1Circular 38aUnited States Copyright Office

International Copyright Relationsof the United States

GENERAL INFORMATION

This circular sets forth U.S. copyright relations of currentinterest with the other independent nations of the world.Each entry gives country name (and alternate name) and astatement of copyright relations. The following code is used:BAC Party to the Buenos Aires Convention of

1910, as of the date given. U.S. ratificationdeposited with the Government of Argen-tina, May 1, 1911; proclaimed by the Presi-dent of the United States, July 13, 1914.

Berne Party to the Berne Convention for the Pro-tection of Literary and Artistic Works as ofthe date given. Appearing within parenthe-ses is the latest Act1 of the Convention towhich the country is party. The effectivedate for the United States is March 1,1989. The latest Act of the Convention, towhich the United States is party, is the re-vision done at Paris on July 24, 1971.

Bilateral Bilateral copyright relations with the UnitedStates by virtue of a proclamation or treaty,as of the date given. Where there is morethan one proclamation or treaty, only thedate of the first one is given.

None No copyright relations with the UnitedStates.

Phonograms Party to the Convention for the Protectionof Producers of Phonograms AgainstUnauthorized Duplication of TheirPhonograms, Geneva, 1971, as of thedate given. The effective date for theUnited States is March 10, 1974.

SAT Party to the Convention Relating to the Dis-tribution of PROGRAMME-Carrying SignalsTransmitted by Satellite, Brussels, 1974, asof the date given. The effective date for theUnited States is March 7, 1985.

UCC Geneva Party to the Universal Copyright Conven-tion, Geneva, 1952, as of the date given.The effective date for the United States isSeptember 16, 1955.

UCC Paris Party to the Universal Copyright Conven-tion as revised at Paris, 1971, as of thedate given. The effective date for theUnited States is July 10, 1974.

Unclear Became independent since 1943. Has notestablished copyright relations with theUnited States, but may be honoring obliga-tions incurred under former political status.

WCT Party to the World Intellectual Property Or-ganization Copyright Treaty, Geneva, 1996,as of the date provided. The effective datefor the United States is March 6, 2002, thedate the treaty entered into force.

WPPT Party to the World Intellectual Property Or-ganization Performances and PhonogramsTreaty, Geneva, 1996, as of the date pro-vided. The effective date for the UnitedStates if may 20, 2002, the date the treatyentered into force.

WTO Member of the World Trade Organization(WTO), established pursuant to theMarrakesh Agreement of April 15, 1994, toimplement the Uruguay Round Agreements.These Agreements affect, among otherthings, intangible property rights, includingcopyright and other intellectual propertyrights. The effective date of United Statesmembership in the WTO is January 1, 1995.A countrys membership in the WTO is effec-tive as of the date indicated.

Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 892

RELATIONS AS OF JANUARY 2003

AfghanistanNone

AlbaniaBerne March 6, 1994 (Paris)1WTO Sept. 8, 2000WPPT May 20, 2002

AlgeriaUCC Geneva Aug. 28, 1973UCC Paris July 10, 1974Berne April 19, 1998 (Paris)

AndorraUCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955

AngolaWTO Nov. 23, 1996

Antigua and BarbudaWTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne March 17, 2000 (Paris)

ArgentinaBilateral Aug. 23, 1934BAC April 19, 1950UCC Geneva Feb. 13, 1958Berne June 10, 1967 (Paris)2Phonograms June 30, 1973 3WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Armenia17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973SAT Dec.13, 1993Berne Oct. 19, 2000 (Paris)

AustraliaBilateral March 15, 1918Berne April 14, 1928 (Paris)2UCC Geneva May 1, 1969Phonograms June 22, 1974UCC Paris Feb. 28, 1978SAT Oct. 26,1990WTO Jan. 1, 1995

AustriaBilateral Sept. 20, 1907Berne Oct. 1, 1920 (Paris)2UCC Geneva July 2, 1957SAT Aug. 6, 1982 4UCC Paris Aug. 14, 1982Phonograms Aug. 21, 1982WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Azerbaijan17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne June 4, 1999 (Paris)Phonograms Sept. 1, 2001

Bahamas, TheBerne July 10, 1973 (Brussels)UCC Geneva Dec. 27, 1976UCC Paris Dec. 27, 1976

BahrainWTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne March 2, 1997 (Paris)

BangladeshUCC Geneva Aug. 5, 1975UCC Paris Aug. 5, 1975WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne May 4, 1999 (Paris)

