International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 424

Geospatial Approach for Cropping System Analysis

A Case Study of Bhiwani District, Haryana

M.P.Sharma,Kirti Yadav,Kamalpuneet Kaur ,Ravindra Prawasi,Ajeet Singh,

Haryana Space Applications Centre, CCS HAU Campus Hisar

ABSTRACT

Agriculture usually plays a vital role in the economy of

every nation that exists. Not only for the reason that it tends to feed the entire population of a country but also in the

respect that agriculture correlates and interacts with all the

related industries of that country. Cropping System Analysis

is essential for studying the sustainability of Agriculture.

The present research study reviews cropping pattern and

crop rotation maps of Bhiwani district and its development

blocks. Multi-date IRS LISS III digital data of Kharif, Rabi

and Summer seasons of 2007-08 along with other spatial

and non-spatial collateral data have been used for this study.

The complete enumeration approach was used. Stack of

Multi-date data was created at district level. The stacked images of Kharif, Rabi and Summer seasons were classified

separately using unsupervised ISO-DATA clustering

approach defining some conditions such as number of

clusters, number of iterations etc. NDVI of each date was

generated and used during classification. Season wise

cropping pattern maps were generated. Crop rotation maps

were generated using classified images of all three seasons

at district level as well as at block level using logical

combinations of crops such as rice-wheat-fallow etc. The

study reveals that in Kharif cropping pattern bajra, cotton

and paddy are main crops which occupy 1758.86, 351.07 and 122.5 (‘00 h) area respectively. Wheat, mustard and

gram are main crops during Rabi season which occupy

1475.75, 1312.35 and 683.21(‘00 h) respectively and moong

is main crop of Summer season. Major rotation in Bhiwani

district are Other Crops/Fallow-Mustard-Moong/Other

Crops/fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Other Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow which occupy 666.78, 603.69

and 573.65 (‘00 h) area respectively. Maximum cultivated

area was during Rabi season and in summer season there is

minimum area i.e. 3619.05 (‘00 h) and 1444.16 (‘00 h)

respectively. During Kharif season area under cultivation was 3263.62 (‘00 h).

KEYWORDS: Cropping Pattern, Remote Sensing, IRS-P6

Satellite, LISS-III, Rabi, Kharif

1. INTRODUCTION

The Indo-Gangetic plains constitute the most important

agricultural region in south Asia.1The area of the IGP is

nearly 13% of the total geographical area of the country, and

it produce about 50% of the total food grains to feed 40% of

the population of the country. The Indo-Gangetic plain region comprising states of Punjab, Haryana, plains of

Jammu & Kashmir. Haryana is primarily an agricultural

state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture.

Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second

largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The

main crops of Haryana are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton,

oilseeds, pulses, barley, maize, millet etc. There are two

main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major

Kharif crops are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. The major Rabi crops are

wheat, tobacco, pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard.

About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is

cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated through tube

wells and an extensive system of canals. Irrigation canals

form the lifeline of agriculture in Haryana. Irrigation of the

state depends on the water provided by the canals. The

various canals which are operating in the state include

Western Yamuna Canal, Gurgaon Canal, Jawaharlal Lal

Nehru Canal and Bhakra Canal. These canals are the main

source of water for cultivation in various districts of the

state. This irrigation network has made Haryana one of the leading

states of India in terms of good grains production. The state

is not only surplus in food grains but also makes large

quantities available to the central pool to serve the needs of

the deficit states and provides some for export. Against the

all-India average 31.6% of net irrigated area to the net sown

area and Haryana has a higher average of 79.8% net

irrigated area. The output of food grains per hectare is

much higher in Haryana than the rest of the country and the

state is a kind of granary.

A cropping system is defined as the cropping pattern and its management to derive existing cropping systems; design,

testing and development of improvement of cropping

patterns and component technologies for selected

environment to efficiently utilize available farm resources.

Crop pattern has been defined as the proportion of area

under different crops at a particular period of time. A change

in cropping pattern means a change in the proportion of area

under different crops.

