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International Standards
for Geographic Information
EduServ 14, 2016
Wolfgang Kresse
University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg
ISO/TC 211
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Organisations
3 ISO and ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information / Geomatics“
3.1 Structure and history
3.2 Basic standards
3.3 Geometry standards
3.4 Non-geometry standards
4 Open Geospatial Consortium
5 Interrelations
Modelling
1 Introduction
Examples for standards
ISO 19115-1 “Metadata – Part 1: Fundamentals“
OGC City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Encoding Standard
TIFF 6.0
Perspectives on Standards
Linguistic perspective and types of standards
de-jure standard (French “la norme”, German “die Norm”)
Companies develop industry standards: de-facto standard
IT-business and geomatics, consortia of companies ensure interoperability:
Also de-facto standards
Economic perspective
Standardisation avoids the costs
Participation in the standardisation process puts companies ahead of others
Standards enable a company to utilise a range of suppliers
Standards support the legislation process
User’s perspective
If technology is mature, then users expect standardised solutions that are simple,
fast, and effective. Example: GeoTIFF
System manufacturer’s perspective
Government agencies and other customers have forced the manufacturers
to open their systems and support standardised interfaces.
If standardisation is pushed towards an implemented solution the companies not
only have to pay for drafting the standard’s documentation but also for
Programming the implementation.
Development group’s perspective
In the IT-domain, standardisation is very closely related to the design of
computer systems.
Choosing the right moment to launch a standard development is probably the
most critical decision in the process.
National perspective
The principles of standardisation are: do it once, do it right, do it internationally.
Hierarchy of standards
Usually the IT-domain recognises three levels:
abstract, implementation, and interface.
Classification of standards
Top level Bottom level Explanation
Level of coverage International
Multinational, Regional
National
Local
Level of Recommended practice advisory document
prescriptiveness
Information report informative document
Standard, normative documents
Technical specification
Classification of standards
Top level Bottom level Explanation
Function Design standards focus on user consistency in respect to product
structure and appearance.
Examples: zip-codes and metadata.
Interface standards Example: communication protocols
Framework standards foundations of multiple products and services
Examples: metric system, Coordinate Reference System
Performance standards results oriented and do not specify how to do it.
Example: braking distance
Testing methods provide consistent and replicable methods for
assuring quality and compliances.
Examples: crash tests, conformance testing
Terminology creates agreements on what words mean,
accelerating contracting and minimizing confusion
Classification of standards
Top level Bottom level Explanation
Development De-facto standards arise from market forces;
process most successful when dominant participants
can “dictate” standards;
also help speed the entry of smaller
competitors, especially when standards are
open and not proprietary
Regulatory standards by public agencies through rule-making;
best for public safety and health or
emission standards for automobiles
Consensus standards either voluntary agreements or set via
Standards Developing Organisations
(SDOs) like ISO
Terminology of standardisation
ISO, CEN standards
OGC de-facto standards, industry standards
Legal force of standards
State-of-the-art
The application of a standard is not compulsory
A standard is binding, if it is said so in a contract
Often standards are referenced by laws
2 Organisations
Standardisation organisations
Industry standards
Standards
France
German-speaking UK
Standardisation
Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN)
European standardisation, headquarters in Brussels
Geospatial standards: CEN/TC 287 „Geographic information“
All geospatial CEN-standards adopted from ISO/TC 211
Active: 1992 – 1999 and 2008 – 2016 (?)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
International community
Member organizations
Full-time staff
Public work
Develop Web standards
Chairs Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee
CEO Jeffrey Jaffe
Addresses
W3C/MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
W3C/ERCIM, Sophia-Antipolis, France
W3C/Keio, Kanagawa, Japan
16
HTTP-protocol
• HTTP defined in IETF RFC 2616
• URL defined in IETF RFC 2396
• http://subdomain.domain[:port]/service?schlüssel=wert&schlüssel=wert
• Length of a request: 2048 characters maximum
Example:
http://localhost/mapserv?map=/mapbender_2.5.1/data/mapfiles/ \