BarbadosUCC Geneva June 18, 1983UCC Paris June 18, 1983Berne July 30, 1983 (Paris)2Phonograms July 29, 1983WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Belarus17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne Dec. 12, 1997 (Paris)WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

BelgiumBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2

BelizeUCC Geneva Dec. 1, 1982WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne June 17, 2000 (Paris)

BeninBerne Jan. 3, 1961 (Paris)2WTO Feb. 22, 1996

BhutanNone

BoliviaBAC May 15, 1914UCC Geneva March 22, 1990UCC Paris March 22, 1990Berne Nov. 4, 1993 (Paris)WTO Sept. 12, 1995

Bosnia and HerzegovinaUCC Geneva May 11, 1966UCC Paris July 10, 1974Berne March 1, 1992 (Paris)SAT March 6, 1992

BotswanaWTO May 31, 1995Berne April 15, 1998 (Paris)

BrazilBAC Aug. 31, 1915Berne Feb. 9, 1922 (Paris)2Bilateral April 2, 1957UCC Geneva Jan. 13, 1960Phonograms Nov. 28, 1975UCC Paris Dec. 11, 1975WTO Jan. 1, 1995

BruneiWTO Jan. 1, 1995

BulgariaBerne Dec. 5, 1921 (Paris)2UCC Geneva June 7, 1975UCC Paris June 7, 1975Phonograms Sept. 6, 1995WTO Dec. 1, 1996WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Burkina FasoBerne Aug. 19, 1963 (Paris)2Phonograms Jan. 30, 1988WTO June 3, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

BurundiWTO July 23, 1995

CambodiaUCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955

CameroonBerne Sept. 21, 1964 (Paris)2UCC Geneva May 1, 1973UCC Paris July 10, 1974WTO Dec. 13, 1995

CanadaBilateral Jan. 1, 1924Berne April 10, 1928 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Aug. 10, 1962WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Cape VerdeBerne July 7, 1997 (Paris)

Central African RepublicBerne Sept. 3, 1977 (Paris)2WTO May 31, 1995

ChadBerne Nov. 25, 1971 (Brussels)2WTO Oct. 19, 1996

ChileBilateral May 25, 1896BAC June 14, 1955UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Berne June 5, 1970 (Paris)2Phonograms March 24, 1977WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

ChinaBilateral Jan. 13, 19045Bilateral March 17, 19929Berne Oct. 15, 1992 (Paris)UCC Geneva Oct. 30, 1992UCC Paris Oct. 30, 1992Phonograms April 30, 1993WTO Dec. 22, 2001

3Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 89

Chinese TaipeiWTO Jan. 1, 2002

ColombiaBAC Dec. 23, 1936UCC Geneva June 18, 1976UCC Paris June 18, 1976Berne March 7, 1988 (Paris)2Phonograms May 16, 1994WTO April 30, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

ComorosUnclear

Congo, Democratic Republic oftheBerne Oct. 8, 1963 (Paris)2Phonograms Nov. 29, 1977WTO Jan. 1, 1997

Congo, Republic of theBerne May 8, 1962 (Paris)2WTO March 27, 1997

Costa Rica6Bilateral Oct. 19, 1899BAC Nov. 30, 1916UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Berne June 10, 1978 (Paris)2UCC Paris March 7, 1980Phonograms June 17, 1982WTO Jan. 1, 1995SAT June 25, 1999WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Cote dIvoireBerne Jan. 1, 1962 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995

CroatiaUCC Geneva May 11, 1966UCC Paris July 10, 1974Berne Oct. 8, 1991 (Paris)2SAT Oct. 8, 1991Phonograms April 20, 2000WTO Nov. 30, 2000WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

CubaBilateral Nov. 17, 1903UCC Geneva June 18, 1957WTO April 20, 1995Berne Feb. 20, 1997 (Paris)

CyprusBerne Feb. 24, 1964 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Dec. 19, 1990UCC Paris Dec. 19,1990Phonograms Sept. 30, 1993WTO July 30, 1995

Czech RepublicUCC Geneva Jan. 6, 1960UCC Paris April 17, 1980Berne Jan. 1, 1993 (Paris)Phonograms Jan. 1, 1993WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

DenmarkBilateral May 8, 1893Berne July 1, 1903 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Feb. 9, 1962Phonograms March 24, 1977UCC Paris July 11, 1979WTO Jan. 1, 1995

