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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION
FOR ECONOMICS, BUSINESS, AND FINANCE
DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FACULTY OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG
ISSN (PRINT) 2540-8372 ISSN (ONLINE) 2540-7481
Table of Contents ICEEBF 2016
Malang, 15 September 2016
Welcome Note i
Organizing Committee ii
Table of Contents
iii
Retention: Policy Dilemma in Taxation Diploma
Santi Novita, Murdiyati Dewi
1-12
Effects of Learning Capability on the Management and the Marketing
Performance of the Organization
Saeed Allam Mousa
13-20
Analysis of Causality between the Rubbers and Cassava Exports from
Thailand to China and Agricultural Economic Growth of Thailand
Assistant Professor Dr. Thanet Wattanakul
21-27
Who Would Return to Malioboro? A Structural Model of Factors to
Influence Tourists’ Revisit
Elmia Nafisah, Usep Suhud
28-35
Implementation of Lesson Study on Introduction to Microeconomic Course
in Department of Economic Development, Faculty of Economics,
Universitas Negeri Malang
Sri Handayani, Dian Rachmawati
36-46
Level of Bank Soundness Analysis with CAMEL Model on Sharia Bank in
Indonesia Period 2010–2014 (Quantitative Study and Critique–Philosophy–
Rhetoric)
Dr. Yetty Murni, Tri Astuti, Chaerani Nisa
47-65
The Impact of Entrepremeur Orientation to The Performance of SMEs:
An Analysis from Gender Perspective
Tabroni, Rika Kaniati, Harimurti Wulandjani, Lailah Fujianti
66-81
The Development of Food and Beverage Products Micro Business
Budi Prihatminingtyas
82-87
The Model of Strengthening Sharia Financial Service Cooperative
Institution (KJKS) with Individual Characteristics Perspective in Padang
Linda Wati, Ice Kamela, Zeshasina Rosha
88-95
Fundamental Analysis to Access the Fair Value Based on Price Earning
Ratio (PER) and Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Approach as the basis
for Investment Decision Making (A Study on the Insurance Sub Sector
Listing in Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2013-2015)
Lisa Rahayu Ningsih
96-106
Analysis The Impact of World Oil Price Fluctuations on Indonesia
Economic
Lysia Novarinda
107-113
Factor That Influences Customer Decision to Purchase Start-Up Company
Product: Case in An3lau Start-Up Company
Cep Bubun Burhanudin, Sudrajati Ratnaningtyas
114-125
Implementation of Collaborative Learning Process Based on Lesson Study
To Introduction Microeconomics
Rizky Dwi Putri
126-133
Spousal Employment and Women’s Decision Making Power Within
Households Evidence in Indonesia
Ana Ulfa Setiyaningroom
134-142
Analysis of Factor Affecting The Successful New Product Launch Through
Marketing Perspective
Puguh Yoga Wijaya, Leo Aldianto
143-154
Determinant of the Performance of Indonesian Airlines Toward Open Sky
Policy
Suwardi Bambang Hermanto, Anton Eko Yulianto
155-164
Maximazing Revenue and Competitive Advantage of Small And Medium-
Sized Enterprises in Binjai, Indonesia: A Community Service Study
Muhammad Bukhori Dalimunthe, Fitri Yani Panggabean
165-169
Strengthening Intellectual Character Using Tripartite Synergy to
Enhance Human Resources Competitiveness of Indonesia
Dwi Wahyuniati
170-181
Analysis of Religiosity and Responsibility of SMEs Loan Repayment
Agus S. Irfani, Florida Aryani, Cotoro Mukri, Lailah Fujianti
182-197
The Impact of Premium and Trust on Value and Their implication on
Loyalty and Retention: A Case of Customers at an Assurance Company Siti Mudrika, Usep Suhud
198-206
Price Wars and Fox Tail Theory in Indonesia
