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8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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International Rice Research Notes
The International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) expedites
communication among scientists concerned with the
development of improved technology for rice and rice-
based systems.
other informed of current rice research findings. The
concise scientific notes are meant to encourage ricescientists to communicate with one another to obtain
details on the research reported.
The IRRN is published quarterly in March, June,
September, and December by the International Rice
Research Institute; annual subject and variety indexes are
also produced.
The IRRN is divided into three sections: notes, news
about research collaboration, and announcements.
The IRRN is a mechanism to help scientists keep each
ContentsDecember 1995
Genetics
Loci for hybrid sterility in Basmati crosses 4Diallel analysis of AI toxicitytolerance in rice 5
Breeding methods
Maintainers and restorers for cytoplasmic male sterile line
Biological characteristics of indica-japonica hybrids 6
Grain quality
Glutelin banding pattern in rice assessed 7
lR66707A 5
IRRN production team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editor: Carolyn Dedolph
Assistant editor: Teresita Rola
Layout and design: Erlie Putungan
Production supervisor: Millet Magsino
Editorial assistant: Luisa Gelisan
Typesetting: Erlie Putungan
Cecilia Gregorio
Artwork: Jess Recuenco
2 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
Stress tolerancedrought
Leaf rolling and desiccation tolerance in relation to rooting depth
and leaf area in rice 7
Stress toleranceadverse soils
Tolerance for AI toxicity in lowland rice 8
Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated
Karnataka Rice Hybrid-1, a short-duration hybrid for Karnataka,
Xiangyou 63, a quasi-aromatic hybrid rice with good quality and
Zhushan A: a new Honglian-type cytoplasmic male sterile line
India 9
high yield 9
with good grain quality 10
Integrated germplasm improvementupland
Turant Dhan: a very early rice variety released in Bihar, India 11
Integrated germplasm improvementflood-prone
Purnendu, a new deepwater (50-100 cm) rice variety in eastern
Jitendra, a new deepwater rice variety for Uttar Pradesh and West
India 12
Bengal, India 13
Seed technology
A simple method for producing F1 hybrid seed for observational
yield trials 13
Physiology and plant nutrition
Proline content in rice seedlings grown under saline
Photosynthetic rate and respiration of some F1 hybrid rices 15
Fertilizer management
Integrated effect of deeply placed urea and Gliricidia green
conditions 14
manure on grain yield of transplanted rice 16
Germplasm improvement
Crop and resource management
Germplasm improvement
Crop and resource management
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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Effect of rice hull, biofertilizer, and chemical fertilizers on
growth and nitrogen economy of wetland rice 16
Fertilizer managementorganic sources
Influence of intercropping green manure in wet seeded
rice 17
Crop management
Effect of hill density, seedling number/hill, and potassium
on late-transplanted sali (rainfed lowland winter) rice yield
in Assam, India 18
Integrated pest managementinsects
Monitoring variation in brown planthopper biotype in
Guangdong, China 19
Integrated pest managementtheir pests
Loss of harvested rice due to rodents in central India 20
Farming systems
Farmer performance in a rice-based farming system:
differences between new and old systems 21
Farm machineryHand tools used for rice harvesting in South Sulawesi,
Indonesia 21
Postharvest technology
Multipurpose yard-drying implement for rice 22
Repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction of
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Pseudomonas
Pathotypic analysis ofPyricularia grisea using two sets of
species 23
near-isogenic lines 24
INGER celebrates 20 years of successful rice research 26
IRRI celebrates 35 years of rice research 27
IRRI welcomes two majorgroups of partners 27
Rice dateline 27
IRRI group trainingcoursesfor 1996 28
New IRRI publications 28
New publications 29
Rice literature update reprint service 29
Call for news 29
IRRI address 29
Inside back cover
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
Instruction for contributors
International Rice Genetics Symposium 27
Research methodology
News about research collaboration
Announcements
ErratumInstruction for contributors
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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Germplasm improvementcompletely fertile, the variety may be used
as a restorer. However, interference of
Loci for hybrid sterility in Basmati hybrid sterility genes with a CMS-restora-
crossestion factor system very much confounds the
criteria used in the screening.
Jianmin Wan, Nanjing Agricultural University, Hybrid sterility in indica-japonica
Nanjing, 210095, China; H. Ikehashi, Faculty crosses is due to an allelic interaction at a
of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-1, gamete abortion locus, S-5, on chromosome
Japan 6. Recently, in other groups of rice hybrids,
similar allelic interactions were found at
Massive screening has been conducted in loci S-7on chromosome 4, S-8 on chromo-
hybrid rice breeding to determine if a set of some 6, S-9 on chromosome 7, and S-15 on
varieties can be used as maintainers or chromosome 12. All of them cause sterility
restorers. If the pollen of an F1 hybrid independent of the others.
between a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) We found hybrid sterility loci in crosses
tester and any given variety is sterile, the with Basmati 370, the derivatives of which
variety may be used as maintainer. If the are frequently used in hybrid rice breeding.
pollen is sound and the panicles of the F1 are Basmati 370 showed hybrid sterility in its
Table 1. Varieties used and their marker alleles at respective loci.a
Marker allele and chromosome
Parent Chromosome Chromosome Chromosome Chromosome Chromosome7 4 12 16
Basmati 370AkihikariIR36lR2061-628lR2061-418Gilchao 2Ketan Nangka
Est-2 Amp-3 Cat-1 Est-9
(S-5) (S-8) (S-7)
1 1 2 10 1 2 12 1 1 22 1 1 22 1 1 22 1 1 21 2 2 1
Est-1
(S-9)
0011110
(S-15)
Sdh-1
2211112
(S-16)Est-5b
2111111
a The isozyme allele systems are from Morishima and Glaszmann (1991). bThree hybrid sterility loci are shown under
the marker loci.
crosses to several tester varieties. Spikelet
fertility levels in some of the crosses were
67.2% in Basmati 370/IR36,61.3% in
Basmati 370/IR2061-628,62.8% in Basmati
370/IR2061-418, and 43.2% in Basmati 370
Akihikari. The F1 hybrid of Basmati 370/
Ketan Nangka (wide compatibility variety)
showed normal fertility of 90.1%.
Marker alleles at each of the hybrid
sterility loci wereidentified (Table 1).
Basmati 370 is closer to japonicas in terms o
its isozymes, therefore it is genetically
diverse from indicas and should result in
pronounced hybrid vigor in its crosses with
indicas.
The marker genotypes that differentiated
the level of spikelet fertility in segregating
populations were determined (Table 2).
When Basmati 370 was crossed with
major indica varieties, such as IR36 and
IR2061-628, hybrid sterility was revealed
due to an allelic interaction at S-8. In the
cross Basmati 370/IR2061-418, hybrid
sterility was due to an allelic interaction at
S-7. In Basmati 370/Akihikari (a japonica
tester), hybrid sterility was affected by at
least the alleles at S-5.
We believe that the difficulties in using
Basmati 370 in hybrid rice breeding pro-
grams are caused by its allelic interactions at
several hybrid sterility loci. Systematic use
of neutral alleles at each locus is recom-mended to solve the problem.
Table 2. Distribution of spikelet fertility classified by marker genotype of hybrids between Basmati 370 and IRRI lines or a japonica test line. a
Number of plants in spikelet fertilityGenotype
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Total mean T-test
Basmati 370/1R36//1R36
Cat-12/Cat-11 2 3 3 5 9 10 3 3 2 0 40**b 52.3**
Cat-11/Cat-11 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 17 18 16 61 75.8SF was not differentiated at Est-2, Est-9, Est-1, Sdh-Tand Est-5
Basmati 370/lR2061-628//Basmati 370
Cat-12/Cat-12 1 1 1 1 0 2 8 10 8 6 38** 76.3**
Cat-11
/ Cat-12
3 2 2 4 7 9 8 8 8 -4 55 51.7SF was not differentiated at Est-2, Est-9, Est-1, Sdh-1, and Est-5
Basmati 370/IR2061-418//Basmati 370
Est-92/Est-91 2 2 3 3 6 3 14 8 5 4 50** 56.3**
Est-91/Est-91 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 10 10 6 37 74.3SF was not differentiated at Est-2, Cat-1, Est-1, Sdh-1, and Est-5
Basmati 370/Ketan Nangka//AkihikanAmp-32/Amp-31 0 1 0 0 3 2 14 11 7 5 43 76.5**Arnp31/Amp-31 2 1 2 3 4 2 4 7 5 3 33 52.3
aNumbers underlined are assumed to be recombinants. b** = significant at the 1% level.
4 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
GeneticsGenetics
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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Diallel analysis of AI toxicity
tolerance in rice
S. Khatiwada, D. Senadhira, and R. S.
Zeigler, IRRI; A. L. Carpena and P. G.
Fernandez, University of the Philippines Los
Baos, Laguna, Philippines
We studied the genetics of Al toxicity
tolerance using a full diallel set of crossesamong seven parents with differing degrees
of response to Al toxicity. The seven vari-
eties were Moroberekan, IRAT104, and
Azucena (tolerant); IR29 and IR43 (moder-
ately tolerant); and IR45 and IR1552 (sus-
ceptible).
Relative root length of 14-d-old seed-
lings, determined by growing seedlings in a
normal nutrient solution and nutrient
solution with 30 ppm Al, was used to
characterize the tolerance of test materials.
The experiment was conducted in a
glasshouse at the IRRI Phytotron with
29/21 C day/night temperature and 70%
relative humidity. The experimental units
consisted of 49 entries (7 7 diallel) in
randomized complete block design with
four replications. Eight seedlings were
sampled for each entry in a replication.
Analysis of variance among parents,
hybrids, and reciprocals showed highly
significant differences among parents and
hybrids. Differences between parents and
hybrids were not significant. Analysis of
variance of the diallels revealed homogene-ity of error variance, directional dominance,
symmetrical distribution of genes among
parents, and that no parent had more
dominant genes than did the others.
Covariance-variance graphic analysis
showed the adequacy of a simple additive-
Estimates of genetic parameters for relative root length (AI toxicity tolerance) in 7 7 diallel crosIRRI, 1995.
