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International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
I
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
II
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
III
Editors’ Note
This international seminar on Language Maintenance and Shift II is a continuation of the previous
international seminar with the same theme conducted by the Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro
University in July 2011. We do hope that the seminar with this theme can become a yearly program of the
Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University, as we see that this topic still needs our serious
attention due to the inevitable impact of globalization on the life of indigenous languages.
We would like to thank the seminar committee for putting together the seminar that gave rise to this
collection of papers. Thanks also go to the head and secretary of the Master Program in Linguistics
Diponegoro University, without whom the seminar would not have been possible.
The table of contents lists all the papers presented at the seminar. The first five papers are those presented
by invited keynote speakers. They are Prof. Dr. Hanna (Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara,
Indonesia), Prof. Dr. Bambang Kaswanti Purwo (Atma Jaya Catholic University, Indonesia), Dr.
Sugiyono (Language Center, Indonesia), Peter Suwarno, Ph.D (Arizona State University), and Herudjati
Purwoko, Ph.D (Diponegoro University).
In terms of the topic areas, there are 33 papers on language maintenance, 24 papers on language learning,
19 paper on sociolinguistics, 15 paper on pragmatics, 8 papers on discourse analysis, 8 paper on
morphology, 2 papers on syntax, 2 papers on translation, 1 papers on psycholinguistics, 1 papers on
phonology, and 1 papers on semantics.
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
IV
CONTENTS
Editor’s note
BAHASA DAERAH PADA ERA GLOBALISASI PELUANG DAN TANTANGANNYA
Hanna 1
PENANGANAN BAHASA DAERAH: SEBUAH TANTANGAN
Sugiyono 9
LINGUISTIC DOMAINS: KEYS TO THE MAINTENANCE OF JAVANESE
Herudjati Purwoko 16
REVITALISASI BUDAYA NGA-DONGENG LEWAT TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
SEBAGAI UPAYA PELESTARIAN BUDAYA TUTUR (SASTRA LISAN) DIKALANGAN
KELUARGA SUNDA MODERN
Asih Prihandini & Denny Nugraha 28
MENGURAI DILEMA BAHASA KAILI DITENGAH ARUS GLOBALISASI
Deni Karsana 33
THE IMPORTANCE OF POSITIVE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE IN MAINTAINING
JAVANESE LANGUAGE
Dwi Wulandari 39
LANGUAGE ATTRITION IN JAVA (SOME NOTES ON THE PROSSES OF JAVANESES
LANGUAGE LOSS)
Hendarto Supatra 44
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL
Hidayatul Astar 51
PERANAN BAHASA-BAHASA DAERAH DALAM PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA GAUL
REMAJA INDONESIA
I Dewa Putu Wijana 55
KARONESSE INTERFERENCE IN INDONESIAN AS THE REFLECTION OF
KARONESSE MAINTENANCE
Indah Arvianti 58
PERGESERAN BAHASA SUNDA DAN BAHASA CINA DI JAWA BARAT: ANALISIS
KOMPARATIF
M. Abdul Khak 62
KERAPUHAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA JAWA PADA KELUARGA MUDA JAWA
PERKOTAAN
M. Suryadi 68
PANDANGAN WONG USING BANYUWANGI TERHADAP BAHASA USING: KAJIAN
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA
M.Oktavia Vidiyanti 73
SASAK LANGUAGE AND TINDIH MAINTAINING
Muhammad 78
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
V
MAINTAINING JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TO SUPPORT CHARACTER
EDUCATION IN GLOBALIZATION ERA
Ngadiso 83
ON MONITORING LANGUAGE CHANGE WITH THE SUPPORT OF CORPUS
PROCESSING
Prihantoro 86
ASPEK SOSIAL BUDAYA, DAN KEPRIBADIAN INDIVIDU SEBAGAI JEMBATAN
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU
Rukni Setyawati 95
MAINTAINING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE THROUGH UNDERSTANDING THE
PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE (THE PROBLEM IN MAINTAINING ‘FUKIEN
(HOKKIEN)’ AND ‘HAKKA’ DIALECTS AS INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE AMONG
OVERSEAS CHINESE SOCIETY IN MEDAN, NORTH SUMATERA)
Swany Chiakrawati 101
THE DYING PHENOMENON OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE USE IN ITS SPEECH
COMMUNITY
Teguh Sarosa 105
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA VS PERUBAHAN BAHASA PADA CAKAP KARO DI
TANAH KARO, SUMATERA UTARA
Yune Andryani Pinem 109
AM I A TROUBLE MAKER? FILLER WORDS IN SPONTANEOUS SPEECH;
STRATEGIES OR INTERFERENCE (PRELIMINARY STUDY)
Arapa Efendi 116
TEACHING RHETORICS THROUGH LANGUAGES IN ADVERTISEMENTS
Isry Laila Syathroh 121
BUKA PINTU: BUHUN YANG TIDAK SELALU TERISTIMEWAKAN
Juanda & Nungki Heriyati 124
THE FLOWS OF IDEAS OF ENGLISH ARGUMENTS BY INDONESIAN WRITERS
FOUND IN THE OPINION FORUM OF THE JAKARTA POST: AN INDICATION OF
LANGUAGE SHIFT
Katharina Rustipa, Abbas Achmad Badib, Djoko Sutopo 130
REQUESTS IN JAVANESE: A CASE STUDY ON READERS FORUM OF PS MAGAZINE
Mualimin 135
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH THE CULTURE OF LEARNER’S
INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE
Lalu Ari Irawan 140
ENGLISH LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR TOURISM MANAGEMENT STUDENTS WITH
MULTI CULTURAL BACKGROUND AT BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TOURISM
Naniek Kuswardhani and Retno Budi Wahyuni 146
SPEECH PLANNINGS IN THE STUDENTS' COVERSATION (A CASE STUDY OF FOURTH
SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY)
Sri Mulatsih 151
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
VI
BUILDING CROSS – CULTURAL COMPETENCE TO IMPROVE ENGLISH EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
Sri Murtiningsih 156
CITATION AND TENSE FOR REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE
INRODUCTION SECTION OF ENGLISH SCIENCE JOURNALS BY NON-NATIVE
SPEAKERS.