Dominicus Edwinarto, Yosef Dedy Pradipto
207-217
Informality Trap Policy in Indonesia
Ismiriati Nasip, Yosef Dedy Pradipto
218-228
An Application of Problem Based Learning on Accounting Research
Methodology Course
Nanis Hairunisya
229-237
Relationship of The Development of Gold Thread Embroidery Toward The
Birth of Entrepreneurial Spirit At Coastal Minangkabau
Dasrizal, Zusmelia, Marleni, Rinel Fitlayeni, Elvawati
238-247
The Effect of Public Participation, Transparency, and Accountability on
the Efficiency of the Distribution of the School Operational Support Funds
(BOS) in Tebing Tinggi City (Case Study of Taman Siswa College)
Dr. Henry Aspan, Feby Milanie, Ayu Kurnia Sari
248-259
School Accountability Model Based on Archive
Nina Oktarina, Hengky Pramusinto
260-267
Auditor Quality Models of Local Government Inspectorate in Central Java
Lisa Kartikasari, Sutapa, Puji Harto, Abdul Rohman
268-279
Improving knowledge and skill of owners and managers of small and
medium size enterprizes by business incubator: an action research
Dr. Sunaryanto
280-287
Implementation of Values Education on Pancasila and Civic Education
Subjects In Elementary School; Study In Kota Padang
Harisnawati, Rini Vovriyenty
288-294
Risk Management and Taxpayers Compliance
Dr. Diana Sari
295-304
Critical Success Factors of SMEs’ Coopetition in Creative Industry Margani Pinasti, Hijroh Rokhayati, Agus Faturokhman
305-311
Consumerism Behavior, Consumerism of Student and Theory of Leak
(Case Study About Student of Trunojoyo University)
Dr. Abdur Rohman.S.Ag.M.EI
312-328
Factors That Influence Costumer to Purchase Intention Healthy Snack in
Bandung
Elok Kusuma Wardani, Evy Rachmawati
329-340
Comparative Analysis of Marketing Strategy Between Small and Medium
Enterprises–A Study of Food Package in Bandung
Putri Rahmawati
341-348
Character Education Strategy through Learning with Mind Mapping to
Improve Students’ Understanding on the Basic Concepts of Office
Management
Sandy Arief, Hana Netti Purasani, Nina Oktarina, Ismiyati
349-360
Customer Preference and the Affecting Factors in Fashion Shopping
Media Using Young People Perspective in Indonesia
Erika Hening Pratiwi
361-370
Preparation of Village’s Socio-Economic Map As A Basis to Establish
Villlage-Owned Enterprise In Banyumas Regency
Agus Suroso, Margani Pinasti , Novita Puspasari, Ascaryan Rafinda
371-378
The Knowledge and Perception of Moslem University Students About
Islamic Economics
Dr. Dwi Wulandari, Bagus Shandy Narmaditya
379-386
Sensory Branding: Music Dominance as Enhancement of Brand Image and
Customers Positive Attitude on Cosmetics Commercial Video
Aisyah Dhia Ahsanti, Reza Azhari Nasution, Ph.D
387-404
The Role of Cooperative School to Fostering Entrepreneurship Students
(Case Study in The MAN 3 Malang)
Rizza Megasari, Yogi, Dwi Satrio
405-414
The Relationship Between Corporate Governance, Corporate Size,
Corporate Industry to Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Size and
Stock Price
Ardiansyah Rasyid, I Cenik Ardana
415-429
Creating Better Human Development through Taxation
Thomas Soseco
430-436
Analysis Characteristics of Learning Styles VAK (Visual, Auditory,
Kinesthetic) Student of Banks and Financial Institutions Course
Menik Kurnia Siwi, Yuhendri L V
437-446
An Analysis About the Strategy of the Street Vendors (Pedagang Kaki Lima
or PKL) Existence at Pulosari, Malang
Prof. Dr. Sri Umi Mintarti, Syahrul Munir
447-456
When did the private cost of education and motivation influenced the
academic achievement of students?
