Intermediate 2 Computing

Computer Systems

How we count in decimal

• Remember how we count.Decimal Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

104 103 102 101

Number of combinations

10000 1000 100 10

• Each column can have 10 different values in it. Making Decimal a Base 10 number system.

• Binary can only have 2 different values.• Binary is a Base 2 number system.

Binary representation of positive numbers (Cont.)

• Using a table like this you can work out the values of binary numbers.

232 230 220 216 210 29 28

4294967296 1073741824 1048576 65536 1024 512 256

Binary 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

No. of Combinations

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Binary ranges

No of Digits

Max Number and Range Calculation

8 256 numbers, from 0 to 255

28= 256

16 65536 numbers, from 0 to 65535

216 = 65 536

24 16 777 216 numbers, from 0 to 16 777 215

224 = 16 777 216

32 4 294 967 296 numbers, from 0 to 4 294 967 295

232 = 4 294 967 296

Conversion from binary to decimal

• E.g. an 8- bit binary number 10010011

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

= 27 + 24 + 21+20

= 128 + 16 + 2 + 1

= 147

Conversion from decimal to binary

• Given the binary number 150.

• Divide by 2 = 75 r 0

• Divide by 2 = 37 r 1

• Divide by 2 = 18 r 1

• Divide by 2 = 9 r 0

• Divide by 2 = 4 r 1

• Divide by 2 = 2 r 0

• Divide by 2 = 1 r 0

• Divide by 2 = 0 r 1

The binary value is = 10010110

Conversion to and from a byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte

• There are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte and 1024 kilobytes in a megabyte so to turn bytes into megabytes you divide once by 1024 to turn them into kilobytes and again by 1024 to turn them into megabytes.

• 1 048 576 bytes = 1 048 576/1024 = 1024 kilobytes

• 1024 kilobytes = 1024/1024 = 1 Megabyte

Conversion between bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes,

Gigabytes • There are 1024 megabytes in a gigabyte so

we calculate the number of megabytes and then dive by 1024 to turn them into gigabytes.

• 4 294 967 296 bytes = 4 294 967 296/1024 = 4 194 304 kilobytes

• 4 194 304 kilobytes = 4 194 304/1024 = 4096 megabytes

• 4096 megabytes = 4096/4 = 4 gigabytes

Conversion between Gigabytes and Terabyte.

• There are 1024 gigabytes in a terabyte so we calculate the number of gigabytes and then dive by 1024 to turn them into terabytes.

• 512 gigabytes = 512/1024 = 0.5 terabytes

Floating point numbers• First of all look at a real number in decimal.• 15.25 = .1525 x 100 = .1525 x 102

• Any number can be written as:Mantissa x baseExponent

• The above example can be written as:• 1111.01 = .111101 x 24 = .111101 x 2100

• Decimal numbers are base 10.• Binary numbers are base 2. This is always the case

so the computer doesn’t need to store this.

=15 =0.25.

Floating point numbers (Cont.)

• 1111.01 = .111101 x 24 = .111101 x 2100

• If the decimal point is always in the same position all that needs stored is the mantissa and the exponent.

• This leaves us with

• 111101 100

mantissaExponent

Precision and range of floating point numbers

• Precision– The more bits set aside for the mantissa, the

more precise the number will be.– If there are not enough bits then the system

has to round down loosing precision.

Precision and range of floating point numbers

• Range– Increasing the number of bits used to represent

the exponent increases the range of numbers that can be represented.

ASCII

• American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a method of representing all the characters in memory.

• Each character is given it’s own ASCII code.• ASCII is a 7-bit code with the 8th bit being used

as a parity bit.• The 7 bit provide 128 possible values for the text.• This gives us 96 characters and 32 control codes. • Many systems use extended ASCII code which is

an 8-bit code giving a range of 256 characters

The bitmap method of graphics representation

• Bitmap representation of graphics means that each pixel in a graphic is represented by a series of bits / bytes. Bitmaps are typically used for creating realistic images, e.g. photographs, the output of paint packages.

• In the simplest example each pixel is represented by 1 bit.

=

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

=1110111 00000000 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111 1110111

Bit depth

• The more bits assigned to represent each pixel the greater the range of colours or shades of gray that can be represented.

• This is known as the colour bit depth.

• Here the bit depth is 2 giving 22= 4 colours

01 01 01 00 01 01 01 01

00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

10 10 10 00 11 11 11 11

=

01010100 01010101 00000000 00000000 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111 10101000 11111111

=

Bit depth (Cont.)

Number of bits per pixel Colours, or shades of grey, represented

1 2 (black and white)

2 4

8 256

16 65 536

24 16 777 216 (true colour)

Relationship between bit depth and file size

• Let's look at the file sizes of a tiny 1 inch square graphic.

• The more bits that are used to represent a pixel the more colours you get but the greater the file size.

Resolution (pixels per square inch)

Pixels per 1 inch square graphic

Number of bits representing each pixel

File size in bytes

File size in megabytes

600 x 600 360000 8 bits(1 byte) 360000 0·343

600 x 600 360000 16 bits(2 bytes) 720 000 0·687

600 x 600 360000 24 bits(3 bytes) 1 080 000 1·030

Relationship between bit depth and file size.

• If the graphic was larger, say 6 inches square then the table looks like this:

Resolution (pixels per square inch)

Pixels per 6 inch square graphic

Number of bits representing each pixel

File size in bytes

File size in megabytes

600 x 600 12960000 8 bits(1 byte) 12960000 12·36

600 x 600 12960000 16 bits(2 bytes) 25920000 24·72

600 x 600 12960000 24 bits(3 bytes) 38 800 000 37·8

Advantages of bit-mapped graphics

• They allow the user to edit at pixel level.

• Storing a bit-mapped graphic will take the same amount of storage space no matter how complex you make the graphic.

Disadvantages of bit-mapped graphics

• They demand lots of storage, particularly when lots of colours are used.

• They are resolution dependent.This means the resolution of the graphic, the number of pixels per inch, is set when the bitmap is produced. If you reduce the resolution, the system reduces the size of the pixel grid and eliminates pixels. This reduces the quality of the image.

• You cannot isolate an individual object in a graphic and edit it.

Why is compression needed?

• You can see from the table that sizes for bit-mapped graphics can be very large.

• This means that they demand lots of storage space, and can take quite a time to transmit across a network.

• Compressing the files means that less space is required for storage and transmission times are less.