Suharno, Abbas A. Badib, and Joko Sutopo 160
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SCHOOLS BASED ON THE STUDENT’S CULTURAL
VALUES (A SURVEY OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SCHOOLS EXPERIENCED BY
STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT, JENDERAL
SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY)
Syaifur Rochman 164
DECONSTRUCTION OF IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY OF LANGUAGE-CULTURE
MAINTENANCE IN SUNDANESE MEDIA
Retno Purwani Sari 169
KATA BERINFIKS DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Prima Hariyanto 173
UNIVERSAL NASAL ASSIMILATIONS IN MONOMORPHEMIC AND
POLYMORPHEMIC WORDS ACROSS LANGUAGES
Surono 177
AMBANG KONTRAS AKUSTIK INTONASI KALIMAT DEKLARATIF-INTEROGATIF
DALAM BAHASA SUNDA
Yusup Irawan 184
ANALISIS PRAGMATIK TEKS HUMOR POLITIK PADA SITUS WWW.KETAWA.COM
Ajeng Dianing Kartika 191
ANALYZING THE WORD CHOICE IN RELATION TO THE SEMANTIC ADJUSTMENT
IN THE ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF DISNEY’S DONALD DUCK
SERIAL COMIC BOOK
Dahlya Indra Nurwanti 195
THE RHETORICAL STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES OF THE
STUDENTS’ REQUESTS IN THE WEB DISCUSSION FORUM
Daniel Ginting 202
EMBODIED EXPERIENCES IN METAPHORS IN BAHASA INDONESIA
Deli Nirmala 207
KOSAKATA WARNA DALAM BAHASA SUNDA KANEKES
Hyunisa Rahmanadia 212
THE IMPLICATURE AND VIOLATIONS OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN
INDONESIAN ADVERTISEMENTS
Muhamad Ahsanu 217
JAVANESE AFFECTIVE WORDS IN TERM OF ADDRESS
Oktiva herry Chandra 225
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
VII
KONSEP WANGI DALAM JANGJAWOKAN MINYAK SEUNGIT: KAJIAN
ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DI DESA JATISARI, KECAMATAN JATISARI, KABUPATEN
CIANJUR
Rizki Hidayatullah dan Septi Mustika Sari 233
MENDADAK “BAHASA INDONESIA”: DAYA ILOKUSIONER DALAM TUTURAN M.
TABRANI IHWAL USULAN NAMA BAHASA PERSATUAN
Syihabul Irfan 237
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BANYUMASAN CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES
Chusni Hadiati 246
A RELEVANCE-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF PARALLELISM IN MUSTOFA BISRI’S
“SIAPA MENYURUH”
Mytha Candria 250
FROM MARTO TO MARFELINO, A SHIFT IN NAMING IN GOTPUTUK VILLAGE
Nurhayati 254
PEMERTAHANAN LOGAT BAHASA IBU DI WILAYAH KOTA KENDAL
Yovita M. Hartarini 260
PERSON DIEXIS DALAM BODORAN SUNDA (STUDI KASUS PADA BODORAN
SUNDA CANGEHGAR EPISODE “BASA CINA” DAN “ASAL-USUL”)
Zubaedah Wiji Lestari & Muhamad Qushoy 269
POLA PILIHAN BAHASA DALAM JUAL BELI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL (STUDI
KASUS DI PASAR WINONG, KABUPATEN PATI)
Agus Sudono 275
CAMPUR KODE BAHASA BETAWI DAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM KOLOM “ALI
ONCOM” PADA SURAT KABAR HARIAN POS KOTA: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIS
Devina Christania & Pradipta Wulan Utami 280
JAVANESE CULTURE DEPICTED IN THE USE OF KINSHIP ADDRESS TERMS
Evynurul Laily Zen 284
MEMANFAATKAN DATA-DATA BAHASA YANG HILANG DALAM REKAMAN
HUMOR MAKING USE THE RECORDED LANGUAGE RELICS IN HUMOR PIECES
Khristianto & Widya Nirmalawati 288
WACANA MOB PAPUA: KAJIAN EKOLINGUISTIK DIALEKTIKAL
Maryanti E. Mokoagouw 296
KAJIAN BAHASA PERHUBUNGAN MASYARAKAT DI SEMPADAN MALAYSIA-
THAILAND: ANALISIS PILIHAN BAHASA
Mohammed Azlan Mis, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar, Norsimah Mat Awal, Hayati Lateh 302
SALAM DALAM BEBERAPA BAHASA DI DUNIA
Sonezza Ladyanna 305
INDUSTRI KREATIF, ANAK MUDA, DAN BASA SUNDA
Taufik Mulyadin 311
ANALISIS DIALEK A DAN DIALEK O BAHASA LAMPUNG: KAJIAN FONOLOGI
Veria Septianingtias 316
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
VIII
INTEGRASI BAHASA CINA DIALEK HAKKA PADA REGISTER PENAMBANGAN
TIMAH INKONVENSIONAL DI BANGKA
Yuni Ferawaty 321
THE POTENTIAL LOSS OF SASAK SPEECH LEVEL: A SURVEY OF LANGUAGE USE
AMONG SASAK YOUTHS IN WEST LOMBOK
Sudirman Wilian 327
AFASIOLOGI: PERSPEKTIF LINGUISTIK
Luita Aribowo 331
KONTRASTIF BAHASA MINANGKABAU DENGAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI TINJAU
DARI SEGI PREPOSISI
Yuliarni 336
LEXICAL MEANING AND ITS LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION IN TRANSLATION
Frans I Made Brata 346
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS IN INDONESIAN SPEECH (CASE OF ASSIMILATION AND
ELISION IN INDONESIAN)
Agus Hari Wibowo 352
PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE IN SEMARANG SOCIETY: A CASE STUDY
ABOUT LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE IN THE SUB DISTRICT OF SOUTH
SEMARANG
Aan Setyawan 358
PENGGUNAAN KOSA KATA DALAM BAHASA TEGAL
Abadi Supriatin 364
PRESERVING AND MAINTAINING NATIVE TONGUE THROUGH CULTURAL
EXPOSURE
Agnes Widyaningrum 369
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JAVANESE AS A COMPULSORY LOCAL CONTENT
SUBJECT IN THE PRIMARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO MAINTENANCE THE
JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN JAVA
Andi Rizki Fauzi 375
THE IMPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURISM THEORY IN TEACHING GRAMMAR FOR
ELEMENTARY STUDENTS
Anggi Riris Pawesty 380
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES
Anik Widyastuti 383
INTRODUCING TRANSLATION ACTIVITY: AN IMPLEMENTATION OF LANGUAGE
MANTAINENCE IN CLASSROOM
Barans Irawan Palangan 387
USING CONSTRUCTIVIST METHOD TO TEACH HORTATORY EXPOSITION FOR
GRADE 8 OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Bening Angga Dita 392
THE ROLE OF KYAI IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
Casiyah 397
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
IX
LAGU DOLANAN ANAK ALTERNATIVE SONGS IN TEACHING JAVANESE
LANGUAGE FOR CHILDREN
Dewi Puspitasari 401
TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
USING CONSTRUCTIVISM APPROACH
Didit Kurniadi 406
RAGAM BAHASA DALAM UPACARA PRA-NIKAH ADAT SUNDA “NGEUYEUK
SEUREUH”
Euis Kurniasih 411
POLITENESS STRATEGIES
Fider Saputra T 416
LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT
Hamza Aabeed .Khalfalla. 420
PRESERVING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES THORUGH A MORE INTEGRATED
NATIONAL CULTURAL STRATEGY
Hazairin Eko Prasetyo 423
NARRATIVE DISCOURSE: HYBRID CONSTRUCTION AND DOUBLED VOICE IN
EUDORA WELTY’S THE OPTIMIST’S DAUGHTER
I. M. Hendrarti 428
WOMAN REPRESENTATION AT BUMPER STICKERS ON THE BACKS OF DUMP
TRUCKS
Hetty Catur Ellyawati & Muhammad Arief Budiman 434
THE LETTER OF SECURITY COUNCIL ON “NO FLYING ZONE” IN THE POINT OF
VIEW OF METHAPORIC ANALYSIS
Ignatius Maryoto 437
TRANSITION THROUGH ACCULTURATION AMONG ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
LANGUAGE, AND HOW IS ABOUT OUR IDENTITY ?