Efni Cerya
457-464
The Role of Self Efficacy of The Professionalism of Accountants, Auditors
Individual Cultural Relations With Government Quality Investigative
Audit (Study on Auditor BPK Government In Jakarta) Suratno, Syahril Djaddang, Shinta Budi Astuti, Bambang Supriatno
465-479
Coso Framework: An Internal Audit & Effectiveness Analysis of Banking
Internal Control on Credit Investment Aspect
Mahsina, Asmie Poniwati, Khusni Hidayati
480-494
The Development Strategy of Ecopreneurship-Based Tourism Village (The
Development Research of The Tourism Village In Desa Wonomerto
Kecamatan Wonosalam Kabupaten jombang)
Dwi Wahyuni, Prof. Dr. Wahjoedi, Prof. Dr. Bambang Banu Siswoyo, Dr. Mit
Witjaksono,
495-500
Acceleration of Licensing in Banyuwangi to Support the Growth of Local
Investment
M. Wasil, M. Ikhsan Setiawan, Sri Wiwoho Mudjanarko
Annotations Genius Loci Coastal Community as efforts to strengthen
identity on local economic Banyuwangi Dr. Mit Witjaksono, Emma Yunika Puspasari
501-512
513-523
Batik Gajah Oling as One of Business Opportunities and Regional Cultural
Recognition (Case study Brand Batik Banyuwangi)
Ni’matul Istiqomah
524-530
Fiscal Decentralization Policy and Regional Financial Management In East
Java Province Dr. Sugeng Hadi Utomo
531-542
Financial Assesment of Alco Engine Restoration Rushandoko Cahyo Saputro, Dr. Subiakto
543-559
Analysis Merger of Petrochina Company Limited and Sinopec Limited
Using Discounted Cash Flow Method
Marissa Ramadhana, Subiakto Soekarno
Developing Entrepreneurship Skill for Society for Emporing Family
Welfare Fostering
Dr. Grisvia Agustin
Study on the Impact of Economic Development Abdul Rachman Saleh
Airport
Dr. Hadi Sumarsono
560-577
578-583
584-599
The Effect of Parents’ Socioeconomic Status and Family’s Economic
Education toward Financial Literacy and Lifestyle and Its Impact to the
Rationality of Consumption
Yohanes Hadi Soesilo, Nur Anita Yunikawati
600-608
Time Banking as The Deployment of Caring Economics: A Preliminary
Literature Research
Mit Witjaksono 609-628
International Conference on Education For Economics, ISSN (Print) 2540-8372 Business, and Finance (ICEEBF) 2016 ISSN (Online) 2540-7481
238
Relationship of The Development of Gold Thread
Embroidery Toward The Birth of Entrepreneurial Spirit
At Coastal Minangkabau
Dasrizal1, Zusmelia2, Marleni3, Rinel Fitlayeni4, Elvawati5
1. Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR,Indonesia
dan Ketua Yayasan PGRI Sumatera Barat
2. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR,Indonesia
dan Ketua STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
3. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR, Indonesia
4. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR, Indonesia
5. Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI SUMBAR, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The focused of this study was the relationship of the development of gold thread
embroidery toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit at coastal Minangkabau. The
existence of gold threads embroidery industry in the coast of Minangkabau, especially in
Kota Pariaman affected by geography and historical factors. The birth of the spirit of
entrepreneurship with embroidery business started from individual businesses (one man
enterprise) to family (family enterprise), and then developing into micro, small and
medium enterprise. Gold thread embroidery industry strongly contributed to the society
economically, socially and culturally. It appealed both local and international tourists.
The craft industry has become one of the cultural icons of tourism in West Sumatra.
Keywords: gold thread embroidery, entrepreneurship, coastal Minangkabau
I. Introduction
Industry is all the economic activity that processes raw materials and
industry resources to produce goods that have added higher value and benefits,
including industrial services. Additionally, industry is one of the employment
opportunities in Indonesia, which aims not only to improve the welfare of the
people in the city or village but also to limit unemployment. Specifically, small
industry and home industry indirectly has a great potential on the economy of the
community. Based on the law No. 3 in 2014 about Industry, article 9 Master Plan
National Industrial Development prepared by considering the potential of the
resource industry, culture industry and local wisdom that grow in the community,
the potential and the socio-economic development region, as well as the
development of industry and business well nationally and internationally.
