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INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

Volume 147

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Lauterpacht Centre for International LawUniversity of Cambridge

INTERNATIONALLAW REPORTS

VOLUME147

Edited by

SIR ELIHU LAUTERPACHT, cbe qcHonorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge

Bencher of Gray’s Inn

SIR CHRISTOPHER GREENWOOD, cmg qcJudge of the International Court of Justice

Bencher of Middle Temple

and

KAREN LEEAssistant Editor

Fellow of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law, University of CambridgeFellow of Girton College, Cambridge

G R O T I U S P U B L I C A T I O N S






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CONTENTS

Page

Preface vii

Editorial Note ix

Table of Cases (alphabetical) xiii

Table of Cases (according to courts and countries) xv

Digest (main headings) xvii

Digest of Cases Reported in Volume 147 xix

Table of Treaties xxix

Reports of Cases 1

Index 743

v











PREFACE

The present volume contains decisions from international and nationalcourts, many of which are related and discuss different aspects of theissues of State immunity and the extraterritorial application of humanrights conventions. State immunity is considered by the Supreme Courtof Canada (Schreiber and KAC v. Iraq), the Court of Final Appealof Hong Kong (FG Hemisphere (No 1)), the Supreme Court of theUnited Kingdom (NML v. Argentina) and the Supreme Court of theUnited States (Altmann and Samantar). The application of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights to the activities of British forces inIraq is considered in Al-Saadoon, Al-Skeini and Al-Jedda. There are alsodecisions relating to the immunity of senior officials (Khurts Bat) and therecognition of the new Government of Libya (British Arab CommercialBank).

We are very grateful to those whose work has made this volumepossible. Ms Tara Grant wrote the summary of the Estate of Kazemicase, prepared the Tables of Cases and Digest and provided general andsecretarial assistance. Ms Karen Lee, Assistant Editor, saw the volumethrough the press. Miss Maureen MacGlashan, CMG compiled theTable of Treaties and the Index. Mrs Diane Ilott checked the copy andMr Ian Pickett read the proofs.

In addition we would like to extend our thanks to all the otherswho have worked to complete this volume, particularly our publishers,Cambridge University Press, and typesetters, Aptara, and their staff.

E. LAUTERPACHTLauterpacht Centre

for International Law,University of Cambridge

C. J. GREENWOODThe Peace Palace,The Hague

October 2011

vii











EDITORIAL NOTE

The International Law Reports endeavour to provide within a single seriesof volumes comprehensive access in English to judicial materials bearingon public international law. On certain topics it is not always easy todraw a clear line between cases which are essentially ones of publicinternational law interest and those which are primarily applicationsof special domestic rules. For example, in relation to extradition, theReports will include cases which bear on the exception of “politicaloffences” or the rule of double criminality, but will restrict the numberof cases dealing with purely procedural aspects of extradition. Similarly,while the general rules relating to the admission and exclusion of aliens,especially of refugees, are of international legal interest, cases on theprocedure of admission usually are not. In such borderline areas, andsometimes also where there is a series of domestic decisions all dealingwith a single point in essentially the same manner, only one illustrativedecision will be printed and references to the remainder will be given inan accompanying note.

Decisions of International TribunalsThe Reports seek to include so far as possible the available decisions ofevery international tribunal, e.g. the International Court of Justice, orad hoc arbitrations between States. There are, however, some jurisdic-tions to which full coverage cannot be given, either because of the largenumber of decisions (e.g. the Administrative Tribunal of the UnitedNations) or because not all the decisions bear on questions of publicinternational law (e.g. the Court of Justice of the European Union). Inthese instances, those decisions are selected which appear to have thegreatest long-term value.