Genetic parameter Estimate SE
(D) Additive effects(H) Dominance effects
H1 (due to dominant gene)
H2 (due to positive and negative genes)
h2 (due to heterozygous loci)(F) Gene distributlon
(E) Environmental effects
0.0167 0.0005* a
0.0041 0.0015*
0.0034 0.0013*
0.0002 0.00090.0028 0.0015
0.0008 0.0002*
Proportional values
(H1/D) Mean degree of dominance 0.4954(H2/4H1) Proportion of genes with + or - effects on parents 0.2082(KD/KR) b Proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents 1.4001r
c Correlation between (Wr+Vr) and Yr 0.6618r
2 Prediction for measurement of completely dominant and
recessive parents 0.4380
and inhibit dominance 0.0654
(h2/H2) Number of gene groups that control tolerance
(hns) Heritability (narrow sense) 0.8177
(hbs) Heritability (broad sense) 0.9106
a * = significant at P
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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6 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
9.0 a 24.6 220.0 69.1 22.3 12.0 18.6
the frequency of maintainers in the CMS-
O. perennis system was very high and the
frequency of restorers very low.
IR21820-38-2 and Mahsuri produced
hybrids that yielded about 40% more than
check IR36 (Table 2.)
Biological characteristics of indica-
japonica hybrids
Lu Chuan'gen, Gu Fulin, and Zou Jiangshi,
Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(JAAS), Nanjing 210014, China
Five indica-japonica hybrids and their
parents were tested for their biological
characteristics. The experiment was
conducted in a 40-m2plot with three
replications per variety at the JAAS
experimental farm in 1990 and 1991. The
hybrids were obtained by crossing indica
lines and japonica wide compatibility lines
with the S-5n gene.
The hybrids had grain yields of 7.6-10.6
t/ha and significant heterosis of 13.8-83.1%
over the average of their parents. More
spikelets per panicle in the hybrids caused
the sink capacity to increase by 27.0-70.4%
over that of the parents, thus contributing to
high grain yields. The panicles per area,
however, exhibited no heterosis (Table 1).
The biomass of the hybrids averaged
about 18 t/ha. It exceeded that of the parents
by 11.5-41.1% and was the biological basis
for the hybrids' high grain yield. High leaf
Table 1. Maintainers and restorers for lR66707
A. CRRI, Cuttack, India. 1992 and 1993 wetseasons.
Male parent M/Ra
1992
ADT34AnnadaB4143 D-PM-51-4BKS64CR580-17-3
CR564-8CR644CRM 35DayaIET10158
IET10983lR1846-300-1lR25560-109-3-1-3-2
Krishna
Mizoram 24Mizoram 35Mizoram 41Mizoram 51Mizoram 61
Mizoram 62
PanidhanPusa 33Rasi
SarasaSuphalaSavitriTulasiV20
GayatriMizoram 39
lR1248-242-32
PN56-665
MMMMM
MMMMM
MMMMM
MMMMM
MMMMWM
MMMMM
PRb
PR
1993
ARC1355886441-5. MR. 10-1BR1870-88-11Col. 155C1954-24-2
MMMMM
C2757-22-1-1-1 MlR49689-84-2-1-2 MlR35366-28-3-1-2-2 MlR48725-B-B-120-1 MlR27315-145-1-3-2 M
KatarniPusa 33-303Vijaya
MMM
lR49721-127-2-2-1 PR
Raktachandan
Tox 3108-43-3-6lR21820-38-2Mahsuri
PRPRR*1c
R*2d
aM = maintainer (spikelet fertility
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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Table 2. Comparison of some physiological traits of Yayou and Shanyou 63. Nanjing, China, 1989.
Trait Yayou 2 Shanyou 63 Compared
Maximum leaf area indexMaximum photosynthetic rate
(mol CO2 /m per s)Specific leaf weight in heading
(mg/cm2)Chlorophyll content in heading (%)Relative growth rate (g/kg per d)
Net assimilation rate (g/m2 per d)Period leaf activity (d)
8.2 7.1
24.0 20.9
4.6 3.84.9 4.0
40.9
9.673
(check) with check a
37.8
6.454
+15.5%
+14.8%*
+21.1%*
+22.5%*+8.2%
+50.0%+35.2%*
a *= significant difference at the 5% level.
area index (LAI) and leaf area duration of 0.5, which was 6.4% higher than that of
(LAD) caused a high crop growth rate in the the check. Its LAI increased at a rate of
hybrids, leading to the higher average 10.2% per day in the earlier growth stages,
biomass than that of the parents. There was which was faster than that of the check, and
no heterosis in harvest index. decreased at 2.0% per day in the later
The grain yield potential increased to stages, which was slower than that of the
11.1-12.5 t/ha, which was much higher than check. Its maximum LAI was 1.1 and its
that for the indica or japonica lines. Seed LAD 25.5%both higher than those of the
set, however, was low and unstable com- check. Yayou 2 had a leaf photosynthetic pared with that of the parents, although the rate 14.8% higher than the check and a daily
S-5n gene was used. High and stable seed set bio-mass accumulation of 17.1% more
should therefore be the main objective for (Table 2).
cultivating and breeding indica-japonica The leaves of Yayou 2 were droopy
hybrids. during the early growth stage but later
An example of an indica-japonica hybrid became erect, resulting in a lower light
rice is Yayou 2. It was developed by using a
chemical hybridizing agent and by crossing
indica line 3037 and japonica wide compat-
ibility variety 02428. We compared some of
its traits with check Shanyou 63, a widely
cultivated indica hybrid.
Yayou 2 showed a grain yield potentialof 12 t/ha, 21 t/ha of biomass (1 3% higher
than that of the check), and a harvest index
Glutelin banding pattern in rice
assessed
B. Kalita and G. N. Hazarika, Agricultural
Biotechnology Program, Plant Breeding and
Genetics Department, Assam Agricultural
University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
The high stability of the seed protein profile
and its additive nature make seed protein
electrophoresis a powerful tool in elucidat-
ing the origin and evolution of cultivated
plants. The electrophoregram obtained by
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
of storage proteins is used mostly for
extinction coefficient and a higher light
transmission in the later stages. Compared
with the check, Yayou 2 had a higher
translocation coefficient of stored sub-
stances in the sheath, leaf, and stem; a
higher relative growth rate and net assimila-
tion rate in the earlier stages; and a longeractive period for the three top leaves.
assessing variation in chemical composi-
tion among cultivars and populations of
land races. Scientists have also established
an association between electrophoretic
components and quality characters in
cereals.
Glutelin is the major seed storage
protein of rice, contributing 80% of the total
endosperm protein. We examined the
glutelin banding pattern in 72 japonica and
indica rices using the sodium dodecyl
sulfate PAGE technique. Three were
japonica varieties (Jinbu 4, Vailoninano,
and Stagaree E) and 69 were indica varie-
ties, classified as nonscented (23), scented
(13), glutinous (9), semiglutinous (9), and
deepwater (15).
The different indica varieties showed a
similar banding pattern for the major bands
The only exception was the scented variety
Kosturi. We observed it to have one
mobility variant 6s (Rf= 0.67) for band 6,
which contributed to a higher molecular
weight than the corresponding band in othe
varieties (Rf= 0.72). Differences for some
minor bands were noticed among sub-
groups of indica varieties.
was not found within japonica varieties.
However, indica and japonica varieties
showed variation for the major band 6. The
japonica varieties also had a mobility
variant 6s (Rf= 0.67) similar to that of
Kosturi.
These findings show that glutelin
components in rice are conserved, unlike
prolamines of wheat and barley. The
similarity between indica variety Kosturi
and japonica varieties for the slow migrat-
Similarly, variation for glutelin subunits
ing band 6s indicates the probability of
these being distantly related. A detailed
study is needed to conclude whether the
presence or absence of minor bands in
different rice groups has something to do
with varietal characteristics.
Leaf rolling and desiccation
tolerance in relation to rooting
depth and leaf area in rice
A. R. Gomosta and M. Z. Haque, Plant
Physiology Division, Bangladesh Rice
Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangla-
desh
Greater rooting depth is associated with
drought tolerance in a rice variety. How-
ever, more water is lost from plants with a
higher leaf area. A balance between
rooting depth and leaf area is perhaps
important. This study was done to under-
stand the relative importance of these two
traits in leaf rolling and desiccation
tolerance.
Different rooting depths were created
by placing perforated polyethylene sheets
at 5, 10, and 15 cm in the soil. One treat-
ment with no polyethylene sheet was used
as the control. Fertilizer at 20-40-60 kg
NPK/ha was applied before IR5 was dry
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
Grain quality
Stress tolerance
drought
Grain quality
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
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Water saturation deficit, leaf rolling, and desiccation tolerance of rice as affected by rooting depthThe soil moisture percentage around the
and leaf area.a
root zone decreased as rooting depth de-
Rooting Leaf WSDb Leaf Desiccationd Root zone creased. Soil moisture was also reduceddepth area (%) rolling tolerance
(cm) (%) (1-5) c (1-9) (%)
moisture with increased leaf area, but only at 5- and
5 100 86.0 a 5.0 a 9.0 a 4.0 c leaf area did not affect the root zone mois-5 50 71.0 b 5.0 a 9.0 a
10 100 50.0 c 5.0 a 8.0 a6.0 c ture.6.0 bc
10 50 31.0 d 4.0 a 7.0 a 8.0 ab Like rooting depth, the leaf area also sig-
10-cm rooting depths. At 15 cm or deeper,
15 100 25.0 de 3.0 b 7.0 a 8.0 a nificantly determines the plants internal
15 50 7.0 f 2.0 eControl
1.0 c100 15.0 ef 3.0 b
9.0 a4.0 b
water balance as well as its desiccation tol-
Control 50 6.0 f 2.0 c 1.0 c 9.0 a10.0 a
erance. However, the degrees of leaf rolling
CV (%) 23 11 20 16 and leaf desiccation were significantly re-
aFigures with the same letter(s) do not differ significantly at the 1% level.
b WSD (water saturation deficit) (%) =
cRated on a 1-5 scale where 1 = no leaf rolling and 5 = leaves severely rolled. dRated on a 1-9 scale where 1 = no
desiccation of leaves and 9 = leaves severely desiccated.
Turgid weight field weight
Turgid weight oven-dry weight 100.
seeded. Seedlings were sprinkled with
turgid in water. This was measuredclipped to half at 21 d after seeding.
deficiency relative to when a leaf was 100%water for the first 3 wk. The leaf area was percentage (WSD%), defined as water
The internal water stress of the leaves gravimetrically. The WSD% increased with
was expressed as the water saturation deficit decrease in rooting depth (see table).
duced with decreased leaf area at 15 cm
rooting depth or more. At 5- and 10-cm
rooting depths, leaf rolling as well as desic-
cation tolerance were statistically similar at~~
100% and 50% leaf area.
Thus, less leaf area is more important at
greater rooting depths than at shallower
rooting depths when desiccation tolerance
of a variety is considered.
Relative root length of some traditional rice va-
Tolerance for Al toxicity in lowland India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,rieties grown in normal and AI toxic nutrientsolution.
rice
S. Khatiwada, D. Senadhira, and R. S.
Zeigler, IRRI; A. L. Carpena and P. G.