According to Article 9 of Law No. 3 of 2014 potential resource of
industry, culture industry and local wisdom that grow in the community is very
important for the development in Indonesia. Cultural industry proposed by
Frankfurt is shaping the masses tastes and trends so that they have awareness by
growing their desire for false needs. The main characteristics are the
standardization and individualisms apparent that cultural products are
commodities produced by the culture industry even though democratic,
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239
individualistic and diverse but in fact authoritarian, conformist and highly
standardized (Suyanto, 2013: 114-115). This is because the culture can be seen as
national identity that should be respected, retained and preserved so that our
culture is not lost. Moreover, it can be a legacy to our next generation as a cultural
resistance. The pride of cultural diversity becomes the challenge for all the
Indonesian to retain the local culture from being lost or stolen by other nations.
The potential of Indonesian culture significantly has a high value, for
instance industrial sector of clothing, embroideries, and hand embroideries with
high cultural value. This is strongly expected to be continued by the next
generation. In tourism, handicraft products notably give happiness and memories
that can evoke the desire of tourists to visit the village of artisans mainly
forembroidery(Feryanto,2011:2).
A Japanese researcher, Tskuyoshi Kato on his article entitled "Rantau
Pariaman: World Merchant of Minangkabau Coastal in Nineteenth Century",
acknowledged that ethnic Minangkabau is one of Indonesian ethnic that can be
compared with the Chinese. Historically, successful entrepreneurs come from
local Minangkabau Pariaman, both macro and micro enterprises. Pariaman society
which is known as a social entrepreneur with their strong character.
Entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial spirit) is an important factor in building
competitiveness and durability in poverty alleviation and regional economic
development (Sumodiningrat, 1998).
The handicrafts such as embroidery are widely known in public, one of
them is embroidered with gold thread. Gold thread embroidery is one of the iconic
craft in West Sumatra, Minangkabau, comes from coastal areas, precisely in the
Naras village, North Pariaman District in Pariaman city. Gold thread embroidery
products are well known for producing products such as Minang Pelaminan
complete with traditional dress, which became one of the ethnic symbols of
Minangkabau culture in ceremony. Gold thread embroidery is produced by micro
businesses, small and medium enterprises. Some of the studies indicated that
micro businesses, small and medium enterprises play an important role in the
economy of the community and able to drive the domestic economy. This
condition became the background of the researcher to discuss the relationship of
gold thread embroidery development toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit on
the coast of Minangkabau. This research is immensely expected to contribute to
regional development and the community, both locally and nationally.
II. Theoretical framework
Entrepreneurship was originally a concept that was developed in the
tradition of sociology and psychology. At the beginning of the 18th century,
Richard Cantillon, a large Irish-born scholar in France, stated that
entrepreneurship is a function of risk bearing. A century later, Joseph Schumpeter
introduced the innovation functions as a formidable force in entrepreneurship.
Since then, the concept of entrepreneurship is an accumulation of functions
courage bear the risk and innovation (Siswoyo, 2009).
Entrepreneurship an entrepreneurial spirit that built aims to bridge between
the science with the ability of the market. Entreprenuership is the process of
identifying, developing, and bringing a vision into life. The vision may be an
innovative idea, an opportunity, a better way to run a business thing (Zusmelia et
International Conference on Education For Economics, ISSN (Print) 2540-8372 Business, and Finance (ICEEBF) 2016 ISSN (Online) 2540-7481
240
al, 2012: 127). To understand how the linkage of gold embroidered with the birth
of entrepreneurship on the coast of Minangkabau use Max Weber's theory of
social action. When viewed from the orientation, actions can be divided into two
kinds, namely (1). Non-social actions, the actions undertaken by a person but not
oriented to the other party, (2). Social action, ie, actions by perpetrators oriented
to another party (Ritzer, 2003).
In addition, this is the following types to look at ways and purposes why
the action done by the people. Clearly, it can be divided into four types of action,
namely:
1. Rational-instrumental action is an action carried out by considering the
compatibility between ways and purposes. In this case, the actor computes
about efficiency and effectiveness of a number of courses of action.
2. Actions value-oriented related to basic values in society, consequently, the
actor is no longer concerned about the purpose of the action but in ways.
3. Traditional action is an action that does not take into rational consideration.
This action is carried out based on the consideration of habit and customs.
4. Affective actions are actions performed by actors based on feelings
(affection).