gisanschulen2e.map&VERSION=1.1.1&REQUEST=GetCapabilities \
&SERVICE=WMS
• GET Receive data, identified by the URL
• HEAD Show HTTP-Header
• PUT Send data to the specified URL
• DELETE Delete data from the specified URL
• POST Create a new object at the specified URL
• LINK Link an existing object with a specified object
• UNLINK Remove a link
3 ISO and ISO/TC 211
“Geographic information / Geomatics”
3.1 Structure and history
Overview ISO
ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation)
Founded in 1947
Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
Today with more than 100 national standardisation bodies
Budget: 70% membership fees, 30% selling of standards
TC 211 “Geographic information / Geomatics” since 1994
Close cooperation with the OGC since 1998
ISO
Principles of Standardisation
• Consensus
• Industry-wide
• Voluntary
Standardisation procedure in ISO
1. Proposal stage New Work Item Proposal (NWIP)
2. Preparatory stage Working Draft (WD)
3. Committee stage Committee Draft (CD)
4. Enquiry stage Draft International Standard (DIS)
5. Approval stage Final Draft International Standard (FDIS)
6. Publication stage International Standard (IS)
Deliverables of ISO:
ISO Standard
ISO/PAS – ISO Publicly Available Specification
ISO/TS – ISO Technical Specification
ISO/TR – ISO Technical Report
IWA – International Workshop Agreement
Structure of ISO-committees: TC = Technical Committee
SC = Subcommittee
WG = Working Group
PT = Project Team
Beginning of the standardization of geographic information / geomatics
CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation) / TC 287 “Geographic information”, 1991
AFNOR (Agence France du Norme)
Prestandards and other deliverables of CEN/TC 287
ENV 12009 Reference model
ENV 12160 Data description – spatial schema
ENV 12656 Data description – quality
ENV 12657 Data description – metadata
ENV 12658 Data description – transfer
ENV 12661 Referencing systems – geographic identifiers
ENV 12762 Referencing systems – direct position
prENV 13376 Rules for application schema
CR 13425 Overview
CR 13436 Vocabulary
dormant from 1994 to 2008
History and work of ISO/TC 211
Driving forces NATO geomatics Working Group DGIWG,
national standards efforts in the U.S. and Canada
Others International Hydrographic Organization (IHO),
CEN/TC 278 “Geographic Data Files”
Structure of ISO/TC 211
Abbreviations
Earlier WGs (before 2001)
Today’s WGs
(after 2001)
Information Ubiquitous management public access
9 10
Olaf Østensen (ISO/TC 211), Alan Morrison (ISO), Bjørnhild Sæterøy (ISO/TC 211)
Statistics
The work of ISO/TC 211 can be described in the following numbers (March 2016) :
ISO-deliverables
Total of about 75 standardization projects
68 International Standards (IS) completed
2 Technical Reports (TR)
1 Review Summary (RS)
about 5 standardization projects withdrawn
Presently 30 projects active
1st International Standard: ISO 19105:2000 “Conformance and testing”
1st Technical Report: ISO/TR 19121:2000 “Imagery and gridded data”
Members
37 P-members
28 O-members
31 External liaison members
15 Internal liaison members
2 Relations to CEN Technical Committees (Europe)
About 600 individuals involved since 1994
Meetings: 41 plenary meetings until March 2016
Advisory groups Advisory group on Outreach
Advisory group on Strategy
Thematic groups Programme Maintenance Group
Harmonized Model Maintenance Group
Terminology Maintenance Groups
ISO/TC 211 – OGC Joint Advisory Group
XML maintenance group (XMG)
ISO/TC 211 Control Body for the ISO Geodetic Registry
Recommendations for the specification of cultural and linguistic adaptability (CLA)
Control Body for the Geodetic Registry Network
Ontology Maintenance Group
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study Group on Sensor Networks
Task Force ISO/TC211 – ISO/TC204
Task Force on Smart City
United Nations initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM)
Ad hoc groups Ad hoc group on Best practices for UML modelling
Ad hoc group on Producing documentation from UML models
Ad hoc group on GIS-BIM
Ad hoc group on Linked data
Ad hoc group on Metadata management
Ad hoc group on Management system standards
Ad hoc group to Revise the business plan
Ad hoc group on XML
External Liaison
ISO/TC 211 (status 2014)
30
Membership
of the ISO/TC 211
2008
2015
31
Project leaders and
editors of the ISO/TC 211
2008
2015
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Founded in 1906
In 2003, the IEC had 55 member countries and 10 associated member countries
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1)
Founded in 1987, international Information Technology standardisation.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Founded in 1866
Represents all countries in the world
Subdivided into three sectors: the Radiotelecommunication Sector
(ITU-R), the Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T),
and the Telecommunication Development Bureau (ITU-D)