Fernandez, University of the Philippines Los
Baos, Laguna, Philippines
A major production constraint in acid
upland soils is Al toxicity. So far, screening
rices for Al tolerance has been limited to
upland cultivars. However, lowland rice is
grown on about 2 million ha with acid
sulfate soil conditions. These rices are
prone to Al toxicity during dry spells.
Several Al-tolerant upland rices have been
identified, but their use in acid lowlands as
cultivars or as donors for breeding purposes
is very limited because they are japonicas.
Previous investigations showed that
relative root length (RRL) of 2-wk-old
seedlings (determined as the ratio of root
length in a nutrient solution with 30 ppm Al
to the root length in a normal nutrient
solution) is a good criterion for selectingAl-tolerant genotypes. With the objective of
isolating AI-tolerant lowland indicas, we
used this technique to screen 62 cultivars
originating from acid sulfate soil areas of
Vietnam, and West Africa.
The experiment, which was laid out in a
randomized complete block design with
two replications, was conducted in an IRRI
Phytotron glasshouse with 29/21 C day/
night temperatures and 70% relative
humidity. IRAT104 was used as the tolerantcheck and IR1552 as the susceptible check.
Eight seedlings were sampled for each test
entry in a replication.
The differential tolerance for Al among
cultivars was found highly significant (see
table). RRL ranged from 0.45 in S-4 to 1.16
in Siyam Kuning. The RRL was 0.83 for
tolerant check IRAT104 and 0.57 for
susceptible check IR1552. In 17 varieties,
RRL was 1.0 or more, indicating that Al did
not affect the root growth of these cultivars.
Other researchers earlier reported increases
in root length and growth of seedlings of
tolerant cultivars when exposed to added
Al.
The difference in RRL means between
tolerant check IRAT104 and the two best
performing test varieties (Siyam Kuning
and Gudabang Putih) was highly signifi-
cant. This finding suggests that the toler-
ance of these two cultivars is very much
Variety
Siyam Kuning
Gudabang PutihSiyam
Lemo
Khao Daeng
Siyamhalus
Bjm-12
Ketan
Seribu Gantang
Bayar Raden RatiPadi KanjiBjm-13Batang PaneBjm-14Ca Dung DoBjm-10Padi JambiGablak Cablak
BaritoEngatekBjm-15
Siyam Kuning
Quisidugo
Lua ThuocGudabang Kuning
Bjm-17Kutik PutihKapuasBaiang 6Pontianak
Relative
lengthaOrigin root
Indonesia 1.16
Indonesia 1.14Indonesia 1.10Indonesia 1.09
Thailand 1.08
Indonesia 1.06
Indonesia 1.06
Indonesia 1.06
Malaysia 1.05Indonesia 1.05Indonesia 1.04Indonesia 1.04Indonesia 1.04Indonesia 1.04Vietnam 1.04Indonesia 1.04Indonesia 1.03Indonesia 0.96
Indonesia 0.94Malaysia 0.93Indonesia 0.93
Indonesia 0.93
West Africa 0.93Vietnam 0.92
Indonesia 0.92Indonesia 0.90
Indonesia 0.90Indonesia 0.89lndonesia 0.89Indonesia 0.85
continued on nextpage
8 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
Stress toleranceadverse soils
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Table continued
Variety
Relative
lengthaOrigin root
Nang CoiBayar KuningBjm-11
Thung Hoa Binh
Alabio
Khao Seetha
Gaw Diaw BowKhao TaengLua Thuoc Co
Talang A
Mahakam
GalambongTai Nguyen
KetumbarThom RanTalang B
Duvi TrauCan Dung PhenGogo RancehDoc Phung
Nang GaoMansirit
Kapus
YacaS-1
VietnamIndonesia
IndonesiaVietnam
Indonesia
Thailand
IndonesiaThailandVietnam
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
VietnamIndonesia
VietnamIndonesiaVietnamVietnamIndonesiaVietnamVietnam
Indonesia
Indonesia
West AfricaWest Africa
0.850.850.85
0.85
0.81
0.81
0.800.800.79
0.78
0.78
0.770.77
0.740.740.73
0.700.70
0.700.680.67
0.67
0.66
0.660.66
Atanha West Africa 0.62
Nang Co Vietnam 0.62
Than Nang Do Vietnam 0.62Pokkali India 0.62SOC Nau Vietnam 0.59Silla West Africa 0.57
S-4 West Africa 0.45IRAT104 (tolerant check) 0.83
lR1552 (susceptible check) 0.57CV (%) 12.5LSD (0.05) 0.21LSD (0.01) 0.28
a Mean of two replications.
higher than that of IRAT104. Varieties
Siyam, Lemo, Khao Daeng, Siyamhalus,
Bjm- 12, Ketan, Seribu Gantang, Bayar
Raden Rati, and Padi Kanji also produced
significantly higher RRLs than did
IRAT104. The tolerance level of the other
cultivars was comparable with that of
IRAT104. Only three of the 62 varieties
expressed sensitivity.
The results indicated that tolerance for
Al toxicity exists in lowland varieties grown
on acid sulfate soils. The cultivars that are
more tolerant of Al than upland cultivar
IRAT104 may be good donors for breeding
Al-tolerant lowland rice varieties.
Karnataka Rice Hybrid-1, a short-
duration hybrid for Karnataka, India
B. Vidyachandra, R. M. Radhakrishna, S.
Lingaraju, A. H. Krishnamurthy, and V.
Bhaskar, University of Agricultural Science,
Regional Research Station (RRS), V. C. Farm,
Mandya 571405, Karnataka, India
Karnataka Rice Hybrid-1 (KRH-1) is a
short-duration rice hybrid selected at RRS
from rice hybrids shared by IRRI through
the Directorate of Rice Research,
Hyderabad. Its parents are cytoplasmic
male sterile line IR58025 A and restorer
line IR9761-19-1 R.
KRH-1 matures in 125 d and is 90-cm
tall. It produces an average of 460 panicles/
m2 and 168 grains/panicle. The grains are
long-slender and straw-colored, the kernels
are white, and the 1,000-grain weight is
23.3 g. It is for use in the irrigated areas of
Karnataka. The recommended fertilizer
dose for KRH-1 is 100-50-50 kg NPK/ha.
The seed rate is 20 kg/ha with single
seedlings per hill at 20- 10-cm spacing.
KRH-1 recorded a yield advantage of1.5 t/ha over check Mangala in trials
conducted during 1990-93 at Mandya (see
table). Similar results were obtained in
multilocation trials and in 100 on-farm
trials around Karnataka, in which KRH-1
yielded an average 6.8 t/ha with a yield
advantage of 1.5 t/ha over Mangala. KRH-
has moderate resistance to neck blast,
sheath rot, and stem borer.
The State Variety Release Committee
released KRH-1 during 1994 for cultivatio
in Karnataka State.
Mean yield (t/ha) of Karnataka Rice Hybrid-1 (KRH-1) in different trials in Karnataka, India. 1990
93.
Type of trial Year Trials KRH-1 Mangala Yield
(no.) (check) advantage
Research station 1.5
Multilocation 1991-93 18 5.3 3.7 1.6
1991-93On-farm 100 6.8 5.3 1.5
Mean 6.4 4.9 1.51.3
1990-93 10 7.2 5.7(Mandya)
Demonstration 1993 10 6.3 5.0
Xiangyou 63, a quasi-aromatic The hybrid, which produces only some
hybrid rice with good quality and aromatic grains on each plant, has somehigh yield advantages over aromatic inbred or hybrid
rices. In China, aromatic inbred and hybrid
Zhou Kunlu and Liao Fuming, Hunan Hybrid rices are usually mixed before cooking with
Rice Research Center (HHRRC), Changsha
aroma. Xiangyou 63 grain, however, is410125, Hunan, China
nonaromatic rice to lessen their intense
Xiangyou 63 was developed at HHRRC Another advantage is that its grains are not
using aromatic cytoplasmic male sterile line as easily attacked by insect pests and rats as
Xiangxiang 2 A and nonaromatic restorer are those of aromatic rices, and that it is also
line Minghui 63. It was released to farmers relatively easier to store than aromatic rice.
in Jan 1995. Xiangyou 63 is the first quasi- All of Xiangyou 63s quality characters,
aromatic hybrid rice in China, and except brown rice percentage, meet the firs
Xiangxiang 2A, developed from the cross and second class standards of fine quality
first aromatic CMS line in China. The Agriculture (Table 1). It has been endorsed
hybrid has so far been planted on more than as a fine quality rice in Hunan, Guangdong,
20,000 ha and seems popular with farmers Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, and Henan
and consumers. In addition to being provinces.aromatic, the hybrid has good grain quality, Xiangyou 63 yielded an average of
high-yielding ability, good disease resist- about 6.9 t/ha in various trials during 1987-
ance, and wide adaptability. 89. For example, in the 1988-89 Hunan
already mixed due to F2 segregation.
V20A//N20 B/MR365 by HHRRC, is the rice issued by the Chinese Ministry of
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
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Table 1. Grain quality performance of Xiangyou 63.
74 >59 6.5-7.5 >3.0 60 17-22 >8
Ministry of
Agriculture 2nd class >79 >72 >54 5.6-6.5 2.5-3.0standard
aHRRI = Hunan Rice Research Institute, CNRRl = Chinese National Rice Research Institute, and SGAB = Shaoguan Agricultural Bureau. b Xiangyou 63 did not mature very well in
1990 because of late sowing, which gave lower head rice and higher chalky rice percentages than the other results.
Table 2. Agronomic characters of Xianyou 63. Hunan Rice Variety Regional Trial, China, 1988.
Hybrids Replica-
HybridPlant Spikelets/ Filled 1,000- Grain
Locations tested tions Maturity height panicle spikelets grain yielda
(no.) (no.) (no.) (d) (cm) (no.) (%) weight (t/ha)
(g)
Xiangyou 63 15 10 3 126 99 91.9 81.1 28.1 6.7 nsWeiyou 6 (check) 15 10 3 127 88 94.5 80.4 26.6 6.6
ans = yields not significant by Duncan's SSR test.
Table 1. Heading date, fertility, and general combining ability (GCA) effects for grain quality characters of Zhushan A, Zhenshan 97 A, and Guang 41 A
Zhangjiang, China. 1991-93.