III. Research methods
This research was a sociology study with economic sociology. This study
used a qualitative approach with case study because it can control social problems
being studied. Furthermore, the research conducted is related to events or
phenomenon in real life (Yin, 1996) .Techniques of data collection were
observation and in-depth interviews. Information obtained from observations and
interviews will be written in field notes. There were two kinds of field note;
objective and reflective field notes. Eventually, the researchers tested the validity
of the data by using triangulation of methods and sources, in order to obtain the
valid data.
According Sartono (1992: 156-160) paradigm used have led researchers to
use a number of methods. This study was known as multi-method. They are;
1). Methods of sociological history and historical sociology done by approaching
of life history studies that are intended to see; 1) where gold embroidery exist
in Pariaman city and how the process of transferring the soul of
entrepreneurship both value and knowledge whether it is in nuclear family
and extended family.
2). Hermeneutic interpretative method. It is intended to try to interpret the facts;
the texts, to see phenomena that occur behind the realities. This stems from
the assumption that the activities of artisans gold thread embroidery is a
reality that influenced by factors such as socio-cultural, so that, it is highly
required a different method in approaching the phenomenon.
The data was analyzed by using an interactive model supported by Miles
and Huberman. The data analysis was done when the data collection takes place
period. During the interview, the researchers analyzed of the answers given by the
informant. If the answer was not satisfactory, then the question will be continued
to a certain extent to obtain real data. According to Miles and Huberman (in
Sugiyono, 2012), activity in the analysis of qualitative data is done interactively
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241
and continuously till the data is already saturated. Briefly, activities were data
collection, data reduction, display, and conclusion and verification.
IV. Results and Discussion
The Profile of Golden Thread Embroidery in Coastal Minangkabau.
Historically, embroidery has been known in Indonesia since the 16th
century. At the beginning, embroidery was only used as an ornament royal family.
Entering the 20th century, the embroidery began to be applied rapidly on kebaya
(women’s blouse the front of which is pinned) , wedding decorations, and
building interior. Craft embroidery was done by hand. It was inherited from
generation to generation of women. Craft embroidery in Indonesia was influenced
by several foreign cultures such as China, Europe, Turkey, and India. It has been
found in Sumatra since the 18th century, which was used for cloth robes and
wedding gifts (Adisti, 2015: 1). In West Sumatra it was recently documented
since the 17 century. The documented elucidated that, the most gorgeous
embroidery was in Kubang, Agam, Sungai Pagu, Silungkang, Pandai Sikek dan
Lima Puluh Koto (Oki, 1986:117). Subsequently, Pariaman with embroidery, lace,
and gold thread embroidery and Payakumbuh with plaiting rattan.
West coast of Sumatra was located in the world's trade lanes in the era of
Dutch colonial. One of the commodities which were exchanged at that time was
the fabric from China, Gujarat and Europe. The goods were exchanged with gold
and iron ore, as well as natural products from the land of Sumatera. Consequently,
this condition affected the art of embroidery and weaving in Indonesia.
Minangkabau was an area with the most stores repertoire of embroidery art. There
were 21 kinds of art embroidery (specifically for terawang embroidery) in
Minangkabau. For instance seni sulam kepala peniti, kepala samek, sulam
aplikasi bayang, sulam keran-cang, sulam timbul, sulam suji cair, sulam
kalengkang, sulam benang emas kapalo samek, sulam benang emas pakai kaca,
sulam bayang tusuk dan suklam tikam jejak. They immensely still retained their
art traditions accepted from one generation to the next. It was doubtful that
Minangkabau not only can be seen from the traditional dances, landscapes and
culinary, but also can be seen from the embroidery. The main reason was the most
meaningful creativity born form “ Alam Takambang Jadi Guru” was the art of
embroidery. Women from different regions of the Minangkabau also taught to
learn embroidery skills.
Gold thread embroidery was one of the famous embroidery of West
Sumatra located in the city of Pariaman. Gold thread embroidery not only created
economic potential, but also supported the development of tourism in West
Sumatra, especially in Pariaman. In the 1920s, Pariaman have encountered
women with needlework, crochet and embroider. However, the presence of
beautiful Naras embroidery was unclear.