The activities of the Telecommunication standardisation for network
hardware and network protocols
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
ISO/IEC JTC1 (Joint Technical Committee 1)
SC24 (Subcommittee) SC32 SC34 other SCs
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC24: Computer graphics and image processing
GKS, GKS-3D, PHIGS, CGM, CGI,
PNG (Portable Network Graphics),
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language),
BIIF (Basic Image Interchange Format)
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC32: Data management and interchange
SQL/MM (Structured QueryLanguage/MultiMedia)
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34: Document description and processing languages
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup L.),
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Geometry standards
First generation
ISO 7942:1976 “GKS” (Graphical Kernel System) 2D, vector,
Chateau Seillac, France
ISO 8805 “GKS-3D” linear segment storage
ISO 9592 “PHIGS” (Programmer’s Hierarchical
Interactive Graphic System) hierarchical segment storage
ISO 8632 “CGM” (Computer Graphics Metafile)
ISO 9636 “CGI” (Computer Graphics Interface)
3.2 Basic standards of ISO/TC 211
ISO 19101-1 “Reference model”
Viewpoints of the
ISO/IEC 10746 “Open Distributed Processing – Reference Model”
ISO/IEC 14481
“Conceptual Schema Modeling Facilities
(CSMF)”
Meta-meta-model:
description with natural language
Meta-model:
formalized language (UML)
Application-model:
specific application
Data-model:
datasets
ISO 19101-2 “Reference model – Part 2: Imagery”
Enterprise viewpoint
purpose, scope and policies for the system
Information viewpoint
relationships of raw sensed data to higher semantic content information
John Herring, Oracl: Nashua, NH, USA,
Chairman Harmonized Model Management Group
ISO/TC 211: Harmonized Model
Conceptual schema language (ISO 19103)
UML
Required for all ISO/TC 211 standards: UML, Unified Modelling Language
Origin: Three American “software methodologists”:
Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson.
Normative models are class-diagrams and package diagrams.
Example:
Conceptual schema language (ISO 19103)
UML
Kinds of relationships in UML
A relationship between an element and the subelements
Generalization that may be substituted for it
Dependency The use of one element by another
Refinement A shift in levels of abstraction
Association A semantic connection between two instances
Aggregation A part-of relationship
Composition Strong aggregation, children are deleted if parent is deleted
Conceptual schema language (ISO 19103)
UML
Primitive types in ISO 19103
Data type Examples
Integer 123, -65547
Decimal 12.34
Real 12.34, -1.234E-4
Vector (123, 456, 789)
CharacterString “This is a nice place”
Date 2003-02-19
Time 13.59:30 or 13:59:30-05:00
DateTime 2003-02-19T13:59:30
Boolean TRUE, FALSE
Conceptual schema language (ISO 19103)
UML
Stereotypes shall augment the readability of larger UML diagrams.
<<applicationSchema>> package representing an a.s. as defined in ISO 19109
<<baseSchema>> package defining items of geographic information
<<codeList>> flexible enumeration, list of potential values
<<dataType>> class whose primary purpose is to hold information
<<enumeration>> fixed list of valid identifiers. Attributes may only take values from this list.
<<featureType>> feature type as defined by the General Feature Model in ISO 19109.
<<interface>> abstract classifier, which can only inherit from or be inherited by other interfaces
<<leaf>> package that contains definitions, without any sub packages
<<metaclass>> A class whose instances are classes (metamodels, metaclasses)
<<metamodel>> package that defines a language for expressing a model
<<union>> type consisting of one and only one of several alternatives
<<voidable>> identifies an attribute or association role as optional
<<type>> set of abstract attributes and associations
Examples for the use of stereotypes
Terminology (ISO 19104)
Terminology spreadsheet, excel
Update every six months by Andrew Jones, Australia
Latest issue: 2169 lines, 38 columns
Conformance and testing (ISO 19105)
The ISO 19105 sets the rules for the conformance tests of all ISO-standards
for geographic information.
Structures of the test
preparation for testing
test campaign
analysis of results
conformance test report
The conformance assessment process is carried out by an independent testing
laboratory.
Real world: Certification by the Open Geospatial Consortium
Conformance and testing (ISO 19105)
Real world: Certification by the Open Geospatial Consortium
Profiles (ISO 19106)
Subset of the ISO 19100 standards
Rules for application schema (ISO 19109)
Definition of a geographic feature: General feature model (GFM)
Services (ISO 19119)
Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP):
Five viewpoints:
One of them, the computational viewpoint, addresses the services.