Ikha Adhi Wijaya 443
LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTAINCE: CASE STUDY IN A. HADIWIDJAJA FAMILY
Indriani Triandjojo 447
THE LEARNERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD JAVANESE LANGUAGE SUBJECT AS ONE OF
JAVANESE’S LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE EFFORT
Izzati Gemi Seinsiani 452
INTRODUCING JAVANESE WEBLOGS ENHANCES PARTICIPATION TOWARDS
JAVANESE DISCOURSE
Johanes Sutomo 456
USE OF COHESIVE FEATURES IN ESL STUDENTS’ E-MAIL AND WORD-PROCESSED
TEXTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Khairi Alarbi Zaglom 460
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
X
SPEECH LEVEL PATTERN AND REFERENCE/ DEIXIS BASED ON SOCIAL STATUS
CLASSIFICATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE USING (A STUDY ABOUT TRADITION
AS INFLUENCE IN ISLAMIC ANCIENT BOARDING SCHOOL/PONDOK PESANTREN
SALAFI LANGUAGE STYLE)
Kharisma Puspita Sari 465
STRATEGIES OF CONSTRUCTING APPEALS IN OBAMA’S VICTORY SPEECH
Luqman Hakim 470
DESIGNING WRITING TEST
Machalla Megaiab Abdullah 474
PROSES ADAPTASI PENYERAPAN KOSAKATA BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM
BAHASA INDONESIA : SEBUAH KAJIAN MORFOLOGI
Maria Theresia Priyastuti 477
INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH COMPARED WITH BAHASA INDONESIA
AND BASA SUNDA
Maria Yosephin Widarti Lestari 482
HOW TO PREVENT JAVANESE FROM LANGUAGE LOSS
Mas Sulis Setiyono 487
‘NGURI – NGURI BUDAYA JAWA’ MELALUI PEMERTAHANAN PENGGUNAAN
BAHASA JAWA DI MEDIA MASSA
Meka Nitrit Kawasari 492
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING APPROACH, A
CASE OF STUDY IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS REFERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
USING MULTIPLE-LANGUAGE IN TEACHING METHOD
Milad Ali Milad Addusamee 497
JAVANESE VS. ENGLISH: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON
LEARNERS
Nurul Adhalina 499
LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI SARANA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA
Peni kustiati 504
KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK TERHADAP RAGAM BAHASA PERCAKAPAN PADA
HARIAN SOLOPOS (KAJIAN ATAS RUBRIK “AH…TENANE”)
Ratih Kusumaningsari 507
THE IMPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL THEORY IN TEACHING READING A
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT FOR MIDDLE AGE STUDENTS (FUNCTIONAL
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES IN LANGUAGE TEACHING)
Rayda Ary Ana 512
BAHASA BANJAR: ITS VARIETIES AND CHARACTERISTICS (A CONCEPTUAL
DESCRIPTION OF BAHASA BANJAR IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS POIN OF VIEW)
Rezqan Noor Farid 517
THE REAL ACTIONS OF YOUNG GENERATION IN MAINTAINING JAVANESE
LANGUAGE IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
Rika Rahma Anissa 522
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
XI
THE PATTERNS OF CODE SWITCHING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING KITAB
KUNING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
Saidatun Nafisah 526
ENCOURAGING CHILDREN IN LEARNING ENGLISH COMMUNICATIVELY BY
USING SOME FUN ACTIVITIES IN THE CLASSROOM
Sari Kusumaningrum 531
DESIGNING SPEAKING TEST BETWEEN PERFORMANCE TEST AND IMITATIVE
TEST FOR DEVELOPING VOCABULARY COMPETENCE
Setiawan Bayu Nugroho 536
EMBODIMENT IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING
Solegar Anggit Prasetyo 538
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA BELANDA MELALUI UJIAN INTEGRASI
Sri Sulihingtyas Drihartati 543
POLA PEMILIHAN BAHASA DI KALANGAN PENUTUR JAWA KOTA SEMARANG
Suharyo 547
TWILIGHT AND INDONESIAN YOUNG ADULT FICTION TUILET’: A PARODY
Tri Pramesti 551
MENULIS MENINGKATKAN KECERDASAN LINGUISTIK
Umi Jaroh 556
LAGU WULELE SANGGULA MENUJU KEBERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU
Uniawati 562
THE IMPLICATION ON TEACHING EFL (ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE) READING
FUN TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS
Widyashanti Kunthara Anindita 567
ANALISIS KONTRASTIF MONOLINGUAL BAHASA INDONESIA
Wiwik Wijayanti 571
CAMPUR KODE PADA RUBRIK GLANGGANG REMAJA: AITI MAJALAH PANJEBAR
SEMANGAT
Wuri Sayekti Sutarjo 574
PRESERVING AND PROTECTING JAVANESE LANGUAGES BY APPLYING CODE
SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN CLASSROOM
(SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
ASSIGNMENT OF PRAGMATICS)
Yessi Aprilia Waluyo 578
THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN STANDAR KOMPETENSI
LULUSAN (SKL) UJIAN NASIONAL SMP/MTsOF ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC YEAR
2011–2012
Yohana Ika Harnita Sari 583
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
xii
SCHEDULE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT II
TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
07.30 - 08.20 WIB
REGISTRATION LOBBY
08.20 - 08.45 WIB
OPENING PAKOEBUWONO
08.45 - 10.45 WIB
PLENARY 1