Based on Golden Thread Embroidery Industry profile of Koperindag,
Pariaman in 2009. It was found that the gold thread embroidery originated from
indigenous traditions and society weddings in Naras Pariaman, around 50 years
ago. Gold thread embroidery was an attempt from ancestors and perpetrator
history. It was estimated that around 1875, gold thread embroidery was done by
women in Naras III Koto Pariaman (Koperindag, 2009). Another source, (Rini,
2003: 21) states that since 1950, women in Naras , Pariaman increasingly
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242
working on embroidery. However, the business management, lack of experience,
creativity for business development and marketing of products was not good or
unexpected. Time by time this business was still run as it was.
According to Maniar, 83 year old, (interviewed on May 16, 2015), one of
the oldest generation of the golden thread embroidery; the beautiful embroidery
has existed since the Dutch era. She stated that the needlework has been
developed since 1960s. This is consistent to one source stating that the golden
thread embroidery in Pariaman started to develop in 1960, after the outbreak of
PRRI (Tanjung, 2006: 183). Nurhayati, 55 year old (interviewed on May 16,
2015), a teacher and a craftswoman of the golden thread embroidery, realizes the
business potential but feels the weakness of the business management in order to
develop the business. In 1979 (date unknown), Nurhayati proposed the issue to the
village authority. The problems were followed up and discussed in a village
meeting attended by the Head of the Village (Muslim), Niniak Mamak-the
elders/leaders (Mak Uniang Aya), Cerdik Pandai-the scholars (Pak Angkuak),
Alim Ulama-the Islamic leaders (Tuanku M. Zaidi), the craftswomen and
entrepreneurs of golden thread embroidery, as well as some districts’ apparatus (at
the time, there was no Pariaman city. The entire region was still within the
administrative of Padang Pariaman District).
The results of the meeting were, first, forming the union of the beautiful
golden thread embroidery craftswomen in Nareh Hilir. Second, cooperating the
relevant agencies that can provide counseling. These talks were proceeded to the
Regional Department of Trade and Industry, Level II, Pariaman, and welcomed by
the relevant authorities. The support triggered Nurhayati to establish Sulaman
Indah Tiga Putri (Three Princess Beautiful Embroidery) in 1982. The business
accommodated other craftswomen to work here.
At the beginning of the development, the beautiful embroidery craft in
Nareh Hilir was generally done by the women as the side job, while the men
worked as the fishermen. Initially, it was used by the women in order to meet the
needs of family clothing. It grew eventually as one of the occupations and
livelihood (Suryati, 59 year old, interviewed on May 16, 2015). Along with the
development, the increase of the good productivity, the marketing area was
broadened to the outer parts of West Sumatra. The materials for production were
purchased in Bukittinggi (the center of grocery of confection materials in West
Sumatra), as from Umar Said and Sumber Agung stores. Other than proposing the
loan for capital, Usaha Tiga Putri also purchased the products of the women
produced independently at home (small-scale home industries).
In the context of the rural economy, such condition possibly happens; an
economic form that consists of many sources. This means that the family income
in general does not only derive from a single business sector but also from some
other businesses. A father, as the family leader, cannot guarantee to always be
responsible to the needs of his family. Although in principle the family members
are in the same consumptions, but the production is decomposed from each family
member. The realization was that each family member focuses on a specific task
in making a living. However, along with the Pariman embroidery development,
the business became the main source of income of the Nareh community (Abah,
58 year old, interviewed on April 2, 2015).
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243
The development can be seen from the amount of production, skilled
labor, marketing and the role of the craft itself on the community economic.
Before 1980s, the Nareh Hilir communities embroidered by hand or Not Machine
looms (handloom). After 1980s, the border or machine looms appeared.
Gradually, the people of Nareh Hilir used them so that the development was
arisen (Suryati, interviewed on 16 April 2015). The type of the goods produced on
the golden thread embroidery was a set of wedding package/bridal dais including
its curtain and ceiling ornaments, bridegroom and bride clothes, shoes/sandals,
seat cushions, shawls, adult and children dance clothes as well as some souvenirs
(Suryati, 49 year old, interviewed on 16 April 2015).