IT Service types:
Human Interaction Service (ITHS)
Model Management Service (ITMS)
Workflow/Task Service (ITWS)
System Management Service (ITSS)
Processing Service (ITPS)
Communication Service (ITCS)
Interface types:
Application Programming Interface (API)
Human Technology Interface (HTI)
Information Service Interface (ISI)
Communications Service Interface (CSI)
Network-to-Network interface (network itself)
3.3 Geometry standards of ISO/TC 211
Geometry-standards
ISO/TC 211 “Geographic information / Geomatics”
ISO 19107 ISO 19123 ISO 19125-1 “Spatial schema” “Coverage” “Simple Features”
ISO 19136 OGC GML simple
“Geography Markup Language, features profile GML”
OGC City Geography
Markup Language “CityGML”
Geometry standards
Relation between the six geometry and imagery standards
Spatial schema (ISO 19107)
GM_LineString GM_Geodesic (orthodrome)
GM_ArcString GM_ArcStringByBulge
GM_Conic GM_Clothoid GM_PolynomialSpline
Spatial schema (ISO 19107)
GM_Triangle GM_PolyhedralSurface GM_Tin
GM_Cone GM_Cylinder GM_Sphere
GM_GriddedSurface GM_BilinearGrid GM_BicubicGrid
Spatial schema
(ISO 19107)
Simple Features (ISO 19125-1)
LineString MultiLineString
Polygons with 1, 2, and 3 LinearRings MultiPolygon
Simple Features (ISO 19125-1)
Simple Features (ISO 19125-1)
Applied in geodatabases
Oracle Spatial
PostGIS on PostgreSQL
Esri-products
etc.
Abstract data type Polygon
CREATE TABLE Settlements
( Name VARCHAR(30),
Population INTEGER,
Geometry POLYGON );
Settlements
Population Geometry
Coverage (ISO 19123)
CV_DiscretePointCoverage CV_DiscreteCurveCoverage CV_DiscreteSurfaceCoverage
CV_DiscreteSolidCoverage CV_DiscreteGridPointCoverage CV_ThiessenPolygonCoverage
(6,2) (15,3) (24,2)
(3,12)
(11,11)(20,12)
(31,7)
(3,21)(12,20)
(20,22)
(28,17)
Coverage (ISO 19123)
Rectified grid (affine transformation) Referenceable grid (non-affine transformation)
Hexagonal grid coverage Triangulated irregular network (Tin)
(11,2)
(15, 10)
(9, 9)
(7, 11)
(4, 5)
(4, 8)
(1, 7)
(2, 11)
CV_GeometryValuePair
CV_DiscretePointCoverage
CV_DiscreteCurveCoverage
CV_DiscreteSurfaceCoverage
CV_DiscreteSolidCoverage
CV_DiscreteGridPointCoverage
CV_PointValuePair
CV_CurveValuePair
CV_SurfaceValuePair
CV_SolidValuePair
CV_GridPointValuePair
GM_Point
GM_Curve
GM_Surface
GM_Solid
GM_Point
CV ValueObject CV_GeometryValuePair
CV_ThiessenPolygonCoverage CV_ThiessenValuePolygon
CV_GridValueCell CV_GridPointValuePair
CV_GridPoint
GM_Point
CV_HexagonalGridCoverage CV_ValueHexagon
CV_TINCoverage CV_ValueTriangle
CV_SegmentedCurveCoverage CV_ValueCurve CV_ValueSegment
CV_PointValuePair
Value
GM_Point
GM_Point
Value
GM_Point
GM_Point
Value
GM_Curve
CV_ContinuousQuadrilateralGridCoverage
CV_PointValuePair
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
CV_GridPointValuePair
Value
Value
GM_PointCV_PointValuePair
CV_GridValuesMatrix
CV_Grid
GM_PointCV_GridPointCV_GridCell
CV_GridValuesMatrix
CV_Grid
CV_GridValuesMatrix
CV_GridCell CV_GridPoint GM_Point
CV_Grid
CV_GridCell
CV_ContinuousCoverage
CV_DiscreteCoverage
CV_Coverage SC_CRS
Coverage
(ISO 19123)
Charles Roswell,
USA
Geography Markup
Language, GML
(ISO 19136)
LineStringSegment
ArcString
ArcStringByBulge
ArcByCenterPoint
CubicSpline
BSpline
_CurveSegmentCurve
LineString _Curve
OrientableCurve
CompositeCurve
Point
_G
eom
etri
cPri
mit
ive
CircleBy
SurfaceInterpolationType<<Enumeration>>
parametricCurve
triangulatedSplinerationalSplinepolynomialSpline
planarnone
conicellipticalspherical
tin
circularArcCenterPointWithRadiuscircularArc3PointsWithBulge
linear
rationalSplinecubicSplinepolynomialSpline
CircularArc3Pointsconicclothoidellipticalgeodesic
CurveInterpolation<<Enumeration>
Geo
met
ricC
om
ple
x _
Geo
met
ricA
gg
reg
ate
MultiSolid
MultiSurface
MultiCurve
MultiPoint
MultiGeometry
CompositeSolid
Solid
CompositeSurface
OrientableSurface
Surface
Polygon
geometry primitives