PAKOEBUWONO Hanna BAHASA DAERAH PADA ERA GLOBALISASI PELUANG DAN TANTANGANNYA
Sugiyono PENANGANAN BAHASA DAERAH: SEBUAH TANTANGAN
10.45 - 11.00 WIB
COFFEE BREAK PAKOEBUWONO
11.00 - 12.30 WIB
PARALLEL 1 A
ROOM A
Asih Prihandini, Deny Nugraha
REVITALISASI BUDAYA NGA-DONGENG LEWAT TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI SEBAGAI UPAYA PELESTARIAN BUDAYA TUTUR (SASTRA LISAN) DIKALANGAN KELUARGA SUNDA MODERN
Deni Karsana MENGURAI DILEMA BAHASA KAILI DITENGAH ARUS GLOBALISASI
Dwi Wulandari THE IMPORTANCE OF POSITIVE LANGUAGE ATTITUDE IN MAINTAINING JAVANESE LANGUAGE
Zubaedah Wiji Lestari & Muhamad Qushoy
PERSON DEIXIS IN SUNDANESSE JOKES (THE ANALYSIS OF CANGEHGAR IN “BASA CINA” AND “ASAL-USUL”
EPISODES)
11.00 - 12.30 WIB
PARALLEL 1 B
ROOM B
I Dewa Putu Wijana PERANAN BAHASA-BAHASA DAERAH DALAM PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA GAUL REMAJA INDONESIA
Indah Arvianti KARONESSE INTERFERENCE IN INDONESIAN AS THE REFLECTION OF KARONESSE MAINTENANCE
Hendarto Supatra LANGUAGE ATTRITION IN JAVA (SOME NOTES ON THE PROSSES OF JAVANESES LANGUAGE LOSS)
M.Oktavia Vidiyanti PANDANGAN WONG USING BANYUWANGI TERHADAP BAHASA USING: KAJIAN PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA
11.00 - 12.30 WIB
PARALLEL 1 C
ROOM C
Muhammad SASAK LANGUAGE AND TINDIH MAINTAINING
Ngadiso MAINTAINING JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TO SUPPORT CHARACTER EDUCATION IN GLOBALIZATION ERA
M. Suryadi KERAPUHAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA JAWA PADA KELUARGA MUDA JAWA PERKOTAAN
Yune Andryani Pinem PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA VS PERUBAHAN BAHASA PADA CAKAP KARO DI TANAH KARO, SUMATERA UTARA
11.00 - 12.30 WIB
PARALLEL 1 D
ROOM D
Rukni Setyawati ASPEK SOSIAL BUDAYA, DAN KEPRIBADIAN INDIVIDU SEBAGAI JEMBATAN PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU
Swany Chiakrawati
MAINTAINING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE THROUGH UNDERSTANDING THE PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE (THE PROBLEM IN MAINTAINING ‘FUKIEN (HOKKIEN)’ AND ‘HAKKA’ DIALECTS AS INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE AMONG OVERSEAS CHINESE SOCIETY IN MEDAN, NORTH SUMATERA)
Teguh Sarosa THE DYING PHENOMENON OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE USE IN ITS SPEECH COMMUNITY
Prihantoro ON MONITORING LANGUAGE CHANGE WITH THE SUPPORT OF CORPUS PROCESSING
12.30 - 13.30 WIB
BREAK PAKOEBUWONO
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
xiii
TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Aan Setyawan PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE IN SEMARANG SOCIETY; STUDY ABOUT LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE
ROOM A
Abadi Supriatin PENGGUNAAN KOSA KATA DALAM BAHASA TEGAL
Agnes Widyaningrum PRESERVING AND MAINTAINING NATIVE TONGUE THROUGH CULTURAL EXPOSURE
Andi Rizki Fauzi THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JAVANESE AS A COMPULSORY LOCAL CONTENT SUBJECT IN THE PRIMARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO MAINTENANCE THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN JAVA
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Anggi Riris Pawesty THE IMPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURISM THEORY IN TEACHING GRAMMAR FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS
ROOM A
Anik Widyastuti LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTILINGUAL COMMUNITIES
Barans Irawan Palangan
INTRODUCING TRANSLATION ACTIVITY: AN IMPLEMENTATION OF LANGUAGE MANTAINENCE IN CLASSROOM
Bening Angga Dita USING CONSTRUCTIVIST METHOD TO TEACH HORTATORY EXPOSITION FOR GRADE 8 OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Casiyah THE ROLE OF KYAI IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
ROOM B
Dewi Puspitasari LAGU DOLANAN ANAK ALTERNATIVE SONGS IN TEACHING JAVANESE LANGUAGE FOR CHILDREN
Didit Kurniadi TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL USING CONSTRUCTIVISM APPROACH
Euis Kurniasih RAGAM BAHASA DALAM UPACARA PRA-NIKAH ADAT SUNDA “NGEUYEUK SEUREUH”
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Fider Saputra T LANGUAGE POLITENESS
ROOM C
Hamza Aabeed .K. LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND SHIFT
Hazairin Eko Prasetyo PRESERVING INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES THORUGH A MORE INTEGRATED NATIONAL CULTURAL STRATEGY
I. Maria Hendrarti NARRATIVE DISCOURSE: HYBRID CONSTRUCTION AND DOUBLED VOICE IN EUDORA WELTY’S THE OPTIMIST’S DAUGHTER
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Hetty Catur Ellyawati, Muhammad Arief Budiman
WOMAN REPRESENTATION AT BUMPER STICKERS ON THE BACKS OF DUMP TRUCKS
ROOM D
Ignatius Maryoto THE LETTER OF SECURITY COUNCIL ON “NO FLYING ZONE” IN THE POINT OF VIEW OF METHAPORIC ANALYSIS
Ikha Adhi Wijaya TRANSITION THROUGH ACCULTURATION AMONG ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE, AND HOW IS ABOUT OUR IDENTITY ?