In the context of the rural economy, this thing can be happened because
economic consisted of many sources. This means that family income in general
did not come from one business, but some effort. The father as head of the
household was not guaranteed to be responsible for his family's needs every time.
Although in principle both were in the same consumption, but production
decomposed on each family member. Realization of each member of the family
should be focused on work and specific tasks that earning money. But, the
development of beautiful Nirah embroidery Pariman became the main source of
income in Naras (Mardin-56, interviewed on May 31, 2016). These conditions
made the Naras village in North Pariaman District well-known as rural artisans
with the label "Village Craftsmen Beautiful Embroidery " in West Sumatra.
It was also supported by the industry data in handicraft sub-sector in North
Pariaman District. It clearly seen that the craftswomen embroidery was majority.
533 people were craftswomen embroidery, 194 were craftswomen needlework
and 436 were mechanics and 131 were embroidery business owners. However,
after the earthquake in 2009, many craftswomen embroidery working for wedding
especially in embroidery and engraving wedding. The reason was the period of
time in gold thread embroidery, and the wage, so they did other craft (Yusidar 46
years, interviewed on July 27, 2016). The comparison can be seen in Figure 1
below:
Figure 1. Sub- Sector of Craft Industry
Source: The profile of North Pariaman District, 2014
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244
The relationship of the development of gold thread embroidery toward the
birth of entrepreneurial spirit at coastal Minangkabau
Referring the development of gold thread embroidery that has been
discussed previously, it can be shown that there was a relationship of gold thread
embroidery toward the birth of entrepreneurial spirit in west coast of Sumatra,
especially in North Pariaman District of Pariaman. Based on the results of the
study conducted in the first year of 2015 until the second year in 2016 it clearly
showed that the birth of entrepreneurship spirit in embroidery business started
from activities to meet clothing needs of family done by women, then developed
into one man enterprise business both men and women, and came the family
enterprise, finally, developed into small and medium enterprise.
Embroidery activities in Pariaman started to meet the clothing needs of the
family for traditional custom events. Geographical factor, historical and Minang
cultural lead and required Minang women to develop their creative skills into
economy business. Geographically, coastal regions made many men work as
fishermen. However, it was uncertain due to various factors, such as weather and
fishing arrest. The beach area which limited land for farming encouraged them to
go working in another city. Most of them worked in industrial sector particularly
in embroidery. Embroidery craft products originally used only for royal family.
Entering the 20th century, the craft began to be applied on the kebaya embroidery,
wedding decorations, and interior. Hand Embroidery was done from generations
to the next. Gold thread embroidery produced Minang wedding together with the
dress, which became one of the symbols of Minangkabau culture in any
ceremonies.
Gold thread embroidery developments in entrepreneur context starting
from home industries to one-man enterprise and then to the next generation, like
children, and involving family members which was known as family enterprise.
Ernayeti (53 Years) said that her business now continued her parents business.
She did it since elementary school when she was 8 years old in order to ensure her
family life. Ernayeti’s mother learned it from her grandma. Furthermore, Mr.
Mardin (56 Years) states he learned gold thread embroidery from his brother who
also learned it from his mother. Mr. Mardin started business in 1982, then Mr.
Mardin began to develop in 1989 until now. It was done it to ensure his family
life. Mr. Mardin had seven children from one wife. Mr. Mardin did not demand
his son to continue his efforts. He disseminated to children indirectly, so that they
can learn the meaning of it by themselves. The purpose was to fulfill family life .
Mr. Mardin facilitated his children to get a formal education till university. If lhis
son got a job, he would not continue his business anymore. These conditions
made Mr. Mardin should involve others people in managing his business. From
his 7 children, 3 of them have graduated from university. The condition occurred
because there was no other work related to their major. Craftsman employed by
Mr. Mardin has opened his own businesses, namely Chandra (29 years). He has
done all business activity from processing till producing. Before opening his own
business Chandra has worked for 21 years with Mr. Mardin. Since 2010 Candra
managed his own businesses. The conditions has been shown us that a new
entrepreneur was born from Mr. Mardin.
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Based on the findings, it can be said that family enterprise can be a small
and medium enterprises when family members did not pursue it anymore. When
someone else involved then the skills automatically attracted another workers.
