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International Labour International Labour Movement, the Movement, the ILO & ILO &
ACTRAVACTRAV
Objectives of this SessionObjectives of this Session
We willWe will discuss on:discuss on:
1.1. Brief history of the Labour MovementBrief history of the Labour Movement
2.2. Structure of Int’l Labour MovementStructure of Int’l Labour Movement
3.3. ILO: Principles, Structure & Functions ILO: Principles, Structure & Functions
4.4. Role of ACTRAV (Bureau for Workers’ Role of ACTRAV (Bureau for Workers’ Activities)Activities)
5.5. Current Issues facing Actrav-ILOCurrent Issues facing Actrav-ILO
Origins of the Labour Origins of the Labour MovementMovement
UKUK (1770 – 1850) – shift from agriculture to industry - (1770 – 1850) – shift from agriculture to industry - Textiles, Coal & later Railways after 1847Textiles, Coal & later Railways after 1847
Exploitative work conditions – workers organising Exploitative work conditions – workers organising illegal (Combination Acts of 1799) – Tolpuddle illegal (Combination Acts of 1799) – Tolpuddle Martyrs, Crafts Organisations & Unions, GNCTU Martyrs, Crafts Organisations & Unions, GNCTU (1834), Chartist movement - NCA (1840) (1834), Chartist movement - NCA (1840)
Post 1850s – Unions grew, ASE (1851), Voting Rights Post 1850s – Unions grew, ASE (1851), Voting Rights achieved (1867), TUC formed in 1868, achieved (1867), TUC formed in 1868, Unions legalised Unions legalised by 1871 TU Act,by 1871 TU Act, in 1875-Employer & Workmen Act, in 1875-Employer & Workmen Act, Factory Act 1874Factory Act 1874
Origins of the Labour Origins of the Labour MovementMovement
In continental EuropeIn continental Europe- Socialist movement - Socialist movement gave rise to unions from 1880s onwards.gave rise to unions from 1880s onwards.
South Asia:South Asia: TUs illegal till late 19 TUs illegal till late 19thth C;C; 1 1stst formal TU in 1905 (textiles in India) – TUs formal TU in 1905 (textiles in India) – TUs linked to national struggle for independence linked to national struggle for independence later, later,
Japan:Japan: labour unions started in late 19 labour unions started in late 19thth CC by by social reformers; conditions bad – high social reformers; conditions bad – high mobility, union memberships fluctuated, till mobility, union memberships fluctuated, till 1945, no legal protection; US influence; 1945, no legal protection; US influence; enterprise family concept (welfare, steady enterprise family concept (welfare, steady (life time) employment, loyalty); (life time) employment, loyalty);
Origins of African Labour Origins of African Labour MovementMovement
Transformation from agriculturists to wage Transformation from agriculturists to wage labourers began in early 1900s – need of colonial labourers began in early 1900s – need of colonial powers to mine & export resources led to powers to mine & export resources led to development of mines, railroads, commercial development of mines, railroads, commercial farming & processing plants – emergence of wage farming & processing plants – emergence of wage labour also aided by the taxation system labour also aided by the taxation system (each (each household or village had to pay high cash taxes) –household or village had to pay high cash taxes) – forced forced & indentured labour – slave-like conditions of & indentured labour – slave-like conditions of workwork
1920s - Emergence1920s - Emergence of TUs in Tunisia, Zambia of TUs in Tunisia, Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) & South Africa – to demand (Northern Rhodesia) & South Africa – to demand for end of slave-like conditions & better wages – for end of slave-like conditions & better wages – TUs considered illegal & viciously crushedTUs considered illegal & viciously crushed
Origins of African Labour Origins of African Labour MovementMovement
WW II - a turning point – Greater demand for raw WW II - a turning point – Greater demand for raw materials, mining & production in Africa – impetus materials, mining & production in Africa – impetus to urbanization & working class – many Africans to urbanization & working class – many Africans fought in the war - stimulated also the struggles fought in the war - stimulated also the struggles against racism & colonialism – Ban on TUs lifted against racism & colonialism – Ban on TUs lifted in 1940s by Britain in 1940s by Britain