DjiboutiWTO May 31, 1995Berne May 13, 2002 (Paris)

DominicaWTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Aug. 7, 1999 (Paris)

Dominican Republic6BAC Oct. 31, 1912UCC Geneva May 8, 1983UCC Paris May 8, 1983WTO March 9, 1995Berne Dec. 24, 1997 (Paris)

EcuadorBAC Aug. 31, 1914UCC Geneva June 5, 1957Phonograms Sept. 14, 1974UCC Paris Sept. 6, 1991Berne Oct. 9, 1991 (Paris)WTO Jan. 21, 1996WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

EgyptBerne June 7, 1977 (Paris)2Phonograms April 23, 1978WTO June 30, 1995

El SalvadorBilateral June 30, 1908, by virtueofMexico City Convention, 1902Phonograms Feb. 9, 1979UCC Geneva March 29, 1979UCC Paris March 29, 1979Berne Feb. 19, 1994 (Paris)WTO May 7, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Equatorial GuineaBerne June 26, 1997 (Paris)

EstoniaBerne Oct. 26, 1994 (Paris)WTO Nov. 13, 1999Phonograms May 28, 2000

EthiopiaNone

European CommunityWTO Jan. 1, 1995

FijiBerne Dec.1, 1971 (Brussels)2UCC Geneva March 13, 1972Phonograms April. 18, 1973 3WTO Jan. 14, 1996

FinlandBerne April 1, 1928 (Paris)2Bilateral Jan. 1, 1929UCC Geneva April 16, 1963Phonograms April 18, 19733UCC Paris Nov. 1, 1986WTO Jan. 1, 1995

FranceBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2Bilateral July 1, 189114UCC Geneva Jan. 14, 1956Phonograms April 18, 19733UCC Paris July 10, 1974WTO Jan. 1, 1995

GabonBerne March 26, 1962 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Gambia, TheBerne March 7, 1993 (Paris)WTO Oct. 23, 1996

Georgia17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne May 16, 1995 (Paris)WTO June 14, 2000WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Germany10, 15Berne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2, 7Bilateral April 15, 1892UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Bilateral July 12, 196715Phonograms May 18, 1974UCC Paris July 10, 1974SAT Aug. 25, 19794WTO Jan. 1, 1995

GhanaUCC Geneva Aug. 22, 1962Berne Oct. 11, 1991 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

GreeceBerne Nov. 9, 1920 (Paris)2Bilateral March 1, 1932UCC Geneva Aug. 24, 1963SAT Oct. 22, 1991Phonograms Feb. 9, 1994WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 894

GrenadaWTO Feb. 22, 1996Berne Sept. 22, 1998 (Paris)

Guatemala6BAC March 28, 1913UCC Geneva Oct. 28, 1964Phonograms Feb. 1, 1977WTO July 21, 1995Berne July 28, 1997 (Paris)WCT Feb. 4, 2003WPPT Jan. 8, 2003

GuineaBerne Nov. 20, 1980 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Nov. 13, 1981UCC Paris Nov. 13, 1981WTO Oct. 25, 1995WCT May 25, 2002WPPT May 25, 2002

Guinea-BissauBerne July 22, 1991 (Paris)WTO May 31, 1995

GuyanaBerne Oct. 25, 1994 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

HaitiBAC Nov. 27, 1919UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Berne Jan. 11, 1996 (Paris)WTO Jan. 30, 1996

Honduras6BAC April 27, 1914Berne Jan. 25,1990 (Paris)Phonograms March 6, 1990WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT May 20, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Hong Kong12WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne July 1, 1997 (Paris)Phonograms July 1, 1997

HungaryBilateral Oct. 16, 1912Berne Feb. 14, 1922 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Jan. 23, 1971UCC Paris July 10, 1974Phonograms May 28, 1975WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

IcelandBerne Sept. 7, 1947 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Dec. 18, 1956WTO Jan. 1, 1995

IndiaBerne April 1, 1928 (Paris)2Bilateral Aug. 15, 1947UCC Geneva Jan. 21, 1958Phonograms Feb. 12, 1975UCC Paris April 7, 1988WTO Jan. 1, 1995

IndonesiaBilateral Aug. 1, 1989WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Sept. 5, 1997 (Paris)WCT March 6, 2002

IranNone

IraqNone

IrelandBerne Oct. 5, 1927 (Brussels)2Bilateral Oct. 1, 1929UCC Geneva Jan. 20, 1959WTO Jan. 1, 1995