Trait
Fertility (%) Relative value of GCA effects (%)c
CMS linea
Days toheadingb Pollen Stained Spikelet Chalkinessd Length e Width f Length-width Milling rate of
head rice (%)sterile pollen (cm) (cm) ratio polished
Zhushan A 78 12 0-0.1 9.7-63.3 0-0.2 10.3* g 3.9* 8.3** 12.6** 3.2**
Zhenshan 97 A (check) 69 12 0-0.1 3.0- 6.8 0-0.1 7.2**g 1.5 6.0** 7.15 1.4
Guang 41 A (check) 86 16 0-0.1 8.2-55.1 0-0.1 3.1* 2.4 2.3 5.5 1.8
SE for GCA value 1.3 1.6 2.0 4.5 1.2
aZhenshan 97 A is a leading wild abortive CMS line in China. Guang 41 A is a leading Honglian-type CMS line in Guangdong Province, China. bMean values across 16 seeding times
from 3 Feb to 13 Aug 1992. cThe six restorer lines, R59, R56, R892, Zaoteqing, Gujinyang, and 771, that can restore the fertility of both Honglian-type and wild abortive-type CMS
lines were used in an Incomplete diallel experiment. dMeasured using the Standard evaluation system for rice. eSum of the length of 10 brown rice grains. fSum of the width of 10
brown rice grams. g*, ** = significant at the 5 and 1% level, respectively.
10 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
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observe the traits of Zhushan A, to test its
general combining ability (GCA) effects on
some grain quality characters, and to
determine the yield capacity of the new
hybrids from Zhushan A.
Zhushan A has good plant type and is
about 85 cm tall. It has dark green leaves,
erect flag leaves, and long-slender grain
(9.1 mm long 2.6 mm wide). Its heading
date was 78 d, which was 9 d longer than
that of Zhenshan 97 A and 8 d shorter than
that of Guang 41 A (Table 1). Pollen fertility
was 0-0.1%. Like the Honglian-type CMS
line Guang 41 A, Zhushan A had 9.7-63.3%
stained sterile pollen. The sterility of
Zhushan A is acceptable for commercial
hybrid rice production in southern China.
the relative values of GCA effects of the
parents were estimated by Bulmer's
method. Zhushan A had higher GCA effects
for grain length, length-width ratio, and
milling rate of polished head rice than did
Zhenshan 97 A and Guang 41 A, but lower
GCA effects for chalkiness and grain width.
Therefore, Zhushan A could be used to
produce hybrids with lower chalkiness,
grain length, grain width, length-width ratio
in grain, and milling rates of polished head
rice (Table 1).
Yield trials were laid out in a random-
ized complete block design with three
replications. Four of the hybrid crosses
from Zhushan A yielded 8.0-8.4 t/ha during
the early cropping season (5.6-10.7% morethan the national check Shanyou 63) and
6.9-7.1 t/ha during the late cropping season
(2.5-5.4% more than the provincial check
Shanyou 64) (Table 2). For the four hybrids,
grain length was 6.1-6.8 mm; length-width
ratio, 2.5-3.2; chalkiness, 0-1; amylose
content, 19.7-23.5%; and grain quality,
grade 1 or 2. In the 1993 early cropping
season, Zhuyou 61 (Zhushan A/R61)
yielded 7.7 t/ha, ranking first among 14
crosses in the united test of high-quality
hybrid rice of southern China. Zhuyouqing
(Zhushan A/Meiqing) ranked second in a
regional test during the early cropping
season in Guangdong Province.
Zhushan A has greater GCA for grain
quality characters than do other CMS lines.
The hybrid crosses derived from Zhushan A
have good grain quality and higher grain
yield, making the line valuable for use in
breeding programs.
In a 3 6 incomplete diallel experiment,
Table 2. Grain yield and grain quality of several Zhushan A hybrids. Zhanjiang, China. 1991-93 ear
and late cropping seasons. a
Hybrid
Zhushan A/Meiqing Zhushan A/R61 Zhushan A/R903 Zhushan A/R54
Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late
Grain yield (t/h) 8.0 7.1 8.2 7.0 8.3 7.0 8.4 6.9
Checkb 5.6 5.4 8.1c 4.0 8.7* 3.7 10.7** 2.5
Grain quality
Grain length (mm) 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.6Length-width ratio 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.1
Chalkiness 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1
Amylose content (%) 22.0 21.1 23.5 21.0 20.8 21.3 19.7 21.8Quality graded 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
a Early crop was seeded in February, late crop was seeded in July. b Shanyou 63 was the check for the early crop a
Shanyou 64 for the late crop. c*, ** = significant at the 5 and 1% level, respectively. dAccording to the nationstandard of high-quality rice in China, quality grade 1 = milling rate of brown rice >81% and that of polished rice >72%
half-transparent rice grain, length-width ratio is >3.0, and amylose content = 17-22%. Quality grade 2 = milling rate
content 79% and that of polished rice >72%, half-transparent rice grain, length-width ratio = 2.5-3.0, and amylos
Turant Dhan: a very early rice
variety released in Bihar, India
R. Thakur, A. K. Singh, R. S. Singh, and M.
Mishra, Rajendra Agricultural University,
Pusa 848125, Samastipur, India; and R. C.
Chaudhary, IRRI
Flood or drought periodically affects rice in
Biharespecially in the northern areas.
Sometimes floods and droughts occur at the
same time in different parts of the state.
Farmers require rice varieties that are
suitable for preflood and postflood condi-tions and for intermittent drought to enable
a harvest on the available rainfall.
Varieties that are very early-maturing arthe obvious choice for these situations.
Sattari, Prasana, and Heera, which all have
70-75 d durations and were released in
recent years, have not been accepted by
farmers because of their poor yield and
susceptibility to diseases and insect pests.
We began working to develop very early
rice varieties in the early 1980s. Numerous
early-maturing cultures from IRRI were
evaluated. A hybridization program was
undertaken that made use of available very
early germplasm.
Culture ES18-5-1, with 70-75 d dura-tion, was developed from the cross Sattari/
Rasi. The culture consistently outyielded
Table 1. Yields of ES18-5-1 in uniform varietal trials at different locations in Bihar, India. 1989-95
Year LocationYield (t/ha) (preflood)
ES18-5-1 Sattari Prasana Heera CV (%) LSD (5%
1989-90 Dhangain 3.1 2.3 1.4Pusa 2.4
12.6 0.4
1990-91 Dhangain 2.81.7 1.92.7 2.1
16.0 0.6
Sabour 2.2 1.9 1.211.9 0.819.9
Pusa 2.0 1.2 1.7 8.8 0.20.4
1991-92 Dhangain 3.1 2.2 1.1 15.4 0.3
Sabour 2.3 1.6 1.3 14.6 0.6Pusa
1992-93 Dhangain1.3 1.1 1.2 13.12.1 2.5
0.21.6
Sabour 1.90.6
1.2nsa
Pusa 2.61.0 1.1 11.1 0.2
1993-94 Bikramganj1.8
4.31.2 0.9 10.4 0.4
4.3 1.1Sabour 1.5 1.1
1.7 13.9 0.11.1 0.5 16.8 0.8
Pusa 3.8Patna
3.0 2.7 11.8 0.051.6
2.32.3
1994-95 Pusa1.4
2.90.5 ns
Pooled mean 2.52.0 13.8
2.0 1.5 1.20.6
ans = not significant.
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Table 2. Yield (t/ha) of ES18-5-1 in on-farm trials sown on different dates around Bihar, India.1991-95.
10 JulYear
ES18-5-1 Sattari Heera
1991-92 2.6 2.1 1.61992-93 3.6 2.3 1.51994-95 3.2 2.4 1.7Pooled mean 3.1 2.2 1.6
25 Aug (postflood)
ES18-5-1 Sattari Heera
2.4 1.5 1.13.4 2.1 1.2
2.7 1.8 1.3
2.8 1.8 1.2
check varieties in multilocation state
on-farm trials, ES18-5-1 outyielded checksThe pooled averages exhibited a 20.8%
Under late sown conditions (Aug 25) in1989 to 1994 under preflood conditions.
Prasana, and 41.7% over Heera (Table 1).uniform varietal trials (very early) from
yield increase over Sattari, 38.4% over
across 3 yr. Yield increases were as high as
133.3% over Sattari and 55% over Heera
(Table 2).
The culture was released as Turant Dhan
for preflood and postflood conditions as
well as for use under upland conditions. It is
a semidwarf (90-95 cm) indica with sturdy
stems. Turant Dhan has field resistance to
brown spot and bacterial blight and is
suitable for double cropping during the wet
season.
Purnendu, a new deepwater Performance of Purnendu in national trials in India. 1986-92.(50-100 cm) rice variety in eastern
IndiaYield (t/ha)
Year Trial/siteMaximum
water
1986 PVT-5a
S. Mallik, C. Kundu, S. K. B. Roy, S. D.
Chatterjee, and B. K. Mandal, Rice
Research Station (RRS), Chinsurah
712102, West Bengal, India
Patna, Bihar
Pusa, BiharGhagraghat, Uttar PradeshCentral Rice Research Institute
We developed the new variety Purnendu Chinsurah, West Bengal
(CN573-221-7-1) by pedigree selection
from the cross Patnai 23/Jaladhi 2.
Purnendu is suitable for intermediate and CRRI, Orissa
deepwater conditions where water is 50-
100 cm deep or more. CRRI, Orissa
across 36 locations in the national varietalPatna, BiharPusa, Bihar
testing program for several years. Its mean Sabour, Biharyield was 3.0 t/ha, with a potential yield of Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh
5.3 t/ha. The mean yield of Purnendu was
78% more than that of Tilakkachari acrossChinsurah, West BengalPatna, Bihar
8 locations, 38% more than that of Sabita Pusa, Bihar
across 17 locations, and 67% more thanSabour, BiharCRRI, Orissa
that of Jalamagna across 111 locations (see Pulla, Andhra Pradesh
1987 PVT-5
Pulla, Andhra PradeshChinsurah, West Bengal
1988 UVT-5b
Pulla, Andhra Pradesh
Pumendu was evaluated as IET10029 N. Lakhimpur, Assam
1989 UVT-5
Purnendu Standard depth
check (cm)
Tilakkachari3.6
2.42.0
(CRRI) 1.02.6
2.6 *e
5.1*
3.4*
2.3*
3.0*4.2
2.2
0.8*
2.61.7
4.2
3.9*3.8*4.53.4
3.4*
1.5
2.31.802.0
0.82.2
2.1
Sabita1.4
1.4
3.3
1.60.5
2.61.6
3.80.91.43.93.3
2.4
NAb
40
2590
100
7575
85
90
80
103
70
170
6064
5570507590
80
table). In national testing, it ranked first in
the 1987 preliminary variety trial-5 and
1989 UVT-6c JalamagnaN. Lakhimpur, Assam 4.07 3.42 110
Chinsurah, West Bengal 2.17* 0.62 65second in the 1989 uniform variety trial-6 Kamardanga, West Bengal 3.19* 1.41 65
and 1990 and 1992 advanced variety
trials-deepwater. It was approved for
release in 1994 in Orissa, West Bengal,
eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh, and Assam.