Post war: rise of communist - socialist Post war: rise of communist - socialist movements, return of African soldiers & support movements, return of African soldiers & support of British, French & other TUs strengthened of British, French & other TUs strengthened labour movement in Africa – 1946 strike of labour movement in Africa – 1946 strike of 75,000 mine workers in SA – inspired TU 75,000 mine workers in SA – inspired TU struggles all over – Tunisia, Zambia, Kenya, Sierra struggles all over – Tunisia, Zambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone & Guinea – for better wages & working Leone & Guinea – for better wages & working conditionsconditions
Origins of African Labour Origins of African Labour MovementMovement
Strike by Railway workers in French West Strike by Railway workers in French West Africa led to abolishment of forced labour by Africa led to abolishment of forced labour by France in 1946France in 1946
Workers movement soon went beyond wage Workers movement soon went beyond wage issues and economic & political struggles (for issues and economic & political struggles (for freedom) became linked - 1950 General Strike freedom) became linked - 1950 General Strike in Ghana ended with autonomy & promise of in Ghana ended with autonomy & promise of full independence by the British (which came full independence by the British (which came in 1957) – same thing happened in Sierra in 1957) – same thing happened in Sierra Leone, Gambia, etc – same role played by TUs Leone, Gambia, etc – same role played by TUs in SA to end Apartheid. in SA to end Apartheid.
Of course the struggle of African workers Of course the struggle of African workers continues… continues…
Women Workers & TUsWomen Workers & TUsWomen contributed to industrial Women contributed to industrial
revolution in many countries – textiles, revolution in many countries – textiles, coal mines, laundry,coal mines, laundry,
But women not well represented; Crafts But women not well represented; Crafts Unions excluded them mostly;Unions excluded them mostly;
Attempts to organise women came from Attempts to organise women came from outside the labour movement - outside the labour movement - philanthropists; philanthropists;
1874 : Women's Protective and 1874 : Women's Protective and Provident League formed in UK (later Provident League formed in UK (later called the Women's Trade Union called the Women's Trade Union League) League)
Why International Why International Movement?Movement?
Post WW 1 – emergence of Post WW 1 – emergence of International Labour Movement International Labour Movement
Solidarity & Unity - the source of Solidarity & Unity - the source of strength for workers – the ideals of strength for workers – the ideals of social justicesocial justice
Response to Globalization of CapitalResponse to Globalization of Capital
To ensure application of basic labour To ensure application of basic labour standards globallystandards globally
Need to create a global voice of workersNeed to create a global voice of workersNeed to create a global voice of workersNeed to create a global voice of workers
International TU International TU OrganizationsOrganizations
WCLWCLWorld Confederation of World Confederation of Labour, [1920 & 1968]Labour, [1920 & 1968]
WCLWCLWorld Confederation of World Confederation of Labour, [1920 & 1968]Labour, [1920 & 1968]
WFTUWFTUWorld Federation of Trade World Federation of Trade
Unions, [1945]Unions, [1945]
WFTUWFTUWorld Federation of Trade World Federation of Trade
Unions, [1945]Unions, [1945]
GUFsGUFsGlobal Union Global Union FederationsFederations
GUFsGUFsGlobal Union Global Union FederationsFederations
ICFTUICFTUInternational Confederation International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1949)of Free Trade Unions (1949)
ICFTUICFTUInternational Confederation International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (1949)of Free Trade Unions (1949)
PSIPSIPSIPSI
EIEIEIEI UNIUNIUNIUNIIFJIFJIFJIFJ
ITFITFITFITFICEMICEMICEMICEM
IUFIUFIUFIUF
IFBWWIFBWWIFBWWIFBWWITGLWFITGLWFITGLWFITGLWF
IMFIMFIMFIMF
ETUCETUC[1973][1973]ETUCETUC[1973][1973]
OECD-OECD-TUACTUAC
OECD-OECD-TUACTUAC
ICFTU & WCL merged in Nov 2006
ILO: Goals, Principles, ILO: Goals, Principles, Structure & FunctionsStructure & Functions
Fundamental Goal of ILOFundamental Goal of ILO
Standard Setting
Technical Co-operation
Better Working ConditionsBetter Working Conditions
Meetings - Information - Research - Expertise
SOCIAL JUSTICESOCIAL JUSTICESOCIAL JUSTICESOCIAL JUSTICE
TripartiteTripartiteSystemSystem
TripartiteTripartiteSystemSystem
Tripartism:Tripartism:Fundamental Principle of the Fundamental Principle of the
ILOILO
““TripartismTripartism” is :” is :– The active interactions The active interactions
among the government, among the government, workers and employers as workers and employers as representative, equal and representative, equal and independent social partners.independent social partners.