IsraelBilateral May 15, 1948Berne March 24, 1950 (Brussels)2UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Phonograms May 1, 1978WTO April 21, 1995

ItalyBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2Bilateral Oct. 31, 1892UCC Geneva Jan. 24, 1957Phonograms March 24, 1977UCC Paris Jan. 25, 1980SAT July 7, 19814WTO Jan. 1, 1995

JamaicaBerne Jan. 1, 1994 (Paris)Phonograms Jan. 11, 1994WTO March 9, 1995SAT Jan. 12, 2000WCT June 12, 2002WPPT June 12, 2002

Japan8Berne July 15, 1899 (Paris)2UCC Geneva April 28, 1956UCC Paris Oct. 21, 1977Phonograms Oct. 14, 1978WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT Oct. 9, 2002

JordanBerne July 28, 1999 (Paris)WTO April 11, 2000Bilateral Dec. 17, 200116

Kazakhstan17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne April 12, 1999 (Paris)Phonograms Aug. 3, 2001

KenyaUCC Geneva Sept. 7, 1966UCC Paris July 10, 1974Phonograms April 21, 1976SAT Aug. 25, 19794Berne June 11, 1993 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

KiribatiUnclear

Korea, NorthUnclear

Korea, SouthUCC Geneva Oct. 1, 1987UCC Paris Oct. 1, 1987Phonograms Oct. 10, 1987WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Aug. 21, 1996 (Paris)

KuwaitWTO Jan. 1, 1995

Kyrgyz Republic17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973WTO Dec. 20, 1998Berne July 8, 1999 (Paris)WCT March 6, 2002WPPT Aug. 15, 2002Phonograms Oct. 12, 2002

LaosUCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955

LatviaBerne Aug. 11, 1995 (Paris)Phonograms Aug. 23, 1997WTO Feb. 10, 1999WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

LebanonBerne Sept. 30, 1947 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Oct. 17, 1959

LesothoBerne Sept. 28, 1989 (Paris)WTO May 31, 1995

LiberiaUCC Geneva July 27, 1956Berne March 8, 1989 (Paris)

LibyaBerne Sept. 28, 1976 (Paris)2

LiechtensteinBerne July 30, 1931 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Jan. 22, 1959WTO Sept. 1, 1995Phonograms Oct. 12, 1999UCC Paris Nov. 11, 1999

5Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 89

LithuaniaBerne Dec. 14, 1994 (Paris)Phonograms Jan. 27, 2000WTO May 31, 2001WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

LuxembourgBerne June 20, 1888 (Paris)2Bilateral June 29, 1910UCC Geneva Oct. 15, 1955Phonograms March 8, 1976WTO Jan. 1, 1995

MacauWTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Dec. 20, 1999 (Paris)

MacedoniaBerne Sept. 8, 1991 (Paris)SAT Nov. 17, 1991UCC Geneva July 30, 1997UCC Paris July 30, 1997Phonograms March 2, 1998

MadagascarBerne Jan. 1, 1966 (Brussels)2WTO Nov. 17, 1995

MalawiUCC Geneva Oct. 26, 1965Berne Oct. 12, 1991 (Paris)WTO May 31, 1995

MalaysiaBerne Oct. 1, 1990 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

MaldivesWTO May 31, 1995

MaliBerne March 19, 1962 (Paris)2WTO May 31, 1995WCT April 24, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

MaltaBerne Sept. 21, 1964 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Nov. 19, 1968WTO Jan. 1, 1995

MauritaniaBerne Feb. 6, 1973 (Paris)2WTO May 31, 1995

MauritiusUCC Geneva March 12, 1968Berne May 10, 1989 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

MexicoBilateral Feb. 27, 1896UCC Geneva May 12, 1957BAC April 24, 1964Berne June 11, 1967 (Paris)2Phonograms Dec. 21, 19733UCC Paris Oct. 31, 1975SAT Aug. 25, 19794WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Moldova17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne Nov. 2, 1995 (Paris)Phonograms July 17, 2000WTO July 26, 2001WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

MonacoBerne May 30, 1889 (Paris)2Bilateral Oct. 15, 1952UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955Phonograms Dec. 2, 1974UCC Paris Dec. 13, 1974

MongoliaWTO Jan. 29, 1997Berne March 12, 1998 (Paris)WCT Oct. 25, 2002WPPT Oct. 25, 2002

