Intergrated management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Protea and Foliage industry Annual Report Casonato SG, Manning MA, Fullerton RA, Rheinlander PA. December 2007 Report to NZ Proteacae Foliage Growers Association HortResearch Client Report No. 15454 HortResearch Contract No. 19435 Casonato SG, Manning MA, Fullerton RA, Rheinlander PA. The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd Mt Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92169 Auckland Mail Centre Auckland 1142 NEW ZEALAND Tel: +64-9-815 4200 Fax: +64-9-815 4201

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This report may be reproduced in full, but not in part, without prior consent of the author or of the Chief Executive

Officer, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland Mail

Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.

This report has been prepared by The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd (HortResearch),

which has its Head Office at 120 Mt Albert Rd, Mt Albert, AUCKLAND. This report has been approved by:

__________________________________ ________________________________

Research Scientist Group Leader, Bioprotection

Date: 12 December 2007 Date: 12 December 2007

CONTENTS

Page

FINAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................1

Objectives.....................................................................................................................................1

Approach ......................................................................................................................................1

Roger Allen trial site ................................................................................................................1

Stuart Baker trial site................................................................................................................3

Outcomes......................................................................................................................................5

Nursery outcomes.....................................................................................................................5

Results ..........................................................................................................................................8

Roger Allen property Trial 1....................................................................................................8

Summary ....................................................................................................................................18

APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................................21

APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................................................25

APPENDIX 3. ................................................................................................................................30

1

FINAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Contract: 19435

Name of Applicant Group: New Zealand Protea and Foliage Growers Association (NZPFGA)

Project Title: Integrated management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Protea

and Foliage industry

OBJECTIVES

The project aimed to develop an integrated disease management strategy for Phytophthora

cinnamomi in the Protea and Foliage industry. Key approaches included integrating the use of

disease-free planting material with the range of husbandry practices that minimise field infection

in properties where the organism is already established in the soil.

APPROACH

Development of best-practice guidelines for sourcing disease-free planting material: A survey of

one of the largest growers of Proteaceae species in New Zealand was undertaken to ascertain the

extent of P. cinnamomi in the plant stock. An inspection of the growing conditions on the

property was undertaken with particular attention to methods used for potting up, handling of

cuttings and the growing-on area. Recommendations were given to the grower and a best

practice manual to reduce the incidence of P. cinnamomi in a nursery situation was developed.

Minimising field infection where disease is established: Trials were established at two sites in the

Bay of Plenty, New Zealand in order to compare various fungicide/fumigant treatments on

incidence of the disease. Both sites had been previously heavily infested with P. cinnamomi.

The Stuart Baker site used Leucodendron species as the trial plant and the main aim of this site

was to trial the use of a soil fumigant, Basamid®. The second site, owned by Roger Allen,

consisted of Erica sp. plantings, which are highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi infection. Two

trials were established on the Roger Allen property. The first trial investigated the efficacy of

two commonly used fungicides against a non-chemical treatment, mulch. The fungicides used

were Ridomil®, a systemic fungicide incorporated into the soil and the protectant fungicide, Foli-

R-Fos®, applied as a foliar spray. The trial used E. sessiliflora and E. davisii. The second trial

used the same treatments as those on the Stuart Baker trial site except using E. sessiliflora as the

test plant.

Roger Allen trial site

Two trials were undertaken on the property of Roger Allen.

2

Roger Allen– Trial 1

This trial was established in May 2005 with Erica sp. used as the test plant. The following

treatments were chosen for the trial:

1. Control (untreated plot) –plots 1, 8, 15, 19

2. Metalaxyl (Ridomil®) – plots 5, 10, 14, 18

3. Phosphorous acid (Foli-R-Fos®) – 4, 9, 12, 16

4. Metalaxyl (Ridomil®) followed by phosphorous acid (Foli-R-Fos®) – plots 2, 7, 11, 17

5. Mulch (incorporated into the soil) – plots 3, 6, 13, 20.

All fungicides were used at label rates. Property owners applied all treatments at appropriate

times throughout the trial. The mulch and fungicide Ridomil® were incorporated into the soil

prior to planting. Once plants were in the ground the Foli-R-Fos® was applied to the foliage at

monthly intervals during the course of spring to autumn. Foli-R-Fos® was not applied during

winter.

Each treatment plot contained 36 plants; 24 E. sessiliflora and 12 E. davisii. Plots consisted of

six rows, with one a buffer row. Within each row the six plants were spaced approximately 400

mm apart (Figure 1). The treatment plots were laid out in a completely randomised block design.

Each block contained each of the five test treatments. The treatments were each replicated four

times.

0.6 m

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

Figure 1. Layout of a single treatment plot for Trial 1 at Roger Allen with 36 plants (indicated

by “x”) in total, 24 being Erica sessiliflora, highlighted pink, and 12 Erica davisii, highlighted

yellow. The buffer row is highlighted grey.