Human rights cases. The number of decisions on questions of interna-tional protection of human rights has increased considerably in recentyears and it is now impossible for the Reports to cover them all. Asfar as decisions of international jurisdictions are concerned, the Reportswill continue to publish decisions of the European Court of HumanRights and of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as well as“views” of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights. Decisionsof national courts on the application of conventions on human rightswill not be published unless they deal with a major point of substantivehuman rights law or a matter of wider interest to public international

ix






x EDITORIAL NOTE

lawyers such as the relationship of international law and national law, theextent of the right of derogation or the principles of the interpretationof treaties.

International arbitrations. The Reports of course include arbitralawards rendered in cases between States which involve an application ofpublic international law. Beyond this, however, the selection of arbitraldecisions is more open to debate. As these Reports are principally con-cerned with matters of public international law, they will not includepurely private law commercial arbitrations even if they are internationalin the sense that they arise between parties of different nationality andeven if one of them is a State. (For reports of a number of such awards,see Yearbook Commercial Arbitration (ed. Albert Jan van den Berg, underthe auspices of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration).)But where there is a sufficient point of contact with public internationallaw then the relevant parts of the award will be reported. Examples ofsuch points of contact are cases in which the character of a State as aparty has some relevance (e.g. State immunity, stabilization clauses, forcemajeure) or where there is a choice of law problem involving discussionof international law or general principles of law as possible applica-ble laws. The same criteria will determine the selection of decisions ofnational courts regarding the enforcement of arbitral awards.

Decisions of National TribunalsA systematic effort is made to collect from all national jurisdictionsthose judicial decisions which have some bearing on international law.

Editorial Treatment of MaterialsThe basic policy of the Editors is, so far as possible, to present the materialin its original form. It is no part of the editorial function to impose onthe decisions printed in these volumes a uniformity of approach orstyle which they do not possess. Editorial intervention is limited to theintroduction of the summary and of the bold-letter rubric at the headof each case. This is followed by the full text of the original decision orof its translation. Normally, the only passages which will be omitted arethose which contain either statements of fact having no bearing on thepoints of international law involved in the case or discussion of mattersof domestic law unrelated to the points of international legal interest.The omission of material is usually indicated either by a series of dotsor by the insertion of a sentence in square brackets noting the passageswhich have been left out.






EDITORIAL NOTE xi

Presentation of MaterialsThe material in the volume has been typeset for this volume. The sourceof all such material is indicated by the reference to the “Report” in squarebrackets at the end of the case. The language of the original decision isalso mentioned there. The bold figures in square brackets in the bodyof the text in non-English cases indicate the pagination of the originalreport.

NotesFootnotes. Footnotes enclosed in square brackets are editorial insertions.All other footnotes are part of the original report.

Other notes. References to cases deemed not to be sufficiently sub-stantial to warrant reporting will occasionally be found in editorial noteseither at the end of a report of a case on a similar point or under anindependent heading.

Digest of CasesWith effect from Volume 75 the decisions contained in the Reports areno longer arranged according to the traditional classification scheme.Instead a Digest of Cases is published at the beginning of each volume.The main headings of the Digest are arranged alphabetically. Under eachheading brief details are given of those cases reported in that volumewhich contain points covered by that heading. Each entry in the Digestgives the name of the case concerned and the page reference, the nameof the tribunal which gave the decision and an indication of the mainpoints raised in the case which relate to that particular heading of theDigest. Where a case raises points which concern several different areasof international law, entries relating to that case will appear under eachof the relevant headings in the Digest. A list of the main headings usedin the Digest is set out at p. xvii.

Consolidated Index and TablesA Consolidated Index and a Consolidated Tables of Cases and Treatiesfor volumes 1-80 were published in two volumes in 1990 and 1991. Afurther volume containing the Consolidated Index and ConsolidatedTables of Cases and Treaties for volumes 81-100 was published in1996. A Consolidated Index, a Consolidated Tables of Cases and aConsolidated Table of Treaties for volumes 1-125 were published in2004. Volume 145 contains Consolidated Tables of Cases for volumes126-145.











TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDALPHABETICAL

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of the report.)

Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom (ApplicationNo 27021/08) (Merits) 107

Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom(Application No 61498/08) (Admissibil-ity) 1, 5

Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom(Application No 61498/08) (Merits)1, 24

Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi Case [United King-dom] 538

Al-Skeini and Others v. United King-dom (Application No 55721/07)(Merits) 181

Altmann Case 681, 725 (note)Austria, Republic of and Others v. Altmann

681, 725 (note)

Bat v. Investigating Judge of the GermanFederal Court 633

British Arab Commercial Bank Plc v.National Transitional Council of theState of Libya 667

Congo, Democratic Republic of the, andOthers v. FG Hemisphere AssociatesLLC (No 1) 376

Estate of the Late Kazemi and Hashemi v.Islamic Republic of Iran and Others 318

Hashemi and Estate of the Late Kazemi v.Islamic Republic of Iran and Others 318

Kazemi (Estate of ) and Hashemi v. IslamicRepublic of Iran and Others 318

Khurts Bat v. Investigating Judge of theGerman Federal Court 633

Kuwait Airways Corporation v. IraqiAirways Company and Republic ofIraq (“Costs Action”) [United King-dom] 532

Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Repub-lic of Iraq and Bombardier Aerospace[Canada] 303

NML Capital Ltd v. Republic ofArgentina 575

R (Al-Saadoon and Another) v. Secretary ofState for Defence 538

Republic of Austria and Others v. Altmann681, 725 (note)

Samantar v. Yousuf and Others 726Schreiber v. Federal Republic of Germany

and Attorney-General of Canada 276,302 (note)

xiii











TABLE OF CASES REPORTEDARRANGED ACCORDING TO COURTS ANDTRIBUNALS (INTERNATIONAL CASES) AND

COUNTRIES (MUNICIPAL CASES)

(Cases which are reported only in a note are distinguished from cases which are reportedin full by the insertion of the word “note” in parentheses after the page number of the report.)

I. DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

European Court of Human Rights

2009Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom

(Application No 61498/08) (Admissibil-ity) 1, 5

2010Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom

(Application No 61498/08) (Merits) 1,24

2011Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom (Application

No 27021/08) (Merits) 107Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom

(Application No 55721/07) (Merits)181

II. DECISIONS OF MUNICIPAL COURTS

Canada

2002Schreiber v. Federal Republic of Germany

and Attorney-General of Canada 276,302 (note)

2010Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Republic of

Iraq and Bombardier Aerospace 303

2011Estate of the Late Kazemi and Hashemi v.

Islamic Republic of Iran and Others 318

China, Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion

2011Democratic Republic of the Congo and

Others v. FG Hemisphere AssociatesLLC (No 1) 376

United Kingdom

2011NML Capital Ltd v. Republic of

Argentina 575

United Kingdom, England

2008Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Iraqi Air-

ways Company and Republic of Iraq(“Costs Action”) 532

2009Regina (Al-Saadoon and Another) v. Secre-

tary of State for Defence 538

xv






xvi TABLE OF CASES

2011British Arab Commercial Bank Plc v.

National Transitional Council of theState of Libya 667

Khurts Bat v. Investigating Judge of theGerman Federal Court 633

United States of America

2004Republic of Austria and Others v. Altmann

681, 725 (note)

2010Samantar v. Yousuf and Others 726






DIGEST OF CASESList of Main Headings

(Those headings for which there are entries in the present volume are printed in italics.For a guide to the Digest, see the Editorial Note at p. xi.)