MoroccoBerne June 16, 1917 (Paris)2UCC Geneva May 8, 1972UCC Paris Jan. 28, 1976SAT June 30, 19834WTO Jan. 1, 1995

MozambiqueWTO Aug. 26, 1995

Myanmar, Union ofWTO Jan. 1, 1995

NamibiaBerne March 21, 1990 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

NauruUnclear

NepalNone

Netherlands and PossessionsBilateral Nov. 20, 1899Berne Nov. 1, 1912 (Paris)2UCC Geneva June 22, 1967UCC Paris Nov. 30, 1985Phonograms Oct. 12, 1993WTO Jan. 1, 1995

New ZealandBilateral Dec. 1, 1916Berne April 24, 1928 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Sept. 11, 1964Phonograms Aug. 13, 1976WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Nicaragua6BAC Dec. 15, 1913UCC Geneva Aug. 16, 1961SAT Aug. 25, 19794WTO Sept. 3, 1995Phonograms Aug. 10, 2000Berne Aug. 23, 2000 (Paris)WCT March 6, 2003WPPT March 6, 2003

NigerBerne May 2, 1962 (Paris)2UCC Geneva May 15, 1989UCC Paris May 15, 1989WTO Dec. 13, 1996

NigeriaUCC Geneva Feb. 14, 1962Berne Sept. 14, 1993 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

NorwayBerne April 13, 1896 (Paris)2Bilateral July 1, 1905UCC Geneva Jan. 23, 1963UCC Paris Aug. 7, 1974Phonograms Aug. 1, 1978WTO Jan. 1, 1995

OmanBerne July 14, 1999 (Paris)WTO Nov. 9, 2000

PakistanBerne July 5, 1948 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955WTO Jan. 1, 1995

PalauUnclear

PanamaBAC Nov. 25, 1913UCC Geneva Oct. 17, 1962Phonograms June 29, 1974UCC Paris Sept. 3, 1980SAT Sept. 25, 1985Berne June 8, 1996 (Paris)WTO Sept. 6, 1997WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Papua New GuineaWTO June 9, 1996

Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 896

ParaguayBAC Sept. 20, 1917UCC Geneva March 11, 1962Phonograms Feb. 13, 1979Berne Jan. 2, 1992 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

PeruBAC April 30, 1920UCC Geneva Oct. 16, 1963UCC Paris July 22, 1985SAT Aug. 7, 1985Phonograms Aug. 24, 1985Berne Aug. 20, 1988 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT July 18, 2002

PhilippinesBilateral Oct. 21, 1948Berne Aug. 1, 1951 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT Oct. 4, 2002WPPT Oct. 4, 2002

PolandBerne Jan. 28, 1920 (Paris)2Bilateral Feb. 16, 1927UCC Geneva March 9, 1977UCC Paris March 9, 1977WTO July 1, 1995

PortugalBilateral July 20, 1893Berne March 29, 1911 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Dec. 25, 1956UCC Paris July 30, 1981WTO Jan. 1, 1995SAT March 11, 1996

QatarWTO Jan. 13, 1996Berne July 5, 2000 (Paris)

RomaniaBerne Jan. 1, 1927 (Paris)2Bilateral May 14, 1928WTO Jan. 1, 1995Phonograms Oct. 1, 1998WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Russia17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973SAT Dec. 25, 1991UCC Paris March 9, 1995Berne March 13, 1995 (Paris)Phonograms March 13, 1995

RwandaBerne March 1, 1984 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Nov. 10, 1989UCC Paris Nov. 10, 1989WTO May 22, 1996

St. Kitts and NevisBerne April 9, 1995 (Paris)2WTO Feb. 21, 1996

Saint LuciaBerne Aug. 24, 1993 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995Phonograms April 2, 2001WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesUCC Geneva April 22, 1985UCC Paris April 22, 1985WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Aug. 29, 1995 (Paris)

San MarinoNone

So Tom and PrincipeUnclear

Saudi ArabiaUCC Geneva July 13, 1994UCC Paris July 13, 1994

SenegalBerne Aug. 25, 1962 (Paris)2UCC Geneva July 9, 1974UCC Paris July 10, 1974WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT May 18, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Serbia and MontenegroBerne June 17, 1930 (Paris)2UCC Geneva May 11, 1966UCC Paris July 10, 1974SAT Aug. 25, 1979 4

SeychellesUnclear

Sierra LeoneWTO July 23, 1995

SingaporeBilateral May 18, 1987WTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Dec. 21, 1998 (Paris)