Indriani Triandjojo LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTAINCE: CASE STUDY IN A. HADIWIDJAJA FAMILY
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Izzati Gemi Seinsiani THE LEARNERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD JAVANESE LANGUAGE SUBJECT AS ONE OF JAVANESE’S LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE EFFORT
ROOM A
Johanes Sutomo INTRODUCING JAVANESE WEBLOGS ENHANCES PARTICIPATION TOWARDS JAVANESE DISCOURSE
Khairi Zaglom USE OF COHESIVE FEATURES IN ESL STUDENTS’ E-MAIL AND WORD-PROCESSED TEXTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Kharisma Puspita Sari
SPEECH LEVEL PATTERN AND REFERENCE/ DEIXIS BASED ON SOCIAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE USING (A STUDY ABOUT TRADITION AS INFLUENCE IN ISLAMIC ANCIENT BOARDING SCHOOL/PONDOK PESANTREN SALAFI LANGUAGE STYLE)
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
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TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Luqman Hakim STRATEGIES OF CONSTRUCTING APPEALS IN OBAMA’S VICTORY SPEECH
ROOM B
Machalla Megaiab Abdullah
DESIGNING WRITING TEST
Maria Theresia Priyastuti
PROSES ADAPTASI PENYERAPAN KOSAKATA BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA : SEBUAH KAJIAN MORFOLOGI
Maria Yosephin Widarti Lestari
INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH COMPARED WITH BAHASA INDONESIA AND BASA SUNDA
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Mas Sulis Setiyono HOW TO PREVENT JAVANESE FROM LANGUAGE LOSS
ROOM C
Meka Nitrit Kawasari ‘NGURI – NGURI BUDAYA JAWA’ MELALUI PEMERTAHANAN PENGGUNAAN BAHASA JAWA DI MEDIA MASSA
Milad Ali Milad Addusamee
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING APPROACH, A CASE OF STUDY IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS REFERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING MULTIPLE-LANGUAGE IN TEACHING METHOD
Nurul Adhalina JAVANESE VS. ENGLISH: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON LEARNERS
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Peni kustiati LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI SARANA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA
ROOM D
Ratih Kusumaningsari KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIK TERHADAP RAGAM BAHASA PERCAKAPAN PADA HARIAN SOLOPOS (KAJIAN ATAS RUBRIK “AH…TENANE”)
Rayda Ary Ana
THE IMPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL THEORY IN TEACHING READING A DESCRIPTIVE TEXT FOR MIDDLE AGE STUDENTS (FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES IN LANGUAGE TEACHING)
Rezqan Noor Farid BAHASA BANJAR: ITS VARIETIES AND CHARACTERISTICS (A CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION OF BAHASA BANJAR IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS POIN OF VIEW)
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Rika Rahma Anissa THE REAL ACTIONS OF YOUNG GENERATION IN MAINTAINING JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA
ROOM A
Saidatun Nafisah THE PATTERNS OF CODE SWITCHING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING KITAB KUNING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
Sari Kusumaningrum ENCOURAGING CHILDREN IN LEARNING ENGLISH COMMUNICATIVELY BY USING SOME FUN ACTIVITIES IN THE CLASSROOM
Setiawan Bayu Nugroho
DESIGNING SPEAKING TEST BETWEEN PERFORMANCE TEST AND IMITATIVE TEST FOR DEVELOPING VOCABULARY COMPETENCE
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Solegar Anggit Prasetyo
EMBODIMENT IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING
ROOM B
Sri Sulihingtyas Drihartati
PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA BELANDA MELALUI UJIAN INTEGRASI
Suharyo POLA PEMILIHAN BAHASA DI KALANGAN PENUTUR JAWA KOTA SEMARANG
Tri Pramesti TWILIGHT AND INDONESIAN YOUNG ADULT FICTION TUILET’: A PARODY
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Umi Jaroh MENULIS MENINGKATKAN KECERDASAN LINGUISTIK
ROOM C
Uniawati LAGU WULELE SANGGULA MENUJU KEBERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU
Widyashanti Kunthara Anindita
THE IMPLICATION ON TEACHING EFL (ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE) READING FUN TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS
Wiwik Wijayanti ANALISIS KONTRASTIF MONOLINGUAL BAHASA INDONESIA
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
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TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
13.30 - 14.30 WIB
Wuri Sayekti Sutarjo CAMPUR KODE PADA RUBRIK GLANGGANG REMAJA: AITI MAJALAH PANJEBAR SEMANGAT
ROOM D Yessi Aprilia Waluyo
PRESERVING AND PROTECTING JAVANESE LANGUAGES BY APPLYING CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN CLASSROOM (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF PRAGMATICS)
Yohana Ika Harnita Sari
THE APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN STANDAR KOMPETENSI LULUSAN (SKL) UJIAN NASIONAL SMP/MTsOF ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2011 – 2012
14.30 - 16.00 WIB
PARALLEL 2 A
ROOM A
Arapa Efendi AM I A TROUBLE MAKER? FILLER WORDS IN SPONTANEOUS SPEECH; STRATEGIES OR INTERFERENCE (PRELIMINARY STUDY)
Isry Laila Syathroh TEACHING RHETORICS THROUGH LANGUAGES IN ADVERTISEMENTS
Juanda, Nungki Heriyati
BUKA PINTU: BUHUN YANG TIDAK SELALU TERISTIMEWAKAN
Katharina Rustipa, Abbas Achmad Badib, Djoko Sutopo
THE FLOWS OF IDEAS OF ENGLISH ARGUMENTS BY INDONESIAN WRITERS FOUND IN THE OPINION FORUM OF THE JAKARTA POST: AN INDICATION OF LANGUAGE SHIFT
14.30 - 16.00 WIB
PARALLEL 2 B
ROOM B
Lalu Ari Irawan ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH THE CULTURE OF LEARNER’S INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE
Naniek Kuswardhani, Retno Budi Wahyuni
ENGLISH LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR TOURISM MANAGEMENT STUDENTS WITH MULTI CULTURAL BACKGROUND AT BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TOURISM
Sonezza Ladyanna SALAM DALAM BEBERAPA BAHASA DI DUNIA
Sri Murtiningsih BUILDING CROSS – CULTURAL COMPETENCE TO IMPROVE ENGLISH EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
14.30 - 16.00 WIB
PARALLEL 2 C
ROOM C
Suharno, Abbas A. Badib, Joko Sutopo
CITATION AND TENSE FOR REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE INRODUCTION SECTION OF ENGLISH SCIENCE JOURNALS BY NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS.