Air

Aliens

Arbitration

Canals

Claims

Comity

Conciliation

Consular Relations

Damages

Diplomatic Relations

Economics, Trade andFinance

Environment

Expropriation

Extradition

Governments

Human Rights

International Court of Justice

International Criminal Law

International Organizations

International Tribunals

Jurisdiction

Lakes and Landlocked Seas

Nationality

Recognition

Relationship of International Law andMunicipal Law

Reprisals and Countermeasures

Rivers

Sea

Sources of International Law

Space

State Immunity

State Responsibility

State Succession

States

Territory

Terrorism

Treaties

War and Armed Conflict

xvii











DIGEST OF CASESREPORTED IN VOLUME 147

PageComity

State immunity — Whether immunity a matter of comity or alegal right — United States of America, Supreme Court

Republic of Austria and Others v. Altmann 681

Diplomatic RelationsDiplomats — Accreditation — Statement by the United KingdomGovernment that it recognized the National Transitional Coun-cil as the sole Government of Libya — Appointment of Charged’Affaires in London by National Transitional Council — Expul-sion of diplomats appointed by former government — Authorityto give instructions regarding embassy bank accounts — England,High Court, Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court)

British Arab Commercial Bank Plc v. National TransitionalCouncil of the State of Libya 667

Special missions — Convention on Special Missions, 1969 — Invi-olability and immunity of member of special mission — Require-ment that receiving State consents to special mission — Officialvisiting State without such consent — Whether entitled to immu-nity in context of extradition request — England, High Court,Queen’s Bench Division (Divisional Court)

Khurts Bat v. Investigating Judge of the German Federal Court 633

Economics, Trade and FinanceSovereign debt — Bonds — Moratorium on sovereign debtdeclared by Argentina — Proceedings brought by bondholders —United Kingdom, Supreme Court

NML Capital Ltd v. Republic of Argentina 575

ExtraditionAbuse of process — Whether suspect lured into territory tofacilitate arrest — Immunity — Official accused of extraditableoffence — Offence allegedly performed in exercise of official

xix






xx DIGEST OF CASES

Extradition (cont.)

functions — England, High Court, Queen’s Bench Division (Divi-sional Court)


GovernmentsRecognition — Libya — National Transitional Council —Statement by the United Kingdom Government that it recog-nized the National Transitional Council as the sole Government ofLibya — Effects — Bank accounts operated by Libyan Embassyin London — Whether bank entitled to act on instructions fromrepresentative of National Transitional Council — Certificate bySecretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs —Whether conclusive — England, High Court, Queen’s BenchDivision (Commercial Court)

British Arab Commercial Bank Plc v. National TransitionalCouncil of the State of Libya 667

Human RightsFair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950,Article 6 — Transfer of detainee to face trial in other State —Whether real risk of flagrant breach of Article 6 standards — Eng-land, Court of Appeal

Regina (Al-Saadoon and Another) v. Secretary of State for Defence 538

Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950,Article 6 — Transfer of detainee to face trial in other State —Whether real risk of flagrant breach of Article 6 standards —European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section)

Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom (ApplicationNo 61498/08) (Admissibility) (Merits) 1

Right to liberty — Internment without trial — Iraq — Whetherinternment compatible with European Convention on HumanRights, 1950, Article 5(1) — Authorization by the UnitedNations Security Council — Whether capable of displacing obli-gations under Article 5(1) — United Nations Charter Articles24, 25 and 103 — Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004) —Whether authorizing internment — Whether imposing obliga-tion to employ internment — European Court of Human Rights(Grand Chamber)

Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom (Application No 27021/08) (Merits) 107






DIGEST OF CASES xxi

Right to life — Capital punishment — Transfer of detainee toState where death penalty carried out by hanging — Protocol13 to the European Convention on Human Rights — Effect oninterpretation of Article 2 — European Court of Human Rights(Fourth Section)


Right to life — Capital punishment — Transfer of detainee toState where death penalty carried out by hanging — Whethercustomary international law rule prohibiting hanging — WhetherEuropean regional customary rule prohibiting transfer where realrisk of death penalty — England, Court of Appeal


Right to life — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950,Article 2 — Procedural element — Duty to conduct investigationinto death allegedly caused by armed forces of State — Require-ment that investigation be independent and effective — Hostileconditions in area where death occurred — Requirement thatinvestigation nevertheless take place — Relevance of conditions toform and conduct of investigation — European Court of HumanRights (Grand Chamber)

Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom (ApplicationNo 55721/07) (Merits) 181

Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within thejurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention onHuman Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application outside the terri-tory of a Contracting State — Actions of State agents — Effectivecontrol of an area of territory — Belligerent occupation — Militaryoperations — Iraq — Security Council Resolutions 1483 (2003)and 1511 (2003) — Whether actions of United Kingdom con-tingent in Multi-National Force attributable to United Kingdomor United Nations — European Court of Human Rights (GrandChamber)


Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within thejurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention onHuman Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application to activities of Stateoutside own territory — Circumstances relevant to determiningwhether person detained by forces of State outside its territorywithin jurisdiction of that State — Detention on authorization of






xxii DIGEST OF CASES

Human Rights (cont.)

territorial sovereign — Obligations of detaining State to territorialsovereign — England, Court of Appeal


Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within thejurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention onHuman Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application to activities of Stateoutside own territory — Circumstances relevant to determiningwhether person detained by forces of State outside its territorywithin jurisdiction of that State — Detention on authorization ofterritorial sovereign — Obligations of detaining State to territorialsovereign — European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section)


Scope of application — Requirement that individual be withinthe jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Conven-tion on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Military operationsauthorized by the United Nations Security Council — Iraq —Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004) — Whether actions ofUnited Kingdom contingent in Multi-National Force attributableto United Kingdom or United Nations — European Court ofHuman Rights (Grand Chamber)


Torture — Damages — Civil proceedings against foreign State foracts of torture — Immunity from jurisdiction — Exceptions —Whether common law or international law principles providingbar to immunity — SIA as absolute authority — Constitutionalityof SIA — Whether SIA in breach of Canadian Bill of Rightsand Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms — Whether SIAbarring right to fair trial — Whether lack of redress in Canadiancourts sanctioning illegal action by foreign States against Canadiancitizens abroad — Canada, Quebec Superior Court

Estate of the Late Kazemi and Hashemi v. Islamic Republic of Iranand Others 318

International OrganizationsUnited Nations — Security Council — Duty to maintain inter-national peace and security — Resolutions — Interpretation –Presumption that resolution not intended to oblige State to actinconsistently with human rights obligations — United Nations






DIGEST OF CASES xxiii

Charter Articles 24, 25 and 103 — Security Council Resolu-tion 1546 (2004) — European Court of Human Rights (GrandChamber)


Relationship of International Law and Municipal LawCustomary international law — State immunity — Relation-ship between customary international law and common law —China adhering to absolute immunity doctrine — Whether HongKong Special Administrative Region entitled to apply restrictivedoctrine — Role of courts and executive — Independence of thejudiciary — Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of thePeople’s Republic of China, Court of Final Appeal

Democratic Republic of the Congo and Others v. FG HemisphereAssociates LLC (No 1) 376

Sources of International LawCustomary international law — Persistent objector principle –Effect of treaties on customary international law — Stateimmunity — United Nations Convention on the JurisdictionalImmunities of States, 2004 — Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion of the People’s Republic of China, Court of Final Appeal


State ImmunityJurisdictional immunity — Absolute and restrictive doctrines ofimmunity — Customary international law — Law applicable inHong Kong — Effect of the resumption of sovereignty by China —United Kingdom legislation on State immunity ceasing to haveeffect in Hong Kong — Common law applicable prior to resump-tion of sovereignty — Adherence by China to the absolutedoctrine of immunity — United Nations Convention on theJurisdictional Immunities of States, 2004 — China signing butnot ratifying Convention — Whether act of signing Conventionaltering China’s position regarding absolute doctrine — Whetherrestrictive doctrine of immunity part of the law of the Hong KongSpecial Administrative Region — Hong Kong Special Adminis-trative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Court of FinalAppeal







xxiv DIGEST OF CASES

State Immunity (cont.)

Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial transactions — Enforce-ment of foreign judgments — Approach to immunity whereattempt made to enforce foreign judgment against foreign State —Judgment in United States District Court relating to a commercialtransaction entered into by Argentina — Proceedings to enforcejudgment in England — Whether English proceedings relatingto commercial transaction — State Immunity Act 1978, Section3(1)(a) — Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982,Section 31 — Waiver — Provisions in contract — United King-dom, Supreme Court

NML Capital Ltd v. Republic of Argentina 575

Jurisdictional immunity — Exceptions to immunity — Commer-cial activity — State funding and controlling conduct of litiga-tion by State-owned company — Whether commercial activity —Whether State liable to pay costs of successful litigant — England,High Court (Technology and Construction Court)

Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Iraqi Airways Company andRepublic of Iraq 532

Jurisdictional immunity — General rule that foreign State immuneunless exception to immunity applicable — Burden of establishingwhether or not exception applies — Application of State immunityto action for recognition of a foreign judgment — Canada StateImmunity Act 1985, Sections 3 and 5 — Commercial activity —State supporting conduct of litigation by State corporation incourts of third States — State held to have been responsible forperjury — Judgment that State should pay costs of litigation —Whether State immune in proceedings for recognition ofjudgment — Canada, Supreme Court

Kuwait Airways Corporation v. Republic of Iraq and BombardierAerospace 303

Jurisdictional immunity — General rule that foreign State immuneunless exception to immunity applicable — Canada State Immu-nity Act 1985, Sections 3, 4 and 6 — Waiver — State initiatingproceedings in Canadian courts — State requesting extraditionnot waiving immunity in respect of civil proceedings connectedto the extradition — Personal injury exception — Whether appli-cable to acts jure imperii — Whether applicable to non-physicalinjury — Whether immunity displaced by peremptory norm ofinternational law — Canada, Supreme Court

Schreiber v. Federal Republic of Germany and Attorney-General ofCanada 276






DIGEST OF CASES xxv

Jurisdictional immunity — General rule that foreign State immuneunless exception to immunity applicable — Canada State Immu-nity Act 1985 (“SIA”) — SIA as absolute authority on Stateimmunity entitlement in Canadian civil proceedings — Statutoryexceptions to immunity — Whether trauma suffered by plain-tiffs constituting exception under Section 6(a) of SIA — Canada,Quebec Superior Court


Jurisdictional immunity — Nature and purpose of Stateimmunity — Comity — Principle of non-interference — Whetherdefinition of “foreign State” extends to State officials and func-tionaries — Whether defendants acting in official capacity —Whether illegality of acts by defendant functionaries barringimmunity — Canada, Quebec Superior Court


Jurisdictional immunity — Officials — Criminal proceedings —Immunity ratione personae — Limited to the most high-rankingofficials — Whether applicable to senior security official — Immu-nity ratione materiae — Whether official entitled to State immunityin respect of official acts — Allegation of kidnapping by officialsof one State on the territory of another — Whether distinctionbetween civil and criminal proceedings — England, High Court,Queen’s Bench Division (Divisional Court)


Jurisdictional immunity — Officials — Definition of “for-eign State” — Whether including individual officials of foreignState — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976inapplicable to individual officials — Immunity of individual offi-cials under common law — United States of America, SupremeCourt

Samantar v. Yousuf and Others 726

Jurisdictional immunity — Retroactivity — Restrictive doctrine ofimmunity — Tate Letter, 1952 — Foreign Sovereign ImmunitiesAct 1976 — Whether applicable to acts taking place before 1952 —Nature of State immunity — Whether foreign States having a rightto immunity — Whether immunity merely a matter of comity —Property of Jewish owner seized during Second World War —






xxvi DIGEST OF CASES

State Immunity (cont.)

