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History of Political Science 1

1

HISTORY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

While the study of politics is first found in ancient Greece andancient India, political science is a late arrival in terms of socialsciences.

However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such asmoral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history,and other fields concerned with normative determinations of whatought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functionsof the ideal state. In each historic period and in almost every

geographic area, we can find someone studying politics andincreasing political understanding.

ANCIENT INDIA

In ancient India, the study of politics can be traced back toseveral Vedic Sanskrit texts: Rig-Veda (c. 1500-1200 BC), theSamhitas (c. 1200-900 BC), and the Brahmanas (c. 1200-900 BC).The study of politics is also found in the Buddhist Pali Canon (c.

6th century BC). Chanakya (c. 350-275 BC) was a professor ofpolitical science at Takshashila University, and later the PrimeMinister of Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya.

Chanakya is regarded as one of the earliest known politicalthinkers, economists and king-makers, and is also known as theIndian Machiavelli. He wrote the Arthashastra, which was one ofthe earliest treatises on political thought, economics and socialorder, and can be considered a precursor to Machiavellis ThePrince. It discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare,international relations, and war strategies in detail, among othertopics on political science.


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International Relations and World Politics24 Political Philosophy 25

such practices are regressive and would lead to greater prejudicewithin society. Those right-libertarians sympathetic to freedom of

association, such as Richard Epstein, in a case of refusing service,a case of the freedom of contract, respond that unjustifieddiscrimination incurs a cost and therefore a competitivedisadvantage.

WORKERS FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION

To most of the world, the freedom of association is a rightidentified under international labor standards as the right ofworkers to organize and collectively bargain. The freedom of

association is recognized as a fundamental human right by anumber of human rights documents, including the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights and International Labor OrganizationConvention C87 and Convention C98 two of the eightfundamental, core international labor standards.

2

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questionsabout the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property,rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: whatthey are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes agovernment legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protectand why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, andwhat duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, andwhen it may be legitimately overthrown-if ever. In a vernacular

sense, the term political philosophy often refers to a generalview, or specific ethic, belief or attitude, about politics that doesnot necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy.

Three central concerns of political philosophy have been thepolitical economy by which property rights are defined and accessto capital is regulated, the demands of justice in distribution andpunishment, and the rules of truth and evidence that determinejudgments in the law.

HISTORY OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

ANCIENT PERIOD

As an academic discipline, Western political philosophy hasits origins in ancient Greek society, when city-states wereexperimenting with various forms of political organizationincluding monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, anddemocracy. The first classic work of political philosophy is PlatosThe Republic, which was followed by Aristotles Politics. Roman

political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, and the Romanstatesman Cicero wrote on political philosophy.


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CONTENTS

Preface

1. History of Political Science 1

2. Political Philosophy 25

3. Organs of Government 78

INDEX

AAncestors, 69.

CCommunication, 47, 71, 75, 222,238, 274, 282.

Crisis, 16, 26, 287.

Opportunity, 46, 56, 57, 59, 61,

155, 231, 234, 237, 242, 253,

257, 268, 284, 295, 303, 308.

PPolitical Diversity, 221.

Political Freedom, 18, 19.


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4. International Humanitarian Laws Applicabilityto Armed Non-State Actors 151

5. Unrecognized Armed Non-state Actors 182

6. Politics in Korea and US 199

7. Political Diversity within Developing World 221

8. Political Correctness 250

9. Politics of Partial Reform inPostcommunist Transitions 303

Bibliography 327

Index 328

Customary Law, 155, 161, 167,183, 187, 197.

DDiplomacy, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 204, 225.

EEvolution, 37, 178, 293.

FFeminists, 270, 278, 284, 285,286, 287.

IInternational Relations, 1, 3, 4, 11,227, 232.

Intervention, 183, 187.

N

National Liberation Movements, 153,158, 167, 169.

OOperations, 90, 177, 178, 188,189, 218, 315.

Political Power, 57, 66, 71, 72,75, 274, 325, 326.Protocols, 152, 154, 163, 165,

167, 175, 196, 229.

RRevolution, 14, 16, 28, 29, 33,

34, 46, 226, 228, 238, 243,

244, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261,

262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267,

268, 284, 285, 288, 290, 291,297, 299.

V

Violence, 21, 152, 153, 156, 161,173, 182, 184, 185, 186, 190,

192, 195, 196, 198, 228, 284,

285.

WWeapons, 175, 200, 202, 203,

204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,

210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216,

217, 218, 219, 220, 239, 246,247, 248.


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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

AND WORLD POLITICS

Documents

International Relations and World Politics- p-18 t start