Syaifur Rochman
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SCHOOLS BASED ON THE STUDENT’S CULTURAL VALUES (A SURVEY OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SCHOOLS EXPERIENCED BY STUDENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT, JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY)
Luita Aribowo AFASIOLOGI: PERSPEKTIF LINGUISTIK
Dahlya Indra Nurwanti
ANALYZING THE WORD CHOICE IN RELATION TO THE SEMANTIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF DISNEY’S DONALD DUCK SERIAL COMIC BOOK
14.30 - 16.00 WIB
PARALLEL 2D
ROOM D
Ajeng Dianing Kartika ANALISIS PRAGMATIK TEKS HUMOR POLITIK PADA SITUS WWW.KETAWA.COM
Daniel Ginting THE RHETORICAL STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES OF THE STUDENTS’ REQUESTS IN THE WEB DISCUSSION FORUM
Muhamad Ahsanu THE IMPLICATURE AND VIOLATIONS OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN INDONESIAN ADVERTISEMENTS
Agus Hari Wibowo PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS IN INDONESIAN SPEECH (CASE OF ASSIMILATION AND ELISION IN INDONESIAN)
16.00 - 16.30 WIB
COFFEE BREAK PAKOEBUWONO
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
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TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
16.30 - 18.00 WIB
PARALLEL 3A
ROOM A
Prima Hariyanto KATA BERINFIKS DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA
Surono UNIVERSAL NASAL ASSIMILATIONS IN MONOMORPHEMIC AND POLYMORPHEMIC WORDS ACROSS LANGUAGES
Yusup Irawan AMBANG KONTRAS AKUSTIK INTONASI KALIMAT DEKLARATIF-INTEROGATIF DALAM BAHASA SUNDA
Maryanti E. Mokoagouw
WACANA MOB PAPUA: KAJIAN EKOLINGUISTIK DIALEKTIKAL
16.30 - 18.00 WIB
PARALLEL 3 B
ROOM B
Deli Nirmala EMBODIED EXPERIENCES IN METAPHORS IN BAHASA INDONESIA
Hyunisa Rahmanadia KOSAKATA WARNA DALAM BAHASA SUNDA KANEKES
Rizki Hidayatullah, Septi Mustika Sari
KONSEP WANGI DALAM JANGJAWOKAN MINYAK SEUNGIT: KAJIAN ANTROPOLINGUISTIK DI DESA JATISARI, KECAMATAN JATISARI, KABUPATEN CIANJUR
Chusni Hadiati THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BANYUMASAN CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES
16.30 - 18.00 WIB
PARALLEL 3 C
ROOM C
Oktiva herry Chandra JAVANESE AFFECTIVE WORDS IN TERM OF DDRESS
Mytha Candria A RELEVANCE-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF PARALLELISM IN MUSTOFA BISRI’S “SIAPA MENYURUH”
Yovita M. Hartarini PEMERTAHANAN LOGAT BAHASA IBU DI WILAYAH KOTA KENDAL
Nurhayati FROM MARTO TO MARFELINO, A SHIFT IN NAMING IN GOTPUTUK VILLAGE
16.30 - 18.00 WIB
PARALLEL 3D
ROOM D
Syihabul Irfan MENDADAK “BAHASA INDONESIA”: DAYA ILOKUSIONER DALAM TUTURAN M. TABRANI IHWAL USULAN NAMA BAHASA PERSATUAN
Mualimin REQUESTS IN JAVANESE: A CASE STUDY ON READERS FORUM OF PS MAGAZINE
M. Abdul Khak PERGESERAN BAHASA SUNDA DAN BAHASA CINA DI JAWA BARAT: ANALISIS KOMPARATIF
Hidayatul Astar PEMERTAHANAN BAHASA IBU DI DAERAH TERTINGGAL
18.00 - 19.00 WIB
PRAYING PAKOEBUWONO
19.00 - 21.00 WIB
DINNER PAKOEBUWONO
FRIDAY, JULY 6, 2012
07.30 - 08.00 WIB
REGISTRATION LOBBY
08.00 - 09.30 WIB
PARALLEL 4A
ROOM A
Agus Sudono POLA PILIHAN BAHASA DALAM JUAL BELI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL (STUDI KASUS DI PASAR WINONG, KABUPATEN PATI)
Devina Christania, Pradipta Wulan Utami
CAMPUR KODE BAHASA BETAWI DAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM KOLOM “ALI ONCOM” PADA SURAT KABAR HARIAN POS KOTA: KAJIAN SOSIOLINGUISTIS
Evynurul Laily Zen SISTEM PANGGILAN KEKERABATAN SEBAGAI CERMIN BUDAYA DAN POLA PIKIR MASYARAKAT JAWA: DULU DAN KINI
Sudirman Wilian THE POTENTIAL LOSS OF SASAK SPEECH LEVEL: A SURVEY OF LANGUAGE USE AMONG SASAK YOUTHS IN WEST LOMBOK
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
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TIME NAME TITLE ROOM
08.00 - 09.30 WIB
PARALLEL 4B
ROOM B
Khristianto, Widya Nirmalawati
MAKING USE THE RECORDED LANGUAGE RELICS IN HUMOR PIECES
Mohammed Azlan Mis, Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar, Norsimah Mat Awal, Hayati Lateh
KAJIAN BAHASA PERHUBUNGAN MASYARAKAT DI SEMPADAN MALAYSIA-THAILAND: ANALISIS PILIHAN BAHASA
Sri Mulatsih SPEECH PLANNINGS ON THE STUDENTS’ CONVERSATION (A CASE STUDY OF FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, DIAN NUSWANTORO UNIVERSITY)
08.00 - 09.30 WIB
PARALLEL 4C
ROOM C
Taufik Mulyadin INDUSTRI KREATIF, ANAK MUDA, DAN BASA SUNDA
Veria Septianingtias ANALISIS DIALEK A DAN DIALEK O BAHASA LAMPUNG: KAJIAN FONOLOGI
Yuni Ferawaty INTERFERENSI BAHASA CINA DIALEK HAKKA PADA ISTILAH PENAMBANGAN TIMAH BANGKA
08.00 - 09.30 WIB
PARALLEL 4D
ROOM D
Yuliarni KONTRASTIF BAHASA MINANGKABAU DENGAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI TINJAU DARI SEGI PREPOSISI
Frans I Made Brata LEXICAL MEANING AND ITS LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION IN TRANSLATION
Retno Purwani Sari DECONSTRUCTION OF IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY OF LANGUAGE-CULTURE MAINTENANCE IN SUNDANESE MEDIA
09.30 - 09.45 WIB
CEFFEE BREAK PAKOEBUWONO
09.45 - 11.00 WIB
PLENARY 2
PAKOEBUWONO
Herudjati Purwoko LINGUISTIC DOMAINS: KEYS TO THE MAINTENANCE OF JAVANESE
11.00 - 11.15 WIB
CLOSING PAKOEBUWONO
International Seminar “Language Maintenance and Shift II”, July 5-6, 2012
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THE RHETORICAL STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES OF THE
STUDENTS’ REQUESTS IN THE WEB DISCUSSION FORUM
Daniel Ginting
Universitas Ma Chung, Malang
Abstract
This paper is to describe the rhetorical structure and the communicative strategies that
students use in the web discussion forum of Ma Chung University. This web discussion forum
allows the participants, especially students, to share their ideas, opinions about the current
issues in the campus in the form of written texts. Among 11 students who get involved in
discussing two issues, the campus bell and hair coloring, they are most likely to attend to
directive based rhetorical structure when they have the same opinions. By contrast,
representative based rhetorical structure becomes more obviously apparent when they have
diverse opinions among themselves. In order to strengthen the perlocutionary force of the
utterance, the students are also most likely to use some communicative strategies such as a
colloquial and native language, abbreviation, capitalized letters and emoticon.