Purnendu is strongly photoperiod-
sensitive and flowers around the end of
October. It has very good tolerance for
submergence with nominal elongation
(similar to that of FR13A) and good
kneeing ability. The variety possesses
resistance to sheath blight, yellow stem
Pusa, Bihar 2.67* 1.35 125
Pusa, Bihar 2.22* 1.61 95Chinsurah, West Bengal 1.80* 1.32 50
N. Lakhimpur, Assam 4.01* 3.12 100
Chinsurah, West Bengal 2.32* 0.50 70
Pusa, Bihar 2.70 2.16 NA
Motto, Orissa 3.42* 1.67 125Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh 4.73* 2.75 141
-
1990 AVT-DWd
1991 AVT-DW
1992 AVT-DW
aPVT-5 = Preliminary variety trial-5. bUVT-5 = Uniform variety trial-5. bNA = not available. cUVT-6 = Uniform variety trial-
6. dAVT-DW = Advanced variety trial - deepwater. e*Significantly superior to standard checks at the 5% level.
12 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
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borer, and leaffolder and moderate resist-
ance to sheath rot, brown spot, and gall
midge biotype 1.
about 3 mo. Grain is golden with purple
Purnendu has strong seed dormancy for
Jitendra, a new deepwater rice
variety for Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal, India
S. Mallik, C. Kundu, S. K. Datta, B.
Banerjee, S. D. Chatterjee, and B. K.
Mandal, Rice Research Station (RRS),
Chinsurah, 712102, West Bengal, India
The Varietal Identification Committee of
the Indian Council of Agricultural Re-
search approved the release in 1994 of
Jitendra (SF432) for deepwater areas in
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, India.
Jitendra is a pureline selection from land
races. It was developed at RRS, Chinsurah.The variety is suitable for water depths of
100 cm or more.
The mean yield of the variety in
national trials was 2.8 t/ha with a yield
potential of 5.0 t/ha. It yielded 46% more
than Tilakkachari and 33% more than
Jalmagna. It ranked third in the 1992
advanced variety trial-deepwater (AVT-
DW), fifth in the 1991 AVT-DW, and
seventh in the 1990 AVT-DW over the
pooled means. At Ghagraghat, Uttar
Pradesh, Jitendra yielded 5 t/ha in 1989
with a maximum water level of 191 cm,and 4 t/ha in 1992 when the maximum
water depth was 141 cm (see table).
Jitendra is tall, photoperiod-sensitive,
and flowers around the third week of
October. It has tolerance for submergence,
mainly through elongation and very good
kneeing ability. Panicles are well exserted
with long slender golden grains and purple
apiculi. Grain dimension is 10.9 2.9 mm,
with a test weight of 31.2 g. Kernels are
white with a length-breadth ratio of 3.3.
Hulling percentage is 79.7 and milling
percentage is 72.5. The rice has intermedi-
ate alkali value (2.6) and amylose content
(25.0). Seed dormancy is about 3 mo.
Jitendra has resistance to neck blast,
brown planthopper, and whitebacked
planthopper and moderate resistance to
leaffolder and gall midge biotype 1.
apiculi. Mean grain dimensions are 7.9 and amylose content (26.1) are high.
2.8 mm with a test weight of 18.9 g. Kernels A large amount of seed has been
are white with a length-breadth ratio of 2.5. distributed through the minikit program to
Hulling percentage is 79.5 and milling make the variety available to farmers.
percentage is 73.5. Both alkali value (5.6)
Performance of Jitendra in national trials. India. 1988 -92.
Yield (t/ha)
Jitendra National checkYear Trial/site
1988 PVT-5a Tilakkachari
Chinsurah, West Bengal 1.2a
nil
Pusa, Bihar 1.0* nil
Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh 1.2 1.1
Canning, West Bengal 3.1 3.6
Maximum
waterdepth (cm
85140
70
90
1989 UVT-6b Jalmagna
Chinsurah, West Bengal 2.4 0.6 65
Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh 5.0 4.6 191
1990 AVT-DMc
Pusa, Bihar 1.7
Chinsurah, West Bengal 1.5Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh 3.0*
1.6 951.3 50
2.1 200
1991 AVT-DWPusa, Bihar 2.4 2.2 nae
1992 AVT-DW
Ghagraghat, Uttar Pradesh 4.0* 2.8 141
Motto, Orissa 2.4 1.7 125
aPVT-5 = Preliminary variety trial-5. b UVT-6 = Uniform variety trial-6. cAVT-DW = Advanced variety trial - deepwater.d* = significantly superior over national checks at the 5% level. ena = not available.
step is to evaluate their performance in
A simple method for producing F1hybrid seed for observational yieldtrials
B. C. Viraktamath and M. I. Ahmed, Hybrid
Rice Laboratory, Directorate of Rice Re-
search (DRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
500030, Andhra Pradesh, India; C. X. Mao,
Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center,
Changsha 410125, China
After good hybrid combinations are
identified in test-cross nurseries, the next
observational yield trials (OYT) before
promoting the promising ones to regional o
national trials.With the numerous hybrids that need to
be evaluated in OYT, it is often difficult to
get proper space isolation to produce pure
F1 seed at a research farm. However,
producing hand-crossed F1 seed of many
hybrids is laborious and often impractical.
To overcome these problems, a simple
method for producing a small quantity of
relatively pure F1 seed for conducting OYT
was developed.
1. Layout for production of
F1 seed for observational
yield trial.
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995) 1
Seed techonology
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Proline concentration in rice seedlings cultivated under normal and stress conditions. a
Proline concentration (mg/g fresh matter)
Variety 7d 21 d
Control Stress % over control Control Stress % over control
PokkaliIR42MI 48
Perla
52.11 c58.98 b
45.03 d68.19 a
98.87 d106.00 c
156.68 a
153.28 b
189179
347224
66.10 c68.70 b
59.46 d71.10 a
117.60 d
163.27 b180.11 a
194.44 c
177237302
273
SE
CV(%)
+0.92
2.84
+0.540.72
+0.42
1.45
+0.880.93
a Values followed by dlfferent letters are significantly dlfferent at the 5% level according to DMRT.
Severe salinity stress induces numerous
metabolic irregularities in plants. Research-
ers have assumed that a large (up to 100
times the normal) accumulation of free-
proline is one of the most dramatic charac-
teristics of the stress.
We surface-sterilized 20 seeds for each
of four rice varieties: salt-tolerant Pokkali
and IR42 and salt-sensitive MI 48 and
Perla. After sterilization, these varieties
were grown in plastic pots filled with gravel
and Hoagland nutrient solution enriched
with 0.7% NaCl solution. Other seeds were
sown under the same conditions without
salts. A pH value of 5.0 was maintained for
both. Plants were placed in growth cham-
L. M. Gonzales and J. Labrada L., Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry Depart-
ment, Agricultural Research Institute "Jorge
Dimitrov," Bayamo 2360, Cuba
All of the restorer lines of the hybrids to
be produced are sown on the same day.
Seedlings for each are transplanted 25-30 d
after sowing within a 1-m2 area, and spaced
at 15 15 cm in alternate rows, leaving a
20-cm space all around the edge. The A
lines of the hybrids to be produced are sown
2. Position of A () and
R (x) lines in an isolated
chamber.
on five or six different dates at a 6- to 7-d
interval starting 2 wk before the seeding of
the R lines. The aim is to achieve proper
synchronization for the different A and R
lines.
At the boot leaf stage of R lines, 2-m-
high barriers are erected on three sides of
the 1-m2 plots, leaving a gap of 20 cm from
the ground (Fig. 1). The open side is
partially covered by the bamer from the
adjacent plot. This space can be conven-
iently used for cultural operations, includ-
ing supplementary pollination. Just before
panicle emergence of the R lines, plants of
the desired A line, which are at the same
growth stage as the R lines, are moved and
planted in the vacant alternate rows. To
ensure higher outcrossing, supplementary
pollination using a stick should be carried
out at anthesis 3-4 times/d for a week.
Within each 1-m2plot, there are 15
plants of the R line in 3 rows and 10 plants
of the A line in 2 rows (Fig. 2). With a very
conservative estimate of only 5 tillers/plant
of the A line, 80 spikelets/panicle, and only
a 40% outcrossing rate, about 1,600 seeds
weighing 30-35 g can be easily obtained.
are more than adequate. The method
proposed can be used to produce many
hybrids for OYT. The advantages are
comparatively pure seed of numerous F1hybrids can be produced in a limited
area,
the problem of obtaining proper syn-
chronization of parental lines in hybrid
seed production can be easily overcome,
and
F1 seed for conducting OYT can be
produced with the very limited quantityof R line seed available initially.
For conducting an OYT, 20-25 g of seed
Crop and resource management
Proline content in rice seedlings
grown under saline conditions
bers with 30/25 C day/night temperature,
14 h of light, and 70% relative humidity. The
experiments were laid out in a randomized
block design with three replications across
three seasons. All measurements were taken
7 and 21 d after transplanting.
Plant material (0.5 g) was homogenized
in 10 ml of 3% aqueous sulfosalicylic acid
solution and filtered. Two ml of filtrate were
reacted in 2 ml acid-ninhydrin and 2 ml of
glacial acetic acid for 1 h at 100 C. The
reaction was terminated in an ice bath. To the
reaction mixture, 4 ml of toluene were added
and mixed vigorously with a test tube stirrer
for 15-20 s. The cromophone containing
toluene was aspirated from the aqueous
phase, warmed to room temperature, and the
absorbance read at 520 nm using toluene for
a blank.
The proline concentration was deter-
mined from a standard curve and calculatedon a fresh weight basis as
mmol proline/g fresh weight material=
[(mg proline/ml* ml toluene)/115.5 mg/mmol]/
[(g sample/5]
The proline content for all varieties
exposed to salt stress significantly increased
(see table). The highest proline concentra-
tions were observed in salt-sensitive varieties
14 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
Physiology and plant nutritionPhysiology and plant nutrition
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.4
15/34
Perla and MI 48 (between 224 and 347%
more than the control at 7 d and 273 and
302% at 21 d). Pokkali and IR42 showed
proline values of 179-189% more than the
control at 7 d and 177-237% at 21 d.