The Crop rotation is stated as growing one crop after

another on the same piece of land in different timings (seasons) without impairing the soil fertility. It is a planned

order of planting specific crops on the same field. Crop

rotation also means that succeeding crops are of a different

genus, species, subspecies or variety than previous crop.

2. STUDY AREA

Bhiwani District is one of the administrative districts of

Haryana. Bhiwani District is situated between 280 19’N and 2905’N latitude and 75026’E and 76028’E longitude.

Bhiwani District is surrounded by Hisar District on its north,

some area of Jhunjhunu district and Churu district of

Rajasthan on its west, Mahendragarh and Jhunjhunu districts

on its south and Rohtak District on its east. Total area

covered by Bhiwani district is 4778 sq km. The climate of

Bhiwani district can be classified as tropical steppe, semi-

arid and hot which is mainly dry with very hot summer and

cold winter except during monsoon season when moist air of

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 425

oceanic origin penetrates into the district. The normal annual

rainfall of the district is 420 mm which is unevenly

distributed. The district consists of flat and level plain

interrupted from place to place by clusters of sand dunes,

isolated hillocks and rocky ridges.

Fig. 1: Location Map of Bhiwani District and its Blocks

3. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

Remote sensing data is the basic data source for mapping

the cropping system of the Bhiwani district. Indian Remote

Sensing Satellite (Resourcesat) (IRS-P6) LISS-III data is the ideal for cropping system analysis. LISS-III sensors provide

23.5 m spatial resolution in Green, Red, NIR and SWIR

bands with 24 days revisit capability. Its repeat cycle can be

used for deriving Kharif, Rabi and Summer season crops

and change analysis between these seasons. The multi-date

Satellite data and Satellite sensor specifications are given in

table 4.1and table 4.2 respectively.

3.1 Ancillary Data

Administrative boundary (district & blocks).

Crop statistics at district and blocks level of Dept.

of Agriculture (DOA).

In season collected ground truth data in the form of

GPS location provided by HARSAC.

3.2 Software Used

ERDAS Imagine 9.3 software was used in importing, image

rectification and Geo-referencing, Geomatica 10.3 is used

for crop rotation. Arc GIS 10.0 was used for mapping and

MS Office was used for database preparation.

Methodology

In order to analyse cropping pattern and crop rotation of

Bhiwani district and its blocks for the year 2007-2008

complete enumeration approach was used. Basically the methodology of cropping system analysis comprises of the

following functional components:

Fig.2: Methodology for Cropping System Analysis

Bhiwani

SIiwaniTosham

Badara

Dadri-II

Kairu

Bahal Dadri-I

Loharu

Bawani Khera

Location Map of Study Area

INDIA HARYANA

BHIWANI

Multi-Date Digital Data of IRS P6

LISS III

Location of Ground

Truth Sites

Rabi Season Summer Season Kharif Season

Image to Image Registration

Boundary

Overlay

Extraction of

District Image

NDVI Generation

Unsupervised Classification Using ISO – Data Clustering

Identification of Classes

Generation of Cropping Pattern Maps for Kharif, Rabi & Summer

Crop Rotation Mapping

Cropping System Analysis Accuracy

Assessment

Combined Mask(major crops,other crops and fallow)

Report

Generation

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 426

3.3 Relative Deviation

In order to get the relative deviation of current estimated

values to the last years BES estimates following formula

was applied.

% RD (2007-08) = RS (2007-08) - BES (2007-08)*100

BES (2007-08)

Where,

RS is Area Computed by Remote Sensing Technique.

BES is Statistical Data Received by Bureau of Economics & Statistics.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Bhiwani district consists of flat and level plain interrupted

from place to place by clusters of sand dunes, isolated

hillocks and rocky ridges. A few isolated rocky ridges elevated sharply from the plain occur in the south central

portion or the district. Dohan River is the only ephemeral

stream in the area and flows in direct response to

precipitation. Only the tail of this ephemeral stream falls in

the south-central corner of the district and ultimately dies

out in sands around village. In Bhiwani district a number of

crops are grown but main crops are wheat,mustard, gram

and bajra. Near about 79% geographical area of Bhiwani

district is under cultivation.