Key Words: speech acts, request, rhetorical structure and communicative strategies
Background An utterance not only describes a situation or states some facts, but also performs a certain kind
of action by itself. For instance, the sentence “You have a wonderful smile” is in one sense either true or
false in light of the real world, namely whether the person really has a wonderful smile or not. Yet, this
utterance is more than mere description and statement: It does things on its own. The sentence “You have
a wonderful smile” can function, depending on contexts as praise, telling irony, or even asking for money
in a certain situation. As the meaning of the utterance is bound to the context, people should be aware of
its existence.
Requesting as one of the communicative themes can be said to be prone to potential face
threatening act (FTA). People are often not aware of this risk. Despite the fact that they might be
successful at deliberating the request clearly (illocutionary acts), not a few of them fail to anticipate the
unfavorable impacts (perlocutionary acts) of their utterances on other people’s perception. As a result,
such inappropriate utterances are most likely to create misunderstanding among speakers.
This study focuses on the students’ requests in the web discussion forum thread in the Ma Chung
Learning Gate (MLG). More specifically, this study highlights two sub issues, namely, the rhetorical
structure and the communicative strategies. This study offers theoretical significance: within the discourse
analysis’ perspective, people use different kinds of communicative devices in order to convince other
people.
Theoretical Overview
Austin and Searle’ theories of speech acts are always interesting to revisit and relevant to use
when we attempt to analyze ‘what is more communicated by the speakers’ through their utterances.
Austin mentions 3 aspects of the utterances produced by the speakers, namely, locutionary, illocutionary
and perlocutionary. The locutionary act is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic
expression. The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance (an offer, an
explanation, or for some other communicative force). In addition, perlocutionary act refers to the effect of
the utterance as recognized by the hearer (for example, to account for a wonderful smell, or to get the
hearer to drink some coffee). Searle further extends the type of illocutionary act into five categories, that
is, representative, declarative, expressive, commissive and directive.
Thematically, among the numerous speech acts studied, requesting has continually been the focus
for many decades because of both the complexity of the relationship among form, meaning, and
pragmatics in requests, and the high social stakes involved for interlocutors when choosing among
linguistic options (Jorda, 2004; Kaspers, 1996; Meng, 2008). Bach and Harnish (1984: 48) define the
mailto:[email protected]
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term “request” as “a speech act expressing the speaker’s desire for the hearer to do something with the
added proviso that the hearer takes this expressed desire as the reason to act.”
In practice, a request is basically a face threatening speech act which demands for action of some
kind from the other person. It is considered that way because when requesting we threaten other people’s
freedom (negative face). The success of communication is very much dependent on people’s ability to
recognize relevant utterances which is clear and potentially offering positive perlocutionary effects on the
hearer. The word clear means that the hearer will understand the speaker’s intention, and by positive
perlocutionary effects, it means that the speakers are able to politely convey their request. Requests may
contain the following components according to Zuraidah (1997): address terms, supporting moves, the
request proper and internal modifications and the choice of what to include and exclude depends on
sociological variables like social distance, power and degree of imposition. Thus, speakers are challenged
to
select linguistic formulation on the basis of politeness criteria as described below:
Table 1 the Degree of Politeness (Jorda, 2004)
Less Polite Direct
Lend me your pencil.
I want you to lend me a pencil.
I am asking you to lend me a pencil.
More Polite Conventionally Indirect
Can you lend me your pencil?
Would you lend me a pencil?
Would you be so kind to lend me a pencil?
Most Polite Indirect
I am afraid I can’t write this down. I don’t have any pencil.
Research Method
This is descriptive study which aims to describe students’ request about two issues in the Ma
Chung University management service. There are about 11 students treated as the respondents of the
research. The data are gained from the discussion thread provided in Ma Chung web site (Ma Chung
Learning Gate/MLG). There are two issues intentionally chosen as the object of the study, namely,
campus bell (bel kampus) and hair coloring (cat rambut). The text that students make in the discussion
forum is kept in its original version for the sake of maintaining the natural setting of the communication.
Reading in depth is intentionally used by the researcher to analyze the data. The data of the students are
scored according to the rubric provided as follows:
Table 2 Holistic Rubric for Scoring the Utterances
Score Qualitative
Attributes
Description
Positive Face Negative Face
3 Very
Strong
Directly show disagreement with the
interlocutor that possibly causes
uneasiness in the side of the
interlocutor.
Force the interlocutor to act upon
the request baldly and hence give
direct imposition
2 Strong Show conventional indirect
disagreement with the interlocutor
while still maintaining interlocutor ‘s
face publicly
Convey the request by means of
conventional indirect request and
hence give indirect imposition
1 Moderate Show indirect disagreement with the
interlocutor and hence save the
interlocutor’s face
Indirectly convey the request,
usually accompanied by some
politeness strategies hence give
very soft imposition
Findings and Discussion
This study attempts to elaborate the rhetorical structure and the communicative strategies. The
following is the description of those aspects.