Photosynthetic rate and respiration
of some F1 hybrid rices
M. J. Baig, P. Swain, S. B. Pradhan, P. J.
Jachuck, and K. S. Murty, Central Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
We studied the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and
maintenance respiration (MR) of 11 hybrids
developed from five cytoplasmic male
sterile (CMS) lines (IR64A, PMS3 A, V20A, Deepa A, and PMS 10 A) and their
corresponding pollen parents under field
conditions during the 1992 wet season.
The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design withthree replications. Seedlings were trans-
planted at a spacing of 15 15 cm in 3-m2
plots in the main field. Sixty kg N/ha were
applied. We measured the Pn of the second
The trials indicated that the salt-tolerant
varieties do not necessarily accumulate
large amounts of free- proline relative to
salt-sensitive varieties. In general, free-
proline content increased in salt-sensitive
(n-1) leaf 35 dafter planting (DAP) and thatof the flag leaf (n leaf) at flowering with a
LI-6000 photosynthesis system at near
saturated light (1,000 E/m2per s).
directly from the CO2 evolution rate using a
differential respirometer (Gilson, USA).
Leaves were excised in the evening and kept
in the dark for 12 h. A weighed quantity
without the midrib was cut into 1-2 mm
pieces and suspended in 1.8 ml of 0.2 M
phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 in a Warburg
flask. Twenty percent KOH (0.2 ml) was
poured into a center well and a filter paper
strip was added to the alkali to increase the
surface area for rapid CO2 absorption. Aftergreasing the upper rim, the flask was
attached to the manometer, and the side arm
of the flask was closed with a plug. The
flask was then immersed in a water bath at a
Maintenance respiration was measured
varieties compared with that in salt-tolerant
varieties and thus may not always be a
suitable marker in examining salt resistance
in rice.
constant 30 C. The system was shaken to
promote rapid gas exchange between the
fluid and the gas phase.
The manometer fluid fell, indicating the
rapid consumption of oxygen in the
chamber by the tissue. The rate of respira-
tion was calculated by subtracting the initia
reading from the final reading. At each
growth stage, four measurements for both
Pn and MR were taken per sample for all
three replications. The yield and biomass
were assessed at harvest (see table).
MR among the hybrids and parents were
observed at both 35 DAP and at flowering.
However, the means of these three param-eters were generally higher at flowering
than at 35 DAP and in hybrids than in male
parents at flowering stage. Hybrid IR64 A/
Rasi showed high Pn at 35 DAP while IR64
Significant variations in Pn, MR, and Pn
Photosynthetic rate (Pn) and maintenance respiration (MR) in relation to yield and biomass production in rice hybrids. Cuttack, India. 1992 wet season
35 DAPa Flowering
Hybrid/restorer Pn Pn TDMb Yield
(mol CO2/m2) MR/s Pn/MR (mol CO2/m
2) MR/s Pn/MR (g/m2) (g/m2)
Hybrids
IR64 A/Savitri 14.8 3.9 3.8 26.0 2.3 11.1 981 401
PMS3A/Saruchina 21.0 2.0 10.6 28.9 2.4 12.1 1035 538
V20 A/IET11057 19.9 2.1 9.3 21.7 2.8 7.7 816 361
Deepa A/IET11057 22.5 2.8 8.1 21.1 2.6 8.1 916 312
V20 A/IET10463 15.3 2.1 7.5 17.2 2.5 6.9 676 263
PMS10A/ARC10339 16.0 2.3 7.0 27.6 3.7 7.4 865 463
IR64 A/Rasi 26.5 2.5 10.6 20.0 2.5 7.9 616 246
IR64 A/Miz. 51 16.7 1.8 9.2 29.7 3.2 9.2 1001 436
PMS3A/IR9828-
91-
2-
3 16.2 2.4 6.7 20.2 2.0 10.3 798 396
IR64 A/lR25560-109-3-1-3-2 16.2 2.3 7.2 17.0 2.3 7.5 694 212
IR64 A/IR1846-300-1 23.8 2.3 10.3 20.8 2.8 7.5 814 316
Restorers
Savitri
SaruchinaIET11057
IET10463
ARC10339RasiMiz. 51
lR9828-91-2-3
lR25560-109-3-1-3-2
lR1846-300-1
Grand mean
Mean of hybrids
Mean of restorers
22.7
18.9
14.116.621.0
8.121.117.1
30.2
18.1
18.9
19.0
18.9
2.3
2.4
4.52.12.7
2.02.32.0
2.91.9
2.5
2.4
2.3
9.7
7.83.28.07.7
4.18.49.1
10.4
9.5
8.0
8.2
7.8
29.0
31.618.6
17.612.8
9.516.819.8
25.1
20.1
21.5
22.7
20.1
3.3
2.32.0
2.61.6
1.83.02.7
3.2
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.5
8.8
13.79.4
6.77.7
5.25.67.4
7.9
7.6
8.4
8.77.3
1121
863912
921729
961693942
746
964
860
837
885
412
346402
342240
424262421
242
341
359
343
351
CD at 5% 3.6 0.8 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.8 29 14
a DAP = days after planting. b TDM = total dry matter.
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995) 1
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A/Miz.51 and PMS3 A/Saruchina were
more efficient at flowering. PMS3 A/
Saruchina recorded the highest total dry
matter (12.1 t/ha) and grain yield (538 g/m2)
Integrated effect of deeply placed
urea and Gliricidia green manure on
grain yield of transplanted rice
S. S. Dhane, R. R. Khadse, and H. K. Pawar,
Regional Agricultural Research Station
(RARS), Karjat, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli, Maharashtra 410201, India
We studied the integrated effect of organic
and inorganic sources of N on grain yield of
rice variety PLG-1 (130 d duration) during
1991-93 wet seasons. We compared how
deeply placing urea behind the plow and
applying Gliricidia sepium leaves as agreen manureindividually and in
combinationaffected rainfed transplanted
rice.
experiment was laid out in a 50-m2plot on
the RARS farm in a randomized block
design with three replications. The soil was
clay loam with pH 7.4 (1:2.5 soil:water) and
a cation exchange capacity of 35 meq/100 g
soil. All of the plots received 21 kg P/ha as
single superphosphate and 41 kg K/ha as
potassium chloride.
Prilled urea (PU) (25 kg N and 50 kg N/ha) was applied behind the plow, about 5-6
cm deep, at the time of puddling. Gliricidia
was spread uniformly over newly puddled
soil as fresh green manure at 5 and 10 t/ha
(containing 2.7% N on an oven-dry basis)
Each of the nine treatments in the
Effect of integrated
use of inorganic and
organic N on grain
yield of rice. Maha-
rashtra, India.
16 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
followed by IR64 A/Miz.51. Photosynthe- Unlike PMS3 A/Saruchina, high Pn
is at flowering, however, was positively coupled with low MR and high Pn/MR are
correlated with total dry matter (r= 0.430*) desirable for high photosynthetic productiv-
and grain yield (r= 0.446*) at harvest. ity, which ultimately leads to more grain.
Effect of deeply placed urea behind the plow and Gliricidiagreen manure on grain yield of trans-
planted rice. Maharashtra, India. 1991-93 wet seasons.
Treatment Mean grain yield (t/ha)
Urea N Green manure 1991 1992 1993 Pooled mean
(kg/ha) (t/ha) (kg N/ha)
0 0 0 4.0 2.2 3.7 3.325 0 0
50 0 04.9 2.8 4.4 4.0
0 54.5 3.9 3.9 4.1
31.5 5.0 4.2 3.90
2.510 63.0
254.8 3.0
5 31.54.8 4.2
5.2 3.5
254.8
104.5
63.0
50
4.9 3.9 5.1 4.6
550
31.510
5.0 4.6
63.04.7
5.44.8
4.8 5.5 5.2
LSD (0.05) nsa 0.4 0.4 0.1
ans = not significant.
and pressed below the surface by hand.
Three-week-old rice seedlings were planted
at 20- 15-cm2 spacing during the wet
season on 24 Jul l991,20 Jul l992, and19 Jul l993 and harvested on 10 Nov 1991,
5 Nov 1992, and 3 Nov 1993.
The response of the rice crop to the
different treatments varied significantly
with the season (see table). Applying
Gliricidia at 5 or 10 t/ha coupled with the
deep placement of urea at 25 or 50 kg N/ha
Effect of rice hull, biofertilizer, and
chemical fertilizers on growth and
nitrogen economy of wetland rice
increased rice grain yield significantly over
applying Gliricidia alone. The maximum
yield of 5.2 t/ha, which was significantly
higher than the rest, was obtained by
applying Gliricidia at 10 t/ha and urea at 50
kg N/ha (see table, figure). Thus, the
integrated use of inorganic and organic
nitrogen can make important contributions
to increasing and sustaining rice produc-
tion.
Effect of integrated use of biofertilizer and chemi-
cal fertilizer N on yield of Pusa Basmati 1. IARI,
New Delhi, India. 1992 wet season.
T. K. Biswas, National Facility for Blue-Green TreatmentGrain yield (t/ha)
Algal Collection, Indian Agricultural Research Rice hull- Untreated
Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India;amended field field
and R. N. Garg, Agricultural Physics Depart- Control 3.5 3.4
ment, IARl Blue-green algae (BGA) 3.9 3.8Leucaena 4.9 4.7
Urea (30 kg N/ha)We studied the effects on rice yield of using Urea (60 kg N/ha)
3.8 4.04.4 4.1
leucaena ( Leucaena leucifera), a common Urea (120 kg N/ha) 5.1 5.0
leguminous plant in northern India; blue-Urea (30 kg N/ha)
Leucaena + BGA 4.9 4.7
green algae (BGA); and ureaindividually BGA 4.6 3.9
and in combinationin a mild alkaline soil Urea (60 kg N/ha) 5.0 4.8
with and without rice hull amendment.+ BGA
The soil was sandy loam (mixed,1/2 Leucaena + urea 5.2 4.7
Isohyperthermic Typic Ustocrept) with pH 1/2 Leucaena + urea 5.4 5.0
8.0, EC 4.2 dS/m, 22 kg ESP, CEC 15CD (0.05)
cmolc/kg, and 0.46% organic C. Rice hull0.4 0.5
(0.56% N on an oven-dry basis) was Pooled mean 4.6 4.3
incorporated at 5 t/ha (about 22 kg N)
(60 kg N/ha)
(90 kg N/ha)
CD (0.05) (0.7)
Fertilizer managementFertilizer management
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More green biomass was obtained whe
S. rostrata seedlings were planted at 15 cm
spacing and incorporated 45 DAP than witthe other treatments. When compared with
the no-GM control, the yield increase with
this method was 38.4% more in 1992-93
and 44.5% more in 1993-94. Because of it
initial slow growth rate, S. speciosabioma
was lower than that ofS. rostrata. Incorpo-
rating green biomass in the standing
ricefield positively increased the yield
parameters of panicle number, panicle
length, and filled grains per panicle,
resulting in higher rice yield (see table).