SlovakiaUCC Geneva Jan. 6, 1960UCC Paris April 17, 1980Berne Jan. 1, 1993 (Paris)2Phonograms Jan. 1, 1993WTO Jan. 1, 1995WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

SloveniaUCC Geneva May 11, 1966UCC Paris July 10, 1974Berne June 25, 1991 (Paris)2SAT June 25, 1991WTO July 30, 1995Phonograms Oct. 15, 1996WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

Solomon IslandsWTO July 26, 1996

SomaliaUnclear

South AfricaBilateral July 1, 1924Berne Oct. 3, 1928 (Brussels)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995

SpainBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2Bilateral July 10, 1895UCC Geneva Sept. 16, 1955UCC Paris July 10, 1974Phonograms Aug. 24, 1974WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Sri LankaBerne July 20, 1959 (Rome)2UCC Geneva Jan. 25, 1984UCC Paris Jan. 25, 1984WTO Jan. 1, 1995

SudanBerne Dec. 28, 2000 (Paris)

SurinameBerne Feb. 23, 1977 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995

SwazilandWTO Jan. 1, 1995Berne Dec. 14, 1998 (Paris)

SwedenBerne Aug. 1, 1904 (Paris)2Bilateral June 1, 1911UCC Geneva July 1, 1961Phonograms April 18, 19733UCC Paris July 10, 1974WTO Jan. 1, 1995

SwitzerlandBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2Bilateral July 1, 189114UCC Geneva March 30, 1956UCC Paris Sept. 21, 1993SAT Sept. 24, 1993Phonograms Sept. 30, 1993WTO July 1, 1995

SyriaUnclear

7Explanations of footnotes appear on pages 89

Tajikistan17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne March 9, 2000 (Paris)

TanzaniaBerne July 25, 1994 (Paris)WTO Jan. 1, 1995

ThailandBilateral Sept. 1, 1921Berne July 17, 1931 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995

TogoBerne April 30, 1975 (Paris)2WTO May 31, 1995

TongaBerne June 14, 2001 (Paris)

Trinidad and TobagoBerne Aug. 16, 1988 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Aug. 19, 1988UCC Paris Aug. 19, 1988Phonograms Oct. 1, 1988WTO March 1, 1995SAT Nov. 1, 1996

TunisiaBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2UCC Geneva June 19, 1969UCC Paris June 10, 1975WTO March 29, 1995

TurkeyBerne Jan. 1, 1952 (Paris)2WTO March 26, 1995

Turkmenistan17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973

TuvaluUnclear

UgandaWTO Jan. 1, 1995

Ukraine17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973Berne Oct. 25, 1995 (Paris)Phonograms Feb. 18, 2000WCT March 6, 2002WPPT May 20, 2002

United Arab EmiratesWTO April 10, 1996

United KingdomBerne Dec. 5, 1887 (Paris)2Bilateral July 1, 189114UCC Geneva Sept. 27, 1957Phonograms April 18, 19733UCC Paris July 10, 1974WTO Jan. 1, 1995

UruguayBAC Dec. 17, 1919Berne July 10, 1967 (Paris)2Phonograms Jan. 18, 1983UCC Geneva April 12, 1993UCC Paris April 12, 1993WTO Jan. 1, 1995

Uzbekistan17UCC Geneva May 27, 1973

VanuatuUnclear

Vatican CityBerne Sept. 12, 1935 (Paris)2UCC Geneva Oct. 5, 1955Phonograms July 18, 1977UCC Paris May 6, 1980

VenezuelaUCC Geneva Sept. 30, 1966Phonograms Nov. 18, 1982Berne Dec. 30, 1982 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995UCC Paris Feb. 11, 1997

VietnamBilateral Dec. 23, 199813Bilateral Dec. 10, 2001

Yemen(Unclear)

ZambiaUCC Geneva June 1, 1965Berne Jan. 2, 1992 (Paris)2WTO Jan. 1, 1995

ZimbabweBerne April 18, 1980 (Rome)2WTO March 5, 1995

STATUTORY PROVISIONS

Reprinted below is section 104 of title 17 of the UnitedStates Code, as of March 1, 2003.

104. Subject matter of copyright: National origin(a) Unpublished Works.-The works specified by sections

102 and 103, while unpublished, are subject to protectionunder this title without regard to the nationality or domicileof the author.