_Solid
_Surface
_SurfacePatch
_Ring
Bezier
Knot
CircleArc
CenterPoint
closed collection of
_Geometry SC_CRS
Imagery-standards
ISO 19101-2 “Reference model – Part 2: Imagery”
Georeferencing Metadata Calibration
ISO 19115-2 “Metadata – Part 2:
Extensions for imagery
and gridded data”
ISO 19130-1 ISO 19130-2 “Imagery sensor models „Imagery sensor models for
for geopositioning” geopositioning - Part 2:
SAR/InSAR, Lidar and Sonar“
ISO 19159-1 ISO 19159-2 ISO 19159-3 “Calibration and “Calibration and “Calibration and
validation of remote validation of remote validation of remote
sensing imagery sensors sensing imagery sensors sensing imagery sensors
– Part 1: Optical sensors” – Part 2: Lidar” – Part 3: SAR/InSAR”
3.4 Non-geometry standards of ISO/TC 211
Metadata
Metadata – Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO 19115-1)
Metadata – Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data (ISO 19115-2)
Metadata – Part 3: XML schema implementation of metadata fundamentals
(ISO 19115-3)
Metadata standards developed by Dave Danko, Esri, CA and VA, USA
Metadata – Part 1: Fundamentals (ISO 19115-1)
427 metadata elements,
example: number 16, language
Metadata – Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data (ISO 19115-2)
138 metadata elements
Metadata – Part 3: XML schema implementation of metadata fundamentals
(ISO 19115-3)
Data quality (ISO 19157)
Three formerly separate standards ISO 19113 “Quality principles”,
ISO 19114 “Quality evaluation procedures”, and ISO/TS 19138 “Data quality measures”
Project lead: Sweden
Quality principles
The “data quality elements” contain quantitative quality information.
Completeness Negative example: missing road data
Logical consistency The application schema distinguishes between public and private houses.
The dataset distinguishes between low and high buildings.
Spatial accuracy The absolute point accuracy is 10 cm (diagonal)
Temporal quality The date of the data compilation was August 2010.
Thematic accuracy Areas have been classified according to remotely sensed imagery as
meadow although, in reality, they were swamps.
Usability A product specification fully applies for the intended purpose.
However, the data are 12 years old.
Data quality (ISO 19157)
Quality measures Completeness
Similar quality measures for other quality principles
Commission
C.1 excess item indication that an item is incorrectly present in the data
C.2 number of excess items number of items within the dataset that should not have
been in the dataset
C.3 Rate of excess items number of excess items in the dataset in relation to the
number of items that should have been present
C.4 number of duplicate feature instances total number of exact duplications of feature instances
within the data
Omission
C.5 missing item indicator that shows that a specific item is missing in
the data
C.6 number of missing items count of all items that should have been in the dataset
and are missing
C.7 rate of missing items number of missing items in the dataset in relation to the
number of items that should have been present
Spatial referencing by coordinates
(ISO 19111)
Spatial referencing by coordinates – Extension for parametric values
(ISO 19111-2)
Geodetic codes and parameters
(ISO 19127)
Well known text representation of coordinate reference systems
(ISO 19162)
Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111)
A Coordinate Reference System may be
geodetic
vertical
engineering
image
Subtypes of Coordinate Reference Systems
derived
projected
compound
Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111)
Coordinate System subtypes
Spatial referencing by coordinates – Extension for parametric values
(ISO 19111-2)
Combination of a horizontal spatial Coordinate Reference System with a non-
spatial third dimension, e.g. the "pressure altitude" in aviation.