Wet seeded rice benefits from
intercropping 20-d-old S. rostrata seed-
lings at intrarow spacing of 15 cm and
incorporation at 45 DAP.
during land preparation at the IARI farm
during the 1992 kharif (wet) season. Fresh
leucaena (2.3% N on an oven-dry basis) was
chopped into 2-3 cm lengths and incorpo-
rated at 30 t/ha (about 90 kg N) 3 d before
transplanting. Soil-based inocula of BGA
( Aulosira, Tolypothrix, Scytonema, Nostoc,
Anabaena, and Plectonema) at 30 kg/ha
were broadcast at 8 d after transplanting
(DT) on standing water. Prilled urea was
applied in three splits at transplanting, 35
DT, and at flowering.
Pooled data showed that rice hull did not
significantly increase the grain yield of Pusa
Basmati 1, although a constant increase in
grain yield was obtained by adding rice hull
regardless of different BGA, leucaena, and
prilled urea treatments (see table). BGA and
urea at both 30 and 60 kg N/ha had
synergistic effects in fields that received
rice hull. In untreated fields, a synergistic
effect was observed only for urea at 60 kg N
and in BGA treatments.
The significant yield increase achieved
with BGA and urea combinations when
compared with similar levels of urea alone
suggests that a starter dose of fertilizer N is
important for establishing BGA in mild
alkaline soil. Results revealed that BGA
contributed about 30 kg N/ha when applied
with urea to plots where rice hull was
added. No such synergistic effect was
noticed with the leucaena and BGA
combination. However, cuttings of leucaena
increased rice yield by more than 1 t/ha,
with or without rice hull.
In northern India, sandy loam soils with
low organic matter content are generally
poor, both physically and in N status. Rice
has been grown increasingly in this region
during the past three decades, with burning
of hulls near rice mills a common practice.
Instead, hulls could be applied on the fields
to improve the overall soil physical propert
and organic matter status. We suggest that
farmers should apply rice hulls, combined
with leucaena and BGA, to substantially cu
down on costly fertilizer N use while
improving the soil.
Influence of intercropping green
manure in wet seeded rice
P. Jayapaul, B. Uthayakumar, and S.
Purushothaman, Agricultural College and
Research Institute (ACRI), Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Madurai 625104,
Tamil Nadu, India
The effects of incorporating intercropped
green manure (GM) in wet seeded rice
cultivated during 1992-94 were studied at
ACRI.
as Typic Ultisol. The initial nutrient status
was 233 kg N/ha, 17.1 kg P/ha, and 246 kg
K/ha in 1992-93 and 226 kg N/ha, 16.2 kg
The soil was a sandy clay loam classified
P/ha, and 244 kg K/ha in 1993-94. Sesbania
rostrata usually has delayed germinationwhen sown under puddled conditions. so
instead, it was raised separately and 20-d-
old seedlings were planted. Seeds of S.
speciosa were dibbled at 3 kg/ha.
Five days after IR20 was sown, both
GMs were intercropped in the main field in
the empty space of 30 cm and maintained at
a 1.5-m interval. Intrarow spacings of 15
and 30 cm and incorporation at 30 and 45 d
after planting (DAP)/sowing for the GMs
were compared with a no-GM control in a
randomized block design with three
replications. Fresh green biomass was
assessed at incorporation.
Effect of intrarow spacing and time of incorporation of green manure on biomass production, yield parameters, and yield of wet seeded rice. ACR
Madurai, India. 1992-94.
Treatments 1992-93 1993-94
Green manure lntrarow Time of Fresh N Panicles Panicle Filled Grain Fresh N Panicles Panicle Filled Grai
spacing incorporation green input (no./hill) length grams/ yield green input (no./hill) length grains/ yield
(cm) (DAP) a biomass (kg/ha) (cm) panicle (t/ha) biomass (kg/ha) (cm) panicle (t/ha
(t/ha) (no.) (t/ha) (no.)
Sesbania rostrata 15
153030
Sesbania speciosa 15
15
30
30
No green manure -CD (P = 0.05)
a DAP = days after planting.
30 1.30 42.9 8.0 18.2 90.0 3.96 1.23
45 1.64 53.5 8.0 18.391.1 4.04 1.50
30 1.05 34.8 7.8 18.2 88.0 3.61 0.88
45 0.76 25.4 7.4 18.0 85.1 3.51 0.73
30 0.14 3.6 7.2 17.7 83.3 3.31 0.13
45 0.18 4.5 7.2 17.6 83.2 3.22 0.18
30 0.07 1.9 7.2 17.4 83.1 3.04 0.06
45 0.09 2.5 7.0 17.4 83.1 2.98 0.08
7.0 17.0 80.1 2.92 -ns 0.2 0.9 0.17 -
38.7 7.4 17.3 87.1 3.5949.2 7.6
17.388.2
3.8029.4 7.0 17.0 87.1 3.5124.5 6.8 17.1 86.2 3.51
3.4 6.4 16.8 85.2 3.22
4.5 6.4 16.8 85.1 3.101.6 6.2 16.2 83.1 2.92
2.3 6.0 16.2 82.5 2.87
4.8 16.0 78.3 2.630.8 0.7 0.2 0.40
IRRN 20:4 (December 1995) 1
Fertilizer management-organic sources
- - -
- --
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Fertilizer management-organic sources
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Late planting ofsali (rainfed lowland
winter) rice is common in many parts of the
Effect of hill density, seedling
number/hill, and potassium on late
transplanted sali (rainfed lowland
winter) rice yield in Assam, India
J. K. Choudhary, R. K. Thakuria, and G. R.
Das, Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Assam Agricultural University, Karimganj
788710, India
BarakValley zone (Cacher, Karimganj, and
Hailakandi districts) of Assam, India.
because of flooding during July and August,
the normal planting time. Yields are usually
low under late planting because of poor
tillering and reduced panicle size, resulting
from progressive drought and low soil K
status. Managing the optimum plant
population and K status seems to be
Table 1. Effect of hill density, seedlings per hill, and K levels on productive tillers/planta and grain
yield (t/ha)b of lateplanted sali rice. Assam, India. 1992-93.1 seedling/hill 2 seedlings/hill
Hills/m23 seedlings/hill
(no.) 20 kg 40 kg 20 kg 40 kg 20 kg 40 kgK/ha K/ha K/ha K/ha K/ha K/ha
33
50
66
CV (%)
33
50
66
CV(%)
2.4 e
(5)
2.2 f(6)2.5 e
(6)3.09
3.3 ef
(7)3.0 g
(8)3.1 fg
(7)3.74
(6)
2.5 e
2.2 f(6)2.4 e
(6)
3.1 fg
(7)3.4 de
(8)3.1 fg
(7)
1992
2.7 d
2.7 d
2.7 d
(6)
(7)
(5)
1993
3.4 de
(7)3.8 bc
(8)3.0 g
(7)
(7)
2.8 cd 2.9 bc
(7)
2.8 cd 3.0 ab(7) (8)2.7 d 2.9 bc
(6) (6)
3.5 de 3.6 cd
(8) (8)4.0 ab
(9)
4.1 a
(11)3.3 ef 3.5 de
(8) (7)
3.1 a
(8)
2.9 bc(7)2.9 bc
(6)
4.1 a
(10)3.8 bc
(8)3.8 bc
(8)
aNumbers in parentheses are not significantly different. bWithin a year, means either in a column or row followed by
the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT.
Table 2. Grain yield (t/ha) of late-planted rice (KMJ1-52-3) as affected by the interactions of hill den-
sity (HD) seedlings/hill (SH) and HD Ka. Assam, India. 1992-93.
Seedlings per hill K (kg/ha)
HD (no./m2)
1 3 5 Mean 20 40 Mean
33 2.5 d50 2.2 e66 2.5 d
Mean 2.4
33
50
3.2 c
66 3.2 c3.1 c
Mean 3.2
HD SH means
HD K means
2.8 b2.8 b2.7 c
2.7
3.5 b
3.9 a3.2 c
3.5
1992
0.1
0.08
3.0 a3.0 a2.9 a
3.0
3.9 a
3.9 a3.7 a
3.8
1992
2.8 2.7 b 2.8 a 2.82.7 2.7 b 2.6 c 2.72.7 2.7 b 2.7 b 2.7
2.7 2.7
1993
3.5 3.4 b 3.6 a 3.5
3.7 3.7 a 3.7 a 3.73.3 3.2 c 3.4 b 3.3
3.4 3.6
1993
0.20.13
a Within a year and an interaction, means either in a row or a column followed by the same letter are not signifi -
cantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT.
18 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
imperative for stabilizing yield under these
conditions.
We studied the effect of hill density
(HD), seedlings/hill (SH), and K levels on
late-plantedsali rice yield during 1992-93.
The experiment was laid out in randomized
complete block design (factorial) with three
replications. Eighteen treatment combina-
tions of HD (33,50, and 66 hills/m2maintained at spacings of 20 15 cm,
20 10 cm, and 15 10 cm, respectively),
SH (1, 3, and 5), and K levels (20 kg/ha and
40 kg/ha) were tested. Bunds were con-
structed to separate the 24-m2plots.
The soil was clay loam with pH 5.1,
0.87% organic C, 22 kg available P/ha, and
94 kg available K/ha. Fifty-day-old
seedlings of KMJ1-52-3, a photoperiod-
sensitive, semidwarf cultivar, were planted
on 25 Sep. Recommended doses of N (40
kg/ha), P (20 kg/ha), and K (per treatment)
were applied basally. Rice yield wasrecorded at 14% moisture.
The crop duration was 145-146 d. The
treatments involving 33 hills/m2, 5 SH and
40 kg K/ha, and 50 hills/m2, 5 SH, and 20 kg
K/ha recorded the best yields (Table 1). The
increased productive tillers/plant at 33-50
hills/m2 at 5 SH probably resulted in the
better yield performance, although in 1993,
50 hills/m2, 3 SH, and 40 kg K/ha produced
equally good yields.
The main effects of HD and SH were
significant in both years, but for K, in 1993
only (Table 2). Grain yield increased
significantly when HD was 33 hills/m2 in
1992 and 50 hills/m2 in 1993. In both years,
yield increased progressively with increase
in SH from 1 to 5. The interaction between
HD and SH was significant because the
treatments involving 5 SH, irrespective of
HD, outyielded the rest except for 3 SH and
50 hills/m2 in 1993.