To seek mutually agreeable solutions for To seek mutually agreeable solutions for issues of common concerns.issues of common concerns.
To seek mutually agreeable solutions for To seek mutually agreeable solutions for issues of common concerns.issues of common concerns.
Tripartism: How it works?Tripartism: How it works?
Active Active Interaction in Interaction in order to seek order to seek joint solutionsjoint solutions
Active Active Interaction in Interaction in order to seek order to seek joint solutionsjoint solutions
Partners must Partners must be willing to be willing to reach, and reach, and
respect, respect, agreementsagreements
Partners must Partners must be willing to be willing to reach, and reach, and
respect, respect, agreementsagreements
Partners must be committed, competent and
active
Partners must be committed, competent and
active
Pre-condition: Respect for Freedom of Association & Pre-condition: Respect for Freedom of Association & Right to Collective Bargaining Right to Collective Bargaining
4 delegates per Member State
International Labour Conference
Governing Body
International Labour Office
1 Workers’ Delegate
1 Employers’ Delegate
2 Governments’ Delegates
14 Workers’ Representatives
14 Employers’ Representatives
28 Governments’ Representatives
ILO STRUCTUREILO STRUCTUREILO STRUCTUREILO STRUCTURE
International Labour International Labour ConferenceConference
Meets every year in Geneva in June – It is an Meets every year in Geneva in June – It is an international forum for debate on social and international forum for debate on social and labour questions of worldwide importance;labour questions of worldwide importance;
Besides 4 delegates, a country can also Besides 4 delegates, a country can also bring in advisors;bring in advisors;
Main Tasks:Main Tasks: Adopt and oversee compliance with Adopt and oversee compliance with
international labour standards, international labour standards, Set policy for the Organization,Set policy for the Organization, Establish the budget of the Organization,Establish the budget of the Organization, Elect members of the Governing Body,Elect members of the Governing Body, Discuss &/or follow up on issues of major Discuss &/or follow up on issues of major
concern.concern.
Governing Body of ILOGoverning Body of ILO The executive body of the ILOThe executive body of the ILO
– Meets three times a year (in March, June Meets three times a year (in March, June & November); takes decisions on ILO & November); takes decisions on ILO policy, decides the agenda of the ILC policy, decides the agenda of the ILC and elects the Director-General.and elects the Director-General.
CompositionComposition– 56 titular (28 G, 14 E and 14 W) & 56 titular (28 G, 14 E and 14 W) &
66 deputy (28 G, 19 E and 19 W); 66 deputy (28 G, 19 E and 19 W);– Ten titular government seats Ten titular government seats
permanently held by permanently held by States of chief States of chief industrial importanceindustrial importance
– The Employer & Worker members are The Employer & Worker members are elected in their individual capacity; elected in their individual capacity;
– GB Election is held every three yearsGB Election is held every three years
International Labour International Labour OfficeOffice
The permanent secretariat of the ILO, located in Geneva, with Regional, Sub-Regional & Area Offices located in different parts of the world + ITC-Turin.
Focal point for the overall activities, under the supervision of the Governing Body 6 under the leadership of a Director-General.
About 1,900 officials of over 110 nationalities at the headquarters & in 40 field offices around the world.