4.1 Cropping System Analysis of Bhiwani District

In Kharif, Rabi and Summer season, the area under

cultivated land is 70.46%, 78.25% and 33.39% respectively

of total agricultural land. In Summer season there is very

less cultivated area because of harvesting of crops which is

shown in table 1 and fig.3. Table 1: Total Cultivated Land in Kharif, Rabi & Summer Season

Fig.3: Graphical Representation of Cultivated Land in Kharif, Rabi &

Summer Season

4.2 Kharif Cropping Pattern

Analysis of remote sensing data reflected that bajra and

cotton are two major crops in Kharif season, which could be

identified by using RS data. Table 2 shows the Kharif

season cropping pattern.

Table 2: Kharif Season Cropping Pattern S.No. Crops Area ('00 h) Area (%)

1 Bajra 1758.86 37.97

2 Cotton 351.07 7.58

3 Paddy 122.5 2.64

4 Other Crops 1031.18 22.26

5 Fallow 1368.27 29.54

6 Total 4631.88 100.00

Fig.4: Graphical Representation of Kharif Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani District

Map 1: Kharif Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District

010002000300040005000

Kharif Rabi Summer

Area('

00

)

Seasons

Agricultural Area & Cultivated Area in Bhiwani District

Total

Agriculture

Area

Cultivated

Land Area

37.97

7.58

2.64

22.26

29.54

Area (%age)

Bajra Cotton Paddy Other Crops Fallow

S.No.

Seasons Total

Agriculture

Area

Fallow

Land

Cultivated

Land

Area

(‘00 h)

Cultivated

Area (%)

1 Kharif 4631.88 1368.27 3263.62 70.46

2 Rabi 4624.69 1005.64 3619.05 78.25

3 Summer 4324.99 2880.83 1444.16 33.39

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 427

4.3 Rabi Cropping Pattern

Wheat, mustard and gram are the three major crops during

Rabi season followed by other crops. Table 5.3 shows the

cropping pattern of Rabi season in which wheat crop is

evenly spread through the district but more in southern part

and it occupies 1475.75 (‘00 h) area of the Bhiwani district

while mustard and gram occupied 1312.35 and 683.21(‘00

h). The other crops grown in district include pulses,

vegetables and fodder etc. Table 3: Rabi Season Cropping Pattern

S.No. Crops Area('00 h) Area (%)

1 Wheat 1475.75 31.91

2 Mustard 1312.35 28.38

3 Gram 683.21 14.77

4 Other 147.73 3.19

5 Fallow 1005.64 21.75

6 Total 4624.68 100.00

Fig.5: Graphical Representation of Rabi Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani

District

Map 2: Rabi Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District

4.4 Summer Cropping Pattern

During summer season most of the area of Bhiwani district

is fallow. Summer season is only of two months so only

those crops are grown which are ripped within two months;

mainly vegetables andother small crops are grown in this

season. Table 4 shows main crops of summer season in

which moong occupies 185.2 (‘00 h) area of district.

Table 4: Summer Season Cropping Pattern

S.No. Crops Area ('00 h) Area (%)

1 Moong 185.2 4.28

2 Other Crops 1258.96 29.11

3 Fallow 2880.83 66.61

4 Total 4324.99 100.00

Fig. 6: Graphical Representation of Summer Cropping Pattern of Bhiwani

District

Map 3: Summer Cropping Pattern Map of Bhiwani District

31.91

28.38

14.77

3.19

21.75Area (% age)

Wheat Mustard Gram Other Crops Fallow

4.28

29.11

66.61

Area (% age)

Moong Other Crops Fallow

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 428

4.5 Crop Rotations

The Crop rotation is stated as growing one crop after another on

the same piece of land in different timings (seasons) without

impairing the soil fertility. It is a planned order of planting

specific crops on the same field. Analysis indicate that Bhiwani

district has major crop rotations of Other Crops/Fallow-

Mustard-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow and Other Crops/Fallow-

Wheat-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow which occupy 666.69 and

603.69 (‘00 h) area respectively based on three seasons Kharif,

Rabi and Summer. All rotation of Bhiwani district is shown in

mapno 4 and table 5.Fig. 7 shows the graphical representation

of crop rotation of Bhiwani district. Table 5: Crop Rotations Statistics

S.