(b) Published Works. The works specified by sections102 and 103, when published, are subject to protection un-der this title if-

(1) on the date of first publication, one or more of theauthors is a national or domiciliary of the United States, oris a national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treatyparty, or is a stateless person, wherever that person may bedomiciled; or

(2) the work is first published in the United States or in aforeign nation that, on the date of first publication, is a treatyparty; or

(3) the work is a sound recording that was first fixed in atreaty party; or

(4) the work is a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that isincorporated in a building or other structure, or an architecturalwork that is embodied in a building and the building or struc-ture is located in the United States or a treaty party; or

(5) the work is first published by the United Nations or anyof its specialized agencies, or by the Organization of Ameri-can States; or

(6) the work comes within the scope of a Presidentialproclamation. Whenever the President finds that a particu-lar foreign nation extends, to works by authors who are na-tionals or domiciliaries of the United States or to works thatare first published in the United States, copyright protectionon substantially the same basis as that on which the foreignnation extends protection to works of its own nationals anddomiciliaries and works first published in that nation, thePresident may by proclamation extend protection under thistitle to works of which one or more of the authors is, on thedate of first publication, a national, domiciliary, or sovereignauthority of that nation, or which was first published in thatnation. The President may revise, suspend, or revoke anysuch proclamation or impose any conditions or limitationson protection under a proclamation.

8For purposes of paragraph (2), a work that is publishedin the United States or a treaty party within 30 days afterpublication in a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shallbe considered to be first published in the United States orsuch treaty party, as the case may be.

(c) Effect of Berne Convention. No right or interest in awork eligible for protection under this title may be claimedby virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the BerneConvention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title thatderive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or thecommon law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of,or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention,or the adherence of the United States thereto.

(d) Effect of Phonograms Treaties.-Notwithstanding theprovisions of subsection (b), no works other than sound re-cordings shall be eligible for protection under this title solelyby virtue of the adherence of the United States to theGeneva Phonograms Convention or the WIPO Perfor-mances and Phonograms Treaty.

SOME POINTS TO REMEMBER REGARDINGTHE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF LITERARYAND ARTISTIC WORKS

There is no such thing as an international copyright thatwill automatically protect an authors writings throughout theworld. Protection against unauthorized use in a particularcountry basically depends on the national laws of that coun-try. However, most countries offer protection to foreignworks under certain conditions that have been greatly sim-plified by international copyright treaties and conventions.There are two principal international copyright conventions,the Berne Union for the Protection of Literary and ArtisticProperty (Berne Convention) and the Universal CopyrightConvention (UCC).

An author who wishes copyright protection for his or herwork in a particular country should first determine the extentof the protection available to works of foreign authors in thatcountry. If possible, this should be done before the work ispublished anywhere, because protection may depend onthe facts existing at the time of first publication.

If the country in which protection is sought is a party toone of the international copyright conventions, the workgenerally may be protected by complying with the conditionsof that convention. Even if the work cannot be brought un-der an international convention, protection under the spe-cific provisions of the countrys national laws may still bepossible. There are, however, some countries that offer littleor no copyright protection to any foreign works. For currentinformation on the requirements and protection provided byother countries, it may be advisable to consult an expertfamiliar with foreign copyright laws. The U.S. Copyright Of-fice is not permitted to recommend agents or attorneys or togive legal advice on foreign laws.

FOOTNOTES

1 Paris means the Berne Convention for the Protection of

Literary and Artistic Works as revised at Paris on July 24,1971 (Paris Act)

Stockholm means the said Convention as revised atStockholm on July 14, 1967 (Stockholm Act) Brusselsmeans the said Convention as revised at Brussels on June26, 1948 (Brussels Act) Rome means the said Conventionas revised at Rome on June 2, 1928 (Rome Act)

Berlin means the said Convention as revised at Berlinon Nov. 13, 1908 (Berlin Act).

NOTE: In each case the reference to Act signifies adher-ence to the substantive provisions of such Act only, e.g.,Articles 1 to 21 and the Appendix of the Paris Act. Articles22 to 38 deal with administration and structure.

2 The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and

Artistic Works of Sept. 9, 1886, as revised at Paris on July24, 1971, did not enter into force with respect to the UnitedStates until March 1, 1989.

3 The Convention for the Protection of Producers of

Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of TheirPhonograms done at Geneva on Oct. 29, 1971, did not enterinto force with respect to the United States until March 10, 1974.