These workers were initially only work for a living (livelihood activities),
gradually becomes a micro enterprise without an entrepreneurial spirit. In the next
phase, these workers tried to develop ideas, innovation, look for opportunities and
better ways to run their business called entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship).
Referring to the perspective development of small and medium enterprise,
it can be classified into four (4) groups, namely:
1. Livelihood Activities, that is used as a job opportunity to earn a living,
which is more commonly known as the informal economy.
2. Micro Enterprise, that has craftsmen but do not yet have an
entrepreneurialspirit.
3. Dynamic Small Enterprise, there was already an entrepreneurial spirit and
able to accept subcontracting and export
4. Fast Moving Enterprise, there was already an entrepreneurial spirit and
they will transform it into a Medium and Large Scale.
Craftsmen who have entrepreneurial spirit can be said as a small dynamic
enterprise. According to Zusmelia (2012) entreprenuership is the process of
identifying, developing, and bringing a vision into real life. The vision may be an
innovative idea, an opportunity, better way to run a business. This is what
happens in the environment gold thread embroidery artisans in the Naras village
of North Pariaman District, Kota Pariaman. This area is known as a craft center of
“Sulman benang emas”. Transfer of knowledge and transfer of value that is built
up between the artisans and entrepreneurs Naras village not only in the nuclear
family but also extended family finally occured between extensive family.
Knowledge and value were transmitted so that they be a responsible person with
new spirit and innovation in starting a business. Furthermore, then became an
entrepreneur. The accumulation both courage and innovation fucntion was called
an entrepreneurship (Siswoyo, 2009).
Enterprises gold thread embroidery developed in Kota Pariaman was
growing gradually and diverse, there were small and medium that still in micro
category. There has been a small business and some have been able to be in the
category of medium-sized businesses, with ownership of assets between 500
million - 10 billion. The businesses included “Usaha Tiga Putri, Karya Prima,
dan Dua Sejol”. The business started from gold thread embroidery micro
enterprises into medium-sized businesses who sold bride-dress , wedding tools,
such as embroidery, sequin embroidery and engraving on wedding. Here are the
criteria of small and medium according to Law No. 20 of 2008 on small and
medium embroidery. Tabel 2. Criteria of UMKM
NO LEVEL CRITERIA
ASSET OMSET
1 Mikro Maks. 50 Juta Maks. 300 Juta
2 Small > 50 Juta – 500 Juta > 300 Juta – 2,5 Miliar
3 Medium > 500 Juta – 10 Miliar > 2,5 Miliar – 50 Milia
Source : UU No.20 tahun 2008 Bab IV
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The birth of entrepreneurship on the coast of Minangkabau was actually
derived from individual businesses in their homes, starting from individual to
another family from one generation to the next generation. Then, it influenced to
the surrounding environment. Fitrinawati (48 years old) who daily worked in
elementary school as a teacher and now have a beautiful embroidery business
namely Sulaman Indah Mayang. She did not come from a craftsman family, her
parent was a farmer. She received embroidering skills from the surrounding
environment. When she was at elementary school age she has been embroidering
and getting reward from others. Viewing other efforts in embroidery business, she
had the desire to start a business about gold thread embroidery on her leisure time
as a teacher. Her dream became true in 2003. Now, she had 20 employees outside
her family with 20 million turnovers per month (interviewed on 12 July 2016).
Based on the data above, she can be said one business who gave
entrepreneurial spirit surrounding environment. In contrast, Mrs. Ernayeti (53
Years), she continued her parents business. She had e 15 employees consisted 10
people have been married, and 5 people were girls and two people were cousins
and 13 people were sibling and outside employees (interviewed on July 29, 2016)
V. Conclusion
Entrepreneurial spirit was born in the coastal area of the business in
Minangkabau. Gold thread embroidery was started from one man enterprise. The
individual entrepreneurial spirit is transmitted to the next generation, both nuclear
family and the extended family. If there was no person in one family did it, then it
will be continued by employee outside the family (among extended family). The
transmission occurred in the patron client relationships with transferred
knowledge and value so that the new entrepreneurs were born. This process will
be developed from one man enterprise into a family enterprise. As a result, it can
be developed into small and medium enterprises.
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