ACTRAV – has about 40 people working
Major Functions of ILOMajor Functions of ILO Standard Setting - Adoption of Standard Setting - Adoption of
Conventions & Recommendations in the Conventions & Recommendations in the ILC; ILC;
Assistance in applications of ILS at Assistance in applications of ILS at national level after ratification by the national level after ratification by the countries;countries;
Technical Cooperation – Advisory Technical Cooperation – Advisory functions, Action Programs/Projects, functions, Action Programs/Projects, Training of Social Partners;Training of Social Partners;
Advocacy for promotion of Decent Work Advocacy for promotion of Decent Work
Areas of the Areas of the ILSILS
Basic human rightsBasic human rightsBasic human rightsBasic human rights
EmploymentEmploymentEmploymentEmployment
Conditions of workConditions of workConditions of workConditions of work
Social securitySocial securitySocial securitySocial security
Social policySocial policySocial policySocial policy
Labor administrationLabor administrationLabor administrationLabor administration
WomenWomenWomenWomen
Industrial relationsIndustrial relationsIndustrial relationsIndustrial relations
Children and young Children and young personspersonsChildren and young Children and young personspersons
Protection of special Protection of special groupsgroupsProtection of special Protection of special groupsgroups
Freedom of Association
ILS : Core Labour StandardsILS : Core Labour Standards
Standards concerning fundamental human/social rightsStandards concerning fundamental human/social rights
Freedom of Association,
1948
Right to Collective
Bargaining, 1949
C. 87 C. 98
Freedom from Forced Labour
Forced Labour, 1930
Abolition of Forced Labour,
1957
C. 29 C. 105
Minimum Age for Employment
Minimum Age, 1973
Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour,
1999
C. 138 C. 182
Freedom from Discrimination
Equal Remuneration,
1951
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), 1958
C. 100 C. 111
Role of Role of Bureau for Workers' Bureau for Workers' ActivitiesActivities ( (ACTRAV)ACTRAV)
What does ACTRAV do?What does ACTRAV do?
Main link between ILO & the Trade Unions; Main link between ILO & the Trade Unions; Develops activities to strengthen TUs & Develops activities to strengthen TUs &
Workers Rights at the international & Workers Rights at the international & national levels;national levels;
Disseminates policies & programmes of the Disseminates policies & programmes of the ILO to trade unions;ILO to trade unions;
Reflects interests of TUs in the programmes Reflects interests of TUs in the programmes & actions of the ILO;& actions of the ILO;
Supports workers’ Group in ILO’s decision Supports workers’ Group in ILO’s decision making bodies & other activities;making bodies & other activities;
Promotes Decent Work and the ratification & Promotes Decent Work and the ratification & implementation of ILO Conventions implementation of ILO Conventions
StructureStructure of ACTRAV of ACTRAV
Bureau for Workers’ Bureau for Workers’ ActivitiesActivities
(ILO/ACTRAV-Geneva)(ILO/ACTRAV-Geneva)
Asia/Pacific DeskAsia/Pacific Desk
ILO/ACTRAV-TurinILO/ACTRAV-Turin((International Training International Training
Center of the ILO)Center of the ILO)
Asia/PacificAsia/Pacific
Field SpecialistsField Specialists(RO, SRO and AO)(RO, SRO and AO)
Bangkok, New Delhi, ManilaBangkok, New Delhi, Manila
•Overall policy/strategy making•Liaison with other units•Support for Workers’ Group•Reflection of workers’ interests
•Implementation of training programmes
•Direct contact with unions•Implementation of ACTRAV policies and strategies in each country•Dissemination of information
Current Current Issues Before Issues Before ACTRAV-ILOACTRAV-ILO
Major Difficulty in protecting the rights and economic well-being of its
members”
Free Trade
Revolution inIT & Transport
Privatization
Free CapitalFlow
GlobalCompetition
FlexibleLabour Policy
Globalization
Multi-NationalEnterprises
Attack onunionism
WeakeningOrganizing & Bargaining
Power of Unions
Way ForwardWay Forward
Trade unions must strengthen their organizing and bargaining
power.
HOW?
Challenge 1:
Creating an“Enabling Environment”
for Trade UnionActivities
Challenge 2:
Building Capacity ofUnions in Organizing
and CollectiveBargaining
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Programme for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV)ITC-ILO