Forty kg K/ha recorded a significant
yield increase over 20 kg K/ha in 1993. But
HD K interaction was significant in both
years, and the treatment involving 33 hills/
m2 and 40 kg K/ha outyielded the others in
1992. In 1993,50 hills/m2, either at 20 or 40
kg K/ha, yielded at par with 33 hills/m2 and
40 kg/ha K. The interaction, HD SH K,
however, was significant in both years.
Though rainfall was greater in 1992
(903.4 mm) than in 1993 (771.3 mm), less
rain during Nov-Dec 1992 (10.8 mm)
compared with 1993 (30.4 mm) made a
LSD(0.05)
Crop managementCrop management
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19/34
difference in the soil moisture status
between the years. This might have been the
reason for the differential response to K.
Plants were adversely affected during the
reproductive and grain-filling stages due to
moisture stress, resulting in yield loss,
particularly in 1992.
Higher yields of late-planted sali rice
may be achieved by planting 5 SH at 33-50
hills/m2. Further investigation is needed
regarding K application.
Monitoring variation in brown
planthopper biotype in Guangdong,
China
Zhang Yang, Tan Yujuan, Huang Bingchao,
Plant Protection Research Institute,
Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sci-
ences, Guangzhou 510640, China
It is important to monitor the variation in
brown planthopper (BPH) biotype when
breeding resistant varieties. We have beendoing this work since 1979 in Guangdong,
China, including yearly testing of BPH
biotype variation in Guangzhou and
conducting a biotype test with BPH
populations in Guangdong Province.
We used the seedling bulk test for all of
the BPH biotype-monitoring studies. The
population for the yearly test of BPH
biotype variation was collected from laterice in the field in Guangzhou. The insects
were reared on a BPH-susceptible variety
the greenhouse and tested the following
year. The BPH population for the biotype
test in Guangdong was collected from
Lechang (northern Guangdong), Xinxing
(western Guangdong), and Gaozhou
Guangzhou, Xinhui (central Guangdong)
(southwestern Guangdong) in June and Ju
of every year and tested the same year.
Seven BPH-resistant varieties (Table 1) an
susceptible check TN1 were evaluated
using the Standard evaluation system for
rice.
In the yearly test of BPH biotype
variation in Guangzhou, IR26 had the
highest damage score of the varieties
including Mudgo, which has the same
resistance gene. IR26 was found to be
susceptible to BPH in 1992 and 1993 with
score of 7. The score of Mudgo also
increased over time. IR36, ASD7, RathuHeenati, Babawee, and PTB33 had low
Table 1. Results of biotype test of BPH population of Guangzhou,China.Damage scale of varietiesa
Year TN1 IR26 Mudgo IR36 ASD7 Rathu Heenati Babawee PTB33
None Bph 1 bph 2 Bph 3 bph 4 bph 2+Bph 3
1979 9.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.01980 9.0 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1981 9.0 6.7 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01982 9.0 6.6 2.9 5.1 1.1 3.0 3.0 1.01983 9.0 4.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01984 9.0 3.3 1.0 3.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01985 9.0 3.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01986 9.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.01987 9.0 2.9 3.3 1.2 1.1 1.01988 9.0 5.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.01989 9.0 6.8 1.0 3.4 3.1 3.0
1991 9.0 5.2 5.1 3.1 1.0 3.0 3.01992 9.0 7.0 8.8 3.0 5.2 1.0 5.0 1.01993 9.0 7.1 4.9 3.2 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0
1990 9.0 4.9 2.5 2.5 3.2 1.0 3.0
aAv of 3 replications.
Table 2. Results of biotype test of BPH population of Guangdong, China.a
Location
Variety Year
Guangzhou Xinhui Lechang Gaozhou Xinxing Shantou Huiyang
1992 7.7 (1.6) a 7.6 (1.2) ab 9.0 (0.0) a 8.9 (0.2) a 8.3 (0.7) a 8.3 (0.7) ab 8.4 (0.5) TN1 1993 7.8 (0.9) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0)
1994 8.8 (0.3) a 9.0 (0.0) a 9.0 (0.0) a 8.6 (0.7) ab 8.8 (0.2) a
1992 6.8 (1.3) b 6.4 (2.2) bc 8.7 (0.3) a 7.4 (1.3) c 7.9 (1.4) ab 7.6 (1.0) bc 4.7 (1.5) IR26 1993 6.8 (0.8) b 9.0 (0.0) a 8.9 (0.2) a 9.0 (0.0) a 7.2 (1.7) bc 8.6 (0.6) a 8.7 (0.3)
1994 7.4 (1.2) ab 8.3 (0.7) a 8.9 (0.2) a 8.7 (0.5) a 8.2 (0.3) a
1992 4.9 (1.9) cd 4.0 (0.4) d 5.0 (2.3) c 5.3 (1.2) d 5.4 (1.7) d 6.7 (1.2) c 6.7 (1.6) Mudgo 1993 5.9 (0.2) bc 6.6 (0.2) b 8.2 (0.9) ab 8.7 (0.0) a 5.4 (0.5) d 6.5 (0.8) c 8.7 (0.6)
1994 4.9 (1.7) c 8.8 (0.3) a 7.5 (1.1) b 7.8 (1.4) bc 5.9 (1.0) cd
1992 3.1 (0.2) e 1.2 (0.2) e 1.5 (0.5) de 1.0 (0.0) e 1.7 (0.7) g 1.8 (1.3) de 4.9 (0.2) IR36 1993 2.7 (1.5) ef 5.6 (1.1) c 1.9 (1.0) d 4.1 (0.6) d 2.3 (1.2) fg 2.3 (1.2) d 3.0 (1.5)
1994 3.8 (1.1) de 5.0 (2.1) cd 7.0 (0.8) b 4.7 (1.7) d 4.8 (1.3) de
1992 1.0 (0.0) g 1.1 (0.2) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) g 1.0 (0.0) g 2.3 (1.5)dASD7 1993 1.0 (0.0) g 1.5 (0.9) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) g 1.0 (0.0) g 1.1 (0.2)
1994 1.1 (0.2) fg 7.8 (0.6) a 3.8 (0.6) c 3.8 (0.7) d 3.7 (0.6) ef
1992PTB33 1993
1.3 (0.6) f 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) g 1.0 (0.0) g 3.4 (1.4)
1994 1.8 (1.2) f 1.7 (0.8) e 2.3 (1.2) d 1.2 (0.4) e 1.1 (0.2) g1.0 (0.0) g 1.3 (0.6) e 1.5 (0.6) d 1.0 (0.0) e 1.0 (0.0) g 1.0 (0.0) g 1.0 (0.0)
aMeans are the av of 3 replications and are compared by LSD test. Means (SD) within each column with the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05).
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scores and were resistant to BPH, but IR36,
ASD7, and Babawee had higher scores in
some years.
2), most of the scores for IR26 were more
than 7 across the different locations and
years, with some not significantly different
from those of TN1. Mudgo scores ranged
from 4.0 to 8.8, showing its tendency to be
In the biotype test of Guangdong (Table
susceptible. TR36 and ASD7 scores were BPH biotype 1 dominated the population
higher than those of PTB33. The two before 1989, but in recent years it seems
varieties were particularly damaged by that BPH biotype 2 dominates with BPH
BPH populations in Xinhui in 1994, biotype 3 mixed into the population.
Gaozhou in 1993, and Lechang in 1994. Sources of resistance to these two BPH
PTB33 was resistant to every BPH popula- biotypes should be considered for use in
tion. BPH-resistance breeding.
biotype has been changing in Guangdong.
The results indicate that the BPH
Loss of harvested rice due to
rodents in central India
M. Thomas and R. Pachori, AICRP on Rodent
Control, Entomology Department, Jawaharlal
Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
482004, India
During Oct to Nov in much of central India,
harvested rice is stacked up to 6 m high incircular (3-7.6 m diam) heaps on threshing
floors. A threshing floor, which covers 0.1-
0.5 ha, is prepared in the field by leveling
the ground and then compressing and
plastering it with cow dung; size depends on
the number of farmers involved and on their
holding sizes.
Rice often remains heaped for 2-3 mo before threshing because immediately after
the harvest, farmers are busy preparing their
fields and sowing the next crop. Limited
food and shelter in the harvested fields and
disturbances during the preparation force
most of the field rodents to move to other
places. Some settle under the rice heaps.
causing severe damage to the harvested
rice. During threshing, they move to the
new crops in the field.
We assessed the loss of harvested rice torodents and their burrow patterns under
heaps in five villages (see table) of central
India. Five threshing floors were surveyed
in each village; all were found to be infested
with Bandicota bengalensis and Millardia
meltada meltada with the former predomi-
nating, B. bengalensis constructed 1.2- to
3.9-m long labyrinth-like burrow systems
under the heaps. The burrows were like
Loss to rodents of harvested rice on threshing floors. Central India.
Burrow dimension
Village Threshing
months
Amarpur Jan-Feb
Poudikhurd Jan
Tamoria Dec-Jan
Dhanpuri Dec
Sitasarovar Jan-Feb
Heaps/threshing
floor (no.)
13
11
9
11
10
Burrows/
threshing
floora (no.)
47
(3.6)29
(2.6)13
15(1.4)
35(3.5)
(1.4)
Length
(m)
3.5
1.2
1.8
2.6
3.9
Depth Hoarded grain/ Rodent
(cm) threshing floor species
(kg)
20.7 10.2 B. bengalensis
0.8b
15.5 4.8 B. bengalensis0.4b
17.9 2.9 B. bengalensis
0.3b
19.30.2b1.6 B. bengalensis
21.4 13.5 B. bengalensis
1.4 b M. meltada
a Figures in parentheses are burrow densities/heap. b Hoarded grain/burrow.
Burrows of Bandicota
bengalensis Gray
under rice heaps onthreshing floor.
open canals (see figure). Underground
tunnels were rarely observed. The mean
burrow depth varied from 15.5 to 21.4 cm;
food chambers were located within. The
burrow depths under rice heaps were less
than those found in fields and along bunds.
The burrow density (no. of burrows no
of heaps) was the least (1.4) in Tamoria and
Dhanpuri villages, where threshing was
completed by early January. It was greatest
(3.6) in Amarpur and Sitasarovar wherethreshing lasted into February. The burrow
density increased as threshing was delayed.
Hoarding loss due to rodents in early
threshed areas was 1.6 kg grain/threshing
floor and 13.4 kg grain/threshing floor in
late threshed areas.
Farmers are advised to avoid late
threshing to minimize the loss of harvested
rice to rodents.
20 IRRN 20:4 (December 1995)
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