The two different plant species responded quite differently to the treatments within the plots and

thus were assessed separately. The E. sessiliflora plants were assessed on the basis of whether

the plant was ‘dead or extremely unhealthy’ or ‘healthy’. Initially all dead or very unhealthy

plants were removed and taken back to the laboratory to be tested for the presence of P.

cinnamomi. As the trial progressed and the number of dead plants increased, only randomly

selected plants were chosen to confirm the presence of P. cinnamomi. The E. davisii did not

show symptoms until after the severe July frost and they were assessed differently, as parts of the

plant began to die. Hence, a scoring system was used for this species to assess the plant as a

whole on its overall health.

2.4 m

3

The following scoring system was used:

0: Healthy; no apparent dead stems

1: 1-24% stems dead

2: 2-49% of the stems dead

3: 50-74% of the stems dead

4: 75-99% of the stems dead

5: Dead.

Treatment plots were assessed on a regular basis. By December 2006 the trial was terminated

due all plants bring dead or very unhealthy.

Roger Allen - Trial 2

Later in the project, a second trial was initiated at the property of Roger Allen in May 2006. The

test plant used was E. sessiliflora as insufficient E. davisii plants were available. The treatments

were:

1. Basamid®, a soil fumigant – plots 1, 7, 11, 16

2. Foli-R-Fos®, as a foliar spray – plots 4, 5, 10, 14

3. Basamid® and Foli-R-Fos® - plots 2, 6, 9, 15

4. Control – plots 3, 8, 12, 13.

All fungicides were used at label rates. The property owners applied the fungicides at the

appropriate times. The Basamid® was incorporated into the soil in May 2006. The plants were

sprayed with Foli-R-Fos® after they were planted in December 2006.

Each treatment plots was the same layout at in Trial 1 at the Roger Allen property as described

above, except all 36 plants were E. sessiliflora (Figure 1). The treatment plots were laid out in a

completely randomised block design. Each block contained each of the four test treatments that

were replicated five times times. Assessments were made on a regular basis. The trial is still

being undertaken.

Stuart Baker trial site A trial was undertaken at the property of Stuart Baker using Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’

propagated at Francis Bros nursery. The aim of the trial was to check the effectiveness of pre-

planting treatments, with the addition of a foliar spray. The four treatments were:

1. Control – plots 1, 7, 9, 13

2. Basamid®, soil fumigant – plots 4, 5, 10, 15

3. Basamid® + Foli-R-Fos® (phosphorous acid) – plots 3, 8, 12, 16

4. Ridomil® (metalaxyl) + Foli-R-Fos® - plots

Fungicides were applied at the label rate. Before planting, the fungicides Ridomil® and

Basamid® were added to the soil the recommended rates. Basamid® was applied at 500 g/10 m2

and rotary hoed into the soil on 20 June 2005. Canvas tarpaulins were then placed over the top of

the plots until mid August 2005. Ridomil® was incorporated into the soil in September 2005.

The first Foli-R-Fos® application was in December 2005. The Foli-R-Fos® applications

continued on a monthly basis for 12 months, irrespective of the season.

4

Treatments plots were placed into two areas, from this point forward called ‘beds’, that were

adjacent to each other (Figure 2). Each bed contained a total of 8 treatment plots (Figure 2).

Treatment plots were placed in a completely randomised block design. Each treatment plot was

replicated four times. Plants were placed into treatment plots in October 2005. Each treatment

plot consisted 12 plants of Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ planted in 6 rows, with one row

being a buffer.

BED 1 BED 2 Control (Plot 1) Control (Plot 9)

Ridomil® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 2) Basamid® (Plot 10)

Basamid® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 3) Ridomil® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 11)

Basamid® (Plot 4) Basamid® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 12)

Basamid® (Plot 5) Control (Plot 13)

Ridomil® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 6) Ridomil® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 14)

Control (Plot 7) Basamid® (Plot 15)

Basamid® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 8) Basamid® + Foli-R-Fos® (Plot 16)

Figure 2. Treatment layout for each bed of Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ at Stuart Baker’s

property. The solid line represents different plots within the bed. Each bed contains 8 treatment

plots.

Prior to planting of Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ plants in October 2005, all nursery

tubestock were tested for the presence of Phytophthora by undertaking lupin baiting of randomly

selected plants. The process used for lupin baiting is a standard procedure used to detect P.

cinnamomi as lupins are highly susceptible to infection. The procedure undertaken is explained

in detail in the best practice recommendations for nurseries. Once the trial was established,

plants were assessed on approximately every 6 weeks to ascertain whether they were healthy,

wilting excessively or dead. Excessive wilting could indicate P. cinnamomi infection. Plants

that were wilting or dead were taken to the laboratory for testing to determine whether this was

caused by P. cinnamomi infection.