4 The Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-

Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite done at Brusselson May 21, 1974, did not enter into force with respect to theUnited States until March 7, 1985.

5 The government of the Peoples Republic of China viewsthis treaty as not binding on the PRC. In the territory admin-istered by the authorities on Taiwan the treaty is consideredto be in force.

6 This country became a party to the Mexico City Conven-

tion, 1902, effective June 30, 1908, to which the UnitedStates also became a party, effective on the same date. Asregards copyright relations with the United States, this Con-vention is considered to have been superseded by adher-ence of this country and the United States to the BuenosAires Convention of 1910.

7 Date on which the accession by the German Empire be-

came effective.

8 Bilateral copyright relations between Japan and the

United States, which were formulated effective May 10,1906, are considered to have been abrogated and super-seded by the adherence of Japan to the UCC Geneva, ef-fective April 28, 1956.

9 Bilateral copyright relations between the Peoples Republic

of China and the United States of America were established,

9effective March 17, 1992, by a Presidential Proclamation ofthe same date, under the authority of section 104 of title 17 ofthe United States Code, as amended by the Act of Oct. 31,1988 (Public Law 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853, 2855).10

The dates of adherence by Germany to multilateral trea-ties include adherence by the Federal Republic of Germanywhen that country was divided into the Federal Republic ofGermany and the German Democratic Republic. However,through the accession, effective Oct. 3, 1990, of the GermanDemocratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany,in accordance with the German Unification Treaty ofAug.31, 1990, the German Democratic Republic ceased,on the said date, to be a sovereign state. Previously, theGerman Democratic Republic had become party to theParis Act of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Lit-erary and Artistic Works on Feb. 18, 1978, but ceased to bea party to the said Convention on Oct. 3, 1990. The GermanDemocratic Republic had also been a member of the Uni-versal Copyright Convention, having become party to theGeneva text of the said Convention on Oct. 5, 1973, andparty to the revised Paris text of the same Convention onDec. 10, 1980.

11 See also Czech Republic and Slovakia.

12 Prior to the return of Hong Kong to China, bilateral copy-

right relations existed with Hong Kong through the UnitedKingdom (from Aug. 1, 1973), and Phonogram ConventionMembership existed through the United Kingdom (fromMarch 4, 1975).13

Bilateral copyright relations between the Socialist Repub-lic of Vietnam and the United States were established ef-fective December 23, 1998, by Presidential ProclamationNo. 7161 of that same date, at 63 Fed. Reg. 71571 (1998),under the authority of sections 104(b)(5) and 104A(g) oftitle 17 of the United States Code, as amended.

14 Bilateral copyright relations between the United States

and Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and Switzerlandwere established effective July 1, 1891, by PresidentialProclamation No. 3. of that same date, at 27 Stat. 981(1891), under the authority of The Chase Act of 1891.15

Bilateral copyright relations between the United Statesand Germany were established effective July 12, 1967, byPresidential Proclamation No. 3792 of that same date, at 32Fed. Reg. 10341, under the authority of Copyright Act of1909 amended at 55 Stat. 732.

16 Bilateral copyright relations between Jordan and the

United States were established pursuant to the Agreementbetween the United States of America and the HashemiteKingdom of Jordan on the Establishment of a Free TradeArea, signed Oct. 24, 2000, and effective Dec. 17, 2001.

17 Each of the following Commonwealth of Independent

States (CIS) countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Geor-gia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Russia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (but notthe CIS countries Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) is a suc-cessor state to the Soviet Unions copyright treaty obliga-tions, in particular, the obligations under the UCC Geneva,and accordingly is a member of the UCC Geneva effectiveMay 27, 1973, the date the Soviet Union became a party.The successor status in each case was confirmed in a bilat-eral trade agreement between each of these countries andthe United States, effective in each case on the date setforth below. Note that the successor status is consistent withthe treatment by UNESCO (secretariat for the UCC) ofthese countries. The effective dates of the bilateral agree-ments with the United States confirming the successor sta-tus are as follows:

Azerbaijan (April 21, 1995)Belarus (Feb. 16, 1993)Georgia (Aug. 13, 1993)Kazakhstan (Feb. 18, 1993)Kyrgyz Republic (Aug. 21, 1992)Moldova (July 2, 1992)Russia (June 17, 1992)Tajikistan (Nov. 24,1993)Turkmenistan (Oct. 25,1993)Ukraine (June 23,1992)Uzbekistan (Jan. 13, 1994)

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