Geodetic codes and parameters
(ISO 19127)
Supported by NATO
Well known text representation of coordinate reference systems
(ISO 19162)
Well Known Text (WKT) offers a compact machine- and human-readable
representation of geometric objects, including Coordinate Reference Systems.
Example for a spatio-parametric CRS
COMPOUNDCRS["ICAO layer 0",
GEODETICCRS["WGS 84",
DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
LENGTHUNIT["metre",1.0]]],
CS[ellipsoidal,2],
AXIS["latitude",north,ORDER[1]],
AXIS["longitude",east,ORDER[2]],
ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
PARAMETRICCRS["WMO standard atmosphere",
PARAMETRICDATUM["Mean Sea Level",
ANCHOR["Mean Sea Level = 1013.25 hPa"]],
CS[parametric,1],
AXIS["pressure (P)",unspecified],
PARAMETRICUNIT["HectoPascal",100]]]
EPSG-Codes
The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset is a collection of definitions of
coordinate reference systems and coordinate transformations
Origin: European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG), UK
Today maintained by IOGP, International Association of Oil and Gas Producers
Adopted by the Open Geospatial Consortium in 2001
Developed by Roger Lott, UK
NTv2, National Transformation, version 2
De facto standard for the transformation of geospatial data from one coordinate reference
system to another
Developed by the NRCan’s Geodetic Survey in the mid-nineties
2D
Two Austrian institutions – Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen and
Technische Universität Wien – have indicated an interest in extending the NTv2 to the
third dimension.
Recent attempts and results at other places:
• Inefficient mechanism for vertical data storage and access
• New format is required, with many of the attributes of the NTv2 file structure
Involved experts:
Roger Lott, UK, Mike Cramer, NRCan/Can., Dave Danko, Esri/USA, Keith Ryden, Esri/USA.
Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152)
Intention: Help building modern property cadastre systems
In particular in those countries which do not have a century of cadastral tradition
Structure: Abstract, conceptual schema with five basic packages
(1) parties (people and organizations),
(2) rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (ownership rights),
(3) spatial units (parcels, buildings and networks),
(4) spatial sources (surveying), and
(5) spatial descriptions (geometry and topology)
Project lead: The Netherlands
Preservation of digital data and metadata (ISO 19165)
Preliminary works:
ISO 14721:2012 “Space data and information transfer systems – Open archival
information system (OAIS) – Reference model”
GI+100: 16 principles for the archival of geospatial data, published by the
European National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies:
Archiving of digital Geographic Information begins at the point of data
creation, rather than at the point of withdrawal from active systems (1).
Be selective and decide what to archive and what to lose (3).
Consider preservation timeframes of 1, 10, 100 years (4).
Geographical data should be preserved in a way that non geo-specialists
can handle (8).
Preservation of digital data and metadata (ISO 19165)
Earlier standard: Space data and information transfer systems – Open archival
information system (OAIS) – Reference model (ISO 14721)
Input: Submission Information Package (SIP)
Storage: Archival Information Package (AIP)
Output: Dissemination Information Package (DIP)
Preservation Principles of the ISO 19165
Prioritization Proposed categories 1 year, 10 years, 100 years, more
Data formats Format registry
Database Persistent understanding of the technology for accessing this dataset.
Properties Assumptions about the future potential use of the data
Level of aggregation Which levels of detail are required for archival?