Expropriation exception to immunity — United States of America,Supreme Court

Republic of Austria and Others v. Altmann 681

State ResponsibilityArmed forces — Armed forces of State taking part inMulti-National Force authorized by United Nations SecurityCouncil — Whether actions of members of force attributableto State or to the United Nations — European Court of HumanRights (Grand Chamber)

Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom (ApplicationNo 27021/08) (Merits) 107

StatesAutonomous regions — Hong Kong Special Administra-tive Region (“HKSAR”) — Resumption of sovereignty byChina — International status of HKSAR — HKSAR not a sepa-rate sovereign — Application of international law in HKSAR —Whether possible for HKSAR to apply doctrine of State immunitydifferent from that adhered to by China — Responsibility of Chinafor acts of HKSAR — Hong Kong Basic Law — Responsibilityof central government for foreign affairs — Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Courtof Final Appeal


War and Armed ConflictBelligerent occupation — Iraq — Hague Regulations, 1907,Article 42 — Duty of occupying power to maintain order —Internment — Whether occupying power required to use intern-ment if necessary — European Court of Human Rights (GrandChamber)


Belligerent occupation — Iraq — Hague Regulations, 1907, Arti-cle 42 — Duty of occupying power to maintain order — Rela-tionship between law of armed conflict and human rights law —European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)







DIGEST OF CASES xxvii

Occupation — Presence of forces from former occupying powerafter end of occupation — Iraq — Multi-National Force — Pow-ers — Relationship to Government of Iraq — United Nationsmandate — England, Court of Appeal


Occupation — Presence of forces from former occupying powerafter end of occupation — Iraq — Multi-National Force — Pow-ers — Relationship to Government of Iraq — United Nationsmandate — European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section)












TABLE OF TREATIES

This table contains a list, in chronological order according to the date ofsignature, of the treaties referred to in the decisions printed in the presentvolume. It has not been possible to draw a helpful distinction between treatiesjudicially considered and treaties which are merely cited.

In the case of bilateral treaties, the names of the parties are given in alpha-betical order and references to the texts of treaties have been supplied, includingwherever possible at least one reference to a text in the English language unlessthese are known to be included in the Flare Index to Treaties available athttp://ials.sas.ac.uk/treatyindex.htm. Multilateral treaties, all included in theFlare Index, are referred to by the name by which they are believed commonlyto be known. The full titles of the abbreviated references will be found inthe list of Abbreviations and Sources printed in the volume containing theConsolidated Table of Treaties to Volumes 1-125.

1907Oct. 18 Hague Convention No IV on the Laws and Customs of War-

fare on Land, Regulations annexed to the ConventionSection III

Art. 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 229-30, 243Arts. 42-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225-6Art. 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 165, 555

1945June 26 Charter of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143-5

Chapter VArt. 24(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172-4Art. 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 120, 145-6, 166-7

Chapter XVIArt. 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 119-25, 145, 166-8, 172, 179-80

1949Aug. 12 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of

the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GenevaConvention I)

Art. 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Art. 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition ofthe Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the ArmedForces at Sea (Geneva Convention II)

xxix






xxx TABLE OF TREATIES

Art. 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Art. 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners ofWar (Geneva Convention III)

Art. 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Art. 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Art. 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Aug. 12 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of CivilianPersons in Time of War (Geneva Convention IV) . . . . . . . . . . 58-60

Art. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140-1Art. 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Art. 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 141, 165Art. 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 141Art. 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 141Art. 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141-2Art. 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Art. 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142, 226Art. 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 142, 165-6Art. 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230Art. 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Art. 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

1950Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human

Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Sixth Protocol(28 April 1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-80

Nov. 4 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rightsand Fundamental Freedoms, Thirteenth Protocol concern-ing the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances(3 May 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65-7, 78-90, 544-5, 546-8, 565, 571

Art. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-20, 47-8, 78-80, 83-4, 87-8, 96

1961Apr. 18 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR)

Art. 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645Art. 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645Art. 41(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-5, 88-9

1963Apr. 24 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR)

Art. 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-5






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