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The Rhetorical Structure
The rhetorical structure of the discussion thread commonly complies with the following pattern:
first, the discussion is opened by the starters who frequently give no greetings in the thread. While
addressing the problems to campus management service, they give some arguments to make their request
important. Second, as more students get involved in the discussion forum, they begin to share their ideas
which sometimes show agreement and disagreement with the previous speakers. Third, as the discussion
comes to the point where there is no argument for the participants to talk about, wrappers summarize the
discussion. Like the starters, the wrappers also do not give the greetings to end the discussion.
Based on the analysis of the speech acts on the issues of the campus management service, this
study finds two dominance rhetorical structures: directive (the campus bell) and representative (hair
coloring policy).
Table 3 Type of Speech Acts and Possible Face Threatening Acts in the Issue of Campus Bell
Responde
nt
Speech Acts Possible FTA
Positive
Face
Negative Face
1 Directive +/ Strong +/ Strong
2 Representative +/ Strong +/ Strong
3 Directive +/ Very
Strong
+/ Very strong
4 Directive +/ Strong +/ Moderate
5 Directive +/ Moderate +/ Moderate
6 Directive +/ Very
Strong
+/ Very strong
Table 4 Type of Speech Acts and Possible Face Threatening Acts in the Issue of Hair Coloring Policy
Responde
nt
Speech Acts Possible FTA
Positive
Face
Negative Face
3 Representative +/ Strong +/ Strong
4 Representative - -
5 Representative - -
6 Representative - -
7 Representative +/ Moderate +/ Moderate
8 Representative +/ Moderate +/ Moderate
9 Representative - -
10 Representative +/ Moderate +/ Moderate
11 Representative - -
The directive based rhetorical structure is mostly found in the campus bell issue. In this issue,
almost all students have the same perspective about improper use of campus bell. Their ideas are
expressed in a directive way, meaning that the campus management should not use the bell anymore
because of its weird sound (FTA to negative face). Students do not directly mention the name of the
interlocutor as they kick this issue to each other, but they seem to ‘attack’ (address) this issue to the same
subject: the campus management (FTA to positive face). Thus, the pattern of their communication is
portrayed as follows
Starter
Participant
Participant
Participant
Campus Management
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Wrapper
The issue of the hair coloring policy is dominated by the representative based rhetorical structure.
Unlike the previous issue (the campus bell), students have different kinds of perspective when viewing
the hair coloring policy. There are two groups of students who agree and disagree with the policy. The
latter demands that the university should abolish the policy (FTA to negative face). In order to convince
other people, they express their ideas representatively. Because of students’ diverse opinion, the campus
manager does not become the solely object to blame any longer (+/- FTA to positive face). The pattern of
their communication in the hair coloring issue is as follows
Starter Campus Management
Participant
Participant
Wrapper
Communicative Strategies
Most students joining the discussion forum thread have different strategies to make their
argument convincing. The following is the list of the strategies they use during the discussion. At the
lexical level, they use:
a. their native language words such as NORAK, rek, cowo, neko-neko, mending, gede, gak direken, gondrong, etc.
b. colloquial words such as dipake, aku, make, cocok, kalo nggak salah, buang-buang duwit etc. c. English such as no comment, simple saja, company-company besar, etc. d. emoticon : , , ^^, @ e. discourse marker such as.., hehehehe, etc. f. abbreviation such as sy instead saya, etc. g. misspell the words such as ga instead gak, uska instead of suka h. use capital letters unusually such as LANGSUNG KE YAYASAN i. do not separate preposition with the noun such as disini, disana
At the grammatical level, they
a. often ignore the use of capital letter when starting a sentence. b. use the object focus sentence such as “tentang yang ini, mending ndak usah pakai bel sama sekali” c. implicitly address the interlocutors such as “Kan tau kalau universitas kita lagi berusaha keras”
instead of “Bukankah kalian semua tahu kalau universitas kita lagi berusaha keras”
d. make complex sentence of three or more clauses. e. Make incomplete clauses such as “tapi bel kampus kok masih mengandalkan Megaphone? yang
suaranya juga lebih mirip seperti sirine ambulance”.
Conclusion
The thread of discussion forum in the web represents a unique written conversational discourse
where the participants share their ideas about the prevailing issues. As more students perceive the issues
with similar perspectives, it is more likely that they become increasingly directive imposing the problem
on the university management. Thus, the campus management becomes ‘the only object’ to attack. By
contrast, when they have different ideas in viewing the issue, the pattern of their utterances tends to be
representative in nature. With this way, they make some argument in the attempt of making their beliefs
known by other people. Hence, they shift the object of their argument from the campus management to
other participants who disagree with their beliefs. In addition, very often students make use of some non-
standard written language both at the level of lexicon and the grammar. They seem to have intentionally
made use of these communicative strategies to intensively increase the perlocutionary force of their
communicative intension.
The study of rhetorical pattern and the communicative strategies in the discussion forum thread,
however, brings about a question: are the students aware of the effects of their utterance on the side of
their hearers? This question is important to ponder since whatever the students write in the thread has
direct impacts on the interlocutors. This discussion form is basically integrated to the university elite
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206
management website under the name of the rectorat ring on. Obviously, whenever anyone writes his/her
ideas in this site, it means that he/she actually is “addressing” the top management of the university,
including the university rector. Direct expressions along with non-standard language obviously represent
the transgression of the politeness principle, creating FTA of the interlocutor’s positive face and negative
face.
I personally disagree the way the students bring forward their ideas in such a way. No matter how
desperate they might find with the campus management’s service, they still have to adhere to the
communication ethics. However, it is natural human expression. Students do not make up their real
impression about the problems. Hence, this phenomenon can be said to be good information for the
campus management. There are problems that they have to take quick measure. Their service is not yet
satisfactory.
References
Austin, J.L (1962): How to Do Things With Words. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2nd
edition, 2005, ISBN 0-674-41152-8.
Bach, Kent and Harnish, Robert M. 1984. Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge, Mass.:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Jordà, M.P.S. (2004). An analysis on EAP learners' pragmatic production: a focus on request forms.
IBÉRICA Journal No 8 [2004]: 23-39
Kasper, G. (1996). Interlanguage pragmatics in SLA: Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18: 145-
149.
Meng.N (2008). Making Requests: A Pragmatic Study of Chinese Mother-Child Dyads. Proceedings of
the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL- 20). 2008. Edited by
Marjorie K.M. Chan and Hana Kang. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University. Pages 1011-
1022.
Zuraidah, Mohd Don. 1997. Pragmatic considerations in ESL. Journal of Educational Research 18, 133-
149.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langshaw_Austinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Do_Things_With_Wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674411528
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