Gold copy To increase reliability, copy in an open format
Intellectual property rights Authoritative geospatial data often possess legal restrictions (copyrights, authority to modify representation, agreements with external organizations)
Time Many geospatial data are continuously updated such as cadastral data
(time slices)
class Preserv ation Metadata
GP_Preserv ationMetadata
Metadata Information::
MD_Metadata
MD_AssociatedResource
Context Information::GP_AssociatedResource
+ relationType :GP_RelationTypeCode [0..1]OAIS_PackagingInformation
Packaging Information::
GP_PackagingInformation
+ packageIdentifier :MD_identifier
- packageType :GP_PackageType
MD_Usage
Value,
justification and
strategy::
GP_Usage
Lineage information::LI_Lineage
+ statement :CharacterString [0..1]
+ scope :MD_Scope [0..1]
+ additionalDocumentation :CI_Citation [0..*]
Distribution information::
MD_Distribution
+ description :CharacterString [0..1]
Value, justification and strategy::
GP_ValueAndPreserv ationStrategy
+ preservationStrategyPolicy :CI_Citation [0..1]
+ nextReview :CI_PreservationReview [0..1]
constraints
{dueDate:CI_Date:dateType=expiry}
Acces Rights::GP_Acquisition
+ donor :CI_Responsibil ity [1..*]
+ acquisitionEvent :CharacterString [0..1]
+ acquisitionStatus :CharacterString [0..1]
+ rightsClearanceStatement :CharacterString [0..1]
+ preservationCopiesAllowed :Boolean
+distributionInfo 0..*
+resourceLineage 0..* +preservationActions
0..1
+archivalInfo1..*
+resourceUsage
0..*
+associatedResource0..*
+valueAndStrategy 0..1
+adquisition 0..*
Preservation of digital data and metadata (ISO 19165):
Top-level classes of the metadata model for preservation (reddish) and
the related classes of the ISO 19115-1 (white).
Roadmap to the ISO 19100 standards
4 Open Geospatial Consortium
Goals: Enablement of interoperability of geospatial data
Founded in 1994, presently with over 500 members
President and Chief Executive Officer of the Open Geospatial Consortium:
Mark Reichardt
Open Geospatial Consortium: Members (examples)
Software-
Producers
Hardware-
Producers
Software-
Producers
Administration
Data
producers
Universities
Research-Labs
OGC Abstract Specifications – Overview
1 AS
for each
Topic
Modelled
in UML
Overview over important OGC Web Services
90
Membership of the OGC
2008
2015
5 Interrelations
Cooperation
Cooperative Agreement 1998 CEN may adopt ISO standards
DIN must adopt
CEN standards
DIN may cooperate
with ISO
DIN may adopt
ISO standards
Fundamental
Central
Workhorses
hardly used
Individuals
Base standards ISO 19101-1 Reference model
ISO 19101-2 Reference model, Imagery
ISO 19104 Terminology
ISO 19105 Conformance and testing
ISO 19106 Profile
Modelling ISO 19103 Demand of UML
ISO 19109 Application schema
ISO 19110 Feature catalogues
ISO 19118 Encoding
Geometry ISO 19107 Spatial schema
ISO 19136 GML
CityGML
ISO 19125 Simple features
ISO 19123 Coverages ISO 19137 Core profiles
SDI ISO 19128 WMS
ISO 19142 WFS
ISO 19143 Filter encoding
Web Catalogue S.
Web Coverage S.
Web Coordinate Trans.S.
Styled Layer Descriptor
KML
Imagery ISO 19130-1/-2 Georeferencing
ISO 19159-1/-2 Calibration
ISO 19163 Content components (format)
Sensor ML
Geodetic reference ISO 19111 Coordinates ISO 19111-2 Parametric values
ISO 19112 Identifiers
ISO 19162 wkt coordinates ISO 19127 Geodetic codes
ISO 19161 Geodetic reference
Time ISO 19108 Temporal schema
Registry ISO 19135 Registry ISO 19126 Concept dictionaries
ISO 19145 Point registration
Location Based Services ISO 19132
ISO 19133
ISO 19134 Geospatial rights ISO 19153 Management
ISO 19149 Expression language
Metadata ISO 19115-1 MD
ISO 19115-2 MD imagery
ISO 19115-3 MD, xml
Quality ISO 19157 Quality ISO 19158 Quality assurance
gone, no relevance ISO 19102
ISO 19113
ISO 19114
ISO 19120
ISO 19121
ISO 19122
ISO 19124
ISO 19138
ISO 19139
ISO 19140
Cartography ISO 19117
Classification ISO 19144-1/-2
Cadastre ISO 19152
Measurement ISO 19156
Ontology ISO 19150-1/-2/-3/-4
Ubiquitous GIS ISO 19147 Transfer nodes
ISO 19148 Linear referencing
ISO 19151 Logical location
ISO 19154 Ubiquitous GIS
ISO 19155 Place identifiers
Addressing ISO 19160
Standards overview
most important groups of standards implementation level standards
Modelling
ISO/TS 19159-1
UML-class-diagram
ISO/TS 19159-1
XML Schema
Access library
(e.g. java)
ShapeChange
ISO/TC 211: Shape change
The End