No.

Rotation

Area('00

h)

Area

(%)

1 Paddy-Wheat-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

61.16 1.42

2 Paddy-Mustard-Moong/Other Crops

/Fallow

24.29 0.56

3 Paddy-Gram- Moong/Other Crops

/Fallow

9.15 0.21

4 Paddy-Other Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow

12.93 0.3

5 Cotton- Wheat-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

176.4 4.09

6 Cotton- Mustard-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

58.38 1.35

7 Cotton-Gram-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

13.48 0.31

8 Cotton-Other Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow

18.84 0.44

9 Bajra- Wheat-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

484.23 11.22

10 Bajra-Mustard-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

509.07 11.8

11 Bajra- Gram-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

247.12 5.73

12 Bajra- Other Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow

436.65 10.12

13 Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow

603.69 13.99

14 Other Crops/Fallow-Mustard-

Moong/Other Crops/fallow

666.78 15.45

15 Other Crops/Fallow-Gram-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

373.41 8.65

16 Other Crops/Fallow-Other

Crops/Fallow-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

573.65 13.29

17 Non-Agricultural Area 46.45 1.07

Total 4315.68 100

Fig.7: Graphical Representation of Crop Rotation of Bhiwani District

Map 4: Crop Rotation Map of Bhiwani District

4.6 Relative Deviation (% RD)

Table 5.6: Relative Deviation (% RD) of Bhiwani District

Seasons Crops Area (‘00 h)

derived from

RS Data

BES %RD

Kharif Bajra 1758.86 1761 -0.17

Cotton 351.07 375 -6.4

Paddy 122.5 148 -17.56

Rabi Wheat 1475.75 1532 -3.67

Mustard 1312.35 1379 -4.83

Gram 683.21 723 -5.5

5. CONCLUSION

The present study introduces the method of cropping system

analysis pattern of single year 2007-08. The study area is

Bhiwani district and its blocks. The main concentration emphasized on cropping pattern, crop rotation and cultivated

area in different seasons. Using ERDAS 9.1 software.

applied the unsupervised classification technique of multi-

date images of LISS-III and generated the cropping pattern.

For crop rotation Geomatica 10.3 software was used.

1. RS data analysis showed that Bajrais major crops

followed by Cotton and Paddy during Kharif Season.

Bajra is uniformly distributed in Whole District.

1.42

0.560.21

0.3

4.09

1.350.310.44

11.22

11.8

5.73

10.1213.99

15.45

8.65

13.29

1.07

Area (% age) Paddy-Wheat-

Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

Paddy-Mustard-

Moong/Other Crops

/Fallow

Paddy-Gram-

Moong/Other Crops

/Fallow

Paddy-Other

Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2014

ISSN: 2278 – 7798 All Rights Reserved © 2014 IJSETR 429

2. Wheat is the major crop in Rabi season evenly

distributed in the district followed by Mustard and

Gram.

3. Major area of the district is lying vacant as fallow in

Summer Season and the only major crops is Moong

which is derived from RS data.

4. Minor non- contiguous crops which are not separable

using LISS-III data clubbed in other crops category. It

includes vegetables, Fodder green manure etc. 5. Major rotation in Bhiwani district is Other

Crops/Fallow-Mustard-Moong/Other Crops/Fallow,

Other Crops/Fallow-Wheat-Moong/Other

Crops/Fallow,Other Crops/Fallow-Other Crops/Fallow-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow and Bajra-Wheat-

Moong/Other Crops/Fallow, which occupy 15.45,

15.45, 13.29 and 11.22(‘00 h) area respectively.

6. Other rotations are scattered in the district.

7. Maximum cultivated area was during Rabi season and

minimum area in Summer season.

8. An advantage of the proposed method is to identify the

spatial relationships between crops. An additional possibility of the multi-year cropping pattern map is its

use in future spatial crop distribution prediction, since it

contains expert knowledge about spatial relationships

between crops in the study area and implicit

probabilities of changes. The study of crop rotation map

will be very helpful in making good crop rotations

planning and by well-designed crop rotation we can

creates farm diversity and improves soil conditions and

fertility.

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