telnet• POP3• IMAP• SMTP• DNS• DHCP• SNMP
• X.500• LDAP
For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer
Transport Layer Protocols
• TCP• UDP• ICMP• OSPF• SPX• NetBEUI• SMB• For more information access:
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer
Internet Layer Protocols
• IPv4, IPv6• ARP • NWLink• NetBEIU
Network Interface Layer Protocols
• Ethernet• Token Ring• IEEE 802.11x• PPP • X.25 • FDDI• Frame Relay• ISDN• ATM
• T and E carriers • OC carriers• xDSL• Cable Modem
Some Popular Ports and Protocols
• 80 – HTTP– Web services
• 20/21 – FTP
Additional Port Information
• Extensive list of port numbers at IANA
• http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
Some Useful TCP/IP Commands
• ping• ipconfig• finger• hostname• nslookup• tracert• nbtstat• netstat
• telnet• ftp
Further Information on TCP/IP Commands
• In Windows XP help, search for “TCP/IP Utilities and Services”
• Access Garry Kessler’s manual at:– http://www.garykessler.net/library/
rfc2151.pdf
End of Module
Module
Domains and DNS Infrastructure
Top Level Domain (TLD) Extensions
• “There are two types of top-level domains, generic and country code, plus a special top-level domain (.arpa) for Internet infrastructure. Generic domains were created for use by the Internet public, while country code domains were created to be used by individual countries as they deemed necessary.”
• Source: http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm
The Three Top-Level Domains
• Country Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp, .us, etc.)
• Generic Domains (.aero, .biz, .com, .coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil, .museum, .name, .net, .org, and .pro)
• Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)
Country Extensions
• http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
Domain Extensions
• Some prominent domain names– .com, .edu, .org,
• Some interesting newer domain names– .net, .pro
More Information on Domain Extensions
• Some useful information on qualifications, contact etc. can be obtained by navigating through the following IANA web link– http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm
Where to Find Domain Registrant Information?
– http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml
Internet Domain Growth
Source: http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/
Root Name Server Details
• ftp://ftp.internic.net/domain/named.root
Accredited Domain Name Registrar Directory
• Companies that are accredited by ICANN – http://www.internic.net/alpha.html
End of Module
Module
Internet Agencies
Important Internet Groups
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB) • The Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG)• Internet Society (ISOC) • Internet Assigned Numbers Authori
ty (IANA)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• “The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual.” - IETF
• http://www.ietf.org
IETF Working Groups
• The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). The IETF holds meetings three times per year.” – IETF
• The IETF working groups are grouped into areas, and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADs are members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB also adjudicates appeals when someone complains that the IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes. “
Functional Overview of IETF
• http://www.ietf.org/tao.html
Internet Society
• “The Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professional membership society with more than 150 organization and 16,000 individual members in over 180 countries. It provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organization home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). “ - ISOC
• http://www.isoc.org/
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• “The IAB is chartered both as a committee of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and as an advisory body of the Internet Society (ISOC). Its responsibilities include architectural oversight of IETF activities, Internet Standards Process oversight and appeal, and the appointment of the RFC Editor. The IAB is also responsible for the management of the IETF protocol parameter registries.” – IAB
IAB Access
• http://www.iab.org/
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
• “The central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols.” - IETF
• “It is chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) to act as the clearinghouse to assign and coordinate the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters.” - IETF
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• “The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an internationally organized, non-profit corporation that has responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol identifier assignment, generic (gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name system management, and root server system management functions. These services were originally performed under U.S. Government contract by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and other entities. ICANN now performs the IANA function.” - ICANN
ICANN
• Home page– http://www.icann.org/
• Further Information on ICANN’s role– http://www.icann.org/tr/english.html
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
• “We at the American Registry for Internet Numbers manage the Internet numbering resources for North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. A full list of countries in the ARIN region can be found by clicking here. As a nonprofit corporation with a bottom-up, community-based structure, our focus is completely on serving our members and the Internet community at large.” – ARIN
More About ARIN
• http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.html
ARIN Equivalent in Asia
• Asia Pacific– http://www.apnic.net/
National Registries
• For further information of national domain registries for different countries access the following site:– http://www.norid.no/
domenenavnbaser/domreg.html
Council of Registrars (CORE)
• “CORE is an international not-for-profit association of Registrars constituted under Swiss Law. CORE is active in the Domain Name Registration area since 1997.” -CORE
• Access at:– http://www.corenic.org/
More on CORE
• “CORE's members are professional registrars from various areas (Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific) who handle domain name registration on behalf of customers. Currently CORE has members in present in 14 countries and manage in total over 400,000 domain names in various TLDs.
• CORE also acts as Registry Operator for two Sponsored TLDs, .aero and .museum. “ - CORE
Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)
• Provides the public with information regarding internet domain name registration services
• http://www.internic.net/
All About Registering a Domain
• FAQ on domain registration from InterNIC– http://www.internic.net/
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)– “To promote research of importance
to the evolution of the future Internet by creating focused, long-term and small Research Groups working on topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture and technology.” - IRTF
– http://www.irtf.org/
World Wide Web (W3) Consortium
• “The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. W3C is a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. “ –W3
• http://www.w3.org/
A Sample Work of W3C
• For more information on W3C’s work on the http protocol
• http://www.w3.org/Protocols/
National Telecommunication and Information Administration (NTIA)
• “The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) is the Executive Branch agency principally responsible for domestic and international telecommunications and information policy issues. “ - NTIA
NTIA Responsibilities
• NTIA also manages the Federal use of the spectrum; administers infrastructure grants to support the development of a national information infrastructure accessible to all Americans; manages public telecommunications facilities grants designed to maintain and extend the public broadcasting infrastructure; and performs cutting-edge telecommunications research and engineering, including resolving technical telecommunications issues for the Federal government and private sector. “ - NTIA
Access NTIA
• http://www.ntia.doc.gov/
VeriSign©
• Manages the .com and .net domains
• Access at:– http://www.verisign.com/products-
services/naming-and-directory-services/index.html
Network Solutions
• One of the largest and earliest domain name registrars
• http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGWI3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=162872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162872
References
• ARIN• High speed internet backbone• North American Network Operators
Group
End of Module
End of Chapter