5

OUTCOMES This project aimed and delivered on the development of an integrated disease management

strategy for P. cinnamomi in the Protea and Foliage industry. The project was able to ascertain

where P. cinnamomi was occurring both a nursery situation and also on growers’ properties. As

P. cinnamomi is a disease that you cannot eradicate but can only control, halting the spread of the

disease is particularly important. There is a need for growers, especially those on P. cinnamomi

free property, to ensure that any plant stock introduced to their premises is clean and does not

contain P. cinnamomi. Also, introducing plant stock contaminated with P. cinnamomi can

compound any infection on a property where the organism is already established. Thus the

importance of integrating the use of disease-free planting material with husbandry practices to

minimise field infection has been addressed. Practices to minimise infection of plant stock are

outlined in the best practice recommendations for nurseries, with the recommendations also to be

used by growers. Treatments to prevent the infection of plant material once in the field were

sought and can no be incorporated in an integrated management plan.

Nursery outcomes

Initial testing of the nursery stock indicated there was a relatively high incidence of P. cinnamomi

on the site. Suggestions, which are included in the best practice recommendations for nurseries

for the control of P. cinnamomi, were implemented and subsequently the nursery stock, both

tubestock and containers, is relatively free of P. cinnamomi. The tubestock that is used by the

growers for direct placement into the site have all be free of P. cinnamomi in all subsequent

testing. Thus, this has eliminated the possibility of growers introducing P. cinnamomi onto their

properties via nursery tubestock. The importance of crop hygiene has been heightened during

this project. These practices can be implemented both in a nursery situation and on growers

properties. Many of the suggestions have been instigated by the nursery grower willing to

participate in this project.

We initiated the idea of nursery producers implementing the best practice management guide but

after an initial meeting, despite a positive response, no further action occurred. Thus,

unfortunately, only one nursery producer joined the project and hence the suggestions have not

been widely adopted, as far as we are aware.

At the nursery, the incidence of P. cinnamomi has substantially reduced in the stock. As the site

has had P. cinnamomi the need for hygiene is important to reduce the spread. Hence, many of the

suggestions to reduce P. cinnamomi infection have been introduced by the nursery. Raised

benches in the propagating areas are now being used, which has reduced the potential for

infection by P. cinnamomi (Figure 3). This is because plants are not in contact with the soil that

could contain P. cinnamomi. This fungus can move through the soil profile, spread by water.

Installing the galvanised raised benches was an expensive outlay but now, newly propagated

stock are off the floor. This should reduce the probability of contamination by Phytophthora and

other soil-borne organisms. With continued improvements of the cleanliness and overall hygiene

of the propagating area, infection of the stock by various diseases, including P. cinnamomi,

should be greatly reduced.

There are still improvements that could be implemented on the site overall. It is hoped that the

best practice management guide will help in implementing some of the suggestions. Some of the

improvements could include sealing paths around the growing areas and enclosing draining

6

(Figure 4), disinfecting and scrubbing both cemented areas and under benches (Figure 3), and

lifting the hardening off beds further of the ground by increasing the amount of scoria (Figure 4).

Although it can be costly implementing such recommendations, these changes in practice will

reduce the incidence of disease in the plants and give growers more confidence in the product.

This in turn will help immensely with overall plant health and success on foliage growers’

properties.

Figure 3. Raised galvanized benches have been installed, which reduce the potential risk of

contamination by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Improvements still need to be undertaken in

cleaning paths and under benches.

7

Figure 4. Hardening-off beds are placed directly onto weed mat sitting on scoria. Greater

protection from possible Phytophthora cinnamomi infection could be improved by placing a

higher layer of scoria underneath the weed mat.

8

RESULTS Roger Allen property Trial 1 The trial at the Roger Allen site using Erica species (Figure 5) indicated that phosphorus acid had

very good protectant properties against P. cinnamomi infection. The trial results showed that

metalaxyl did not protect the plants from P. cinnamomi infection and thus would not be

recommended as part of a control strategy for the disease.

The first trial undertaken at the Roger Allen property indicated that Erica davisii were less

susceptible to P. cinnamomi infection than E. sessiliflora, when grown in the same conditions. It

would be wise to conduct further studies on which are the most tolerant and hardy varieties to

grow.

Figure 5. Erica davisii (black arrow) and E. sessiliflora (yellow arrow) plants used in Trial 1 at

the Roger Allen site. Note the E. sessiliflora plants removed from the ground (below yellow

arrow) and placed in plastic bags to be taken for laboratory testing.

Erica sessiliflora results

Plants were severely affected by a severe frost in July 2006. The trial was terminated in October

2006. Plants remained in the ground until December 2006 when they were removed. The cause

of plant death could not be ascertained as being caused either by damage after the frost or by P.

cinnamomi (Figure 6). This report includes results from the final assessment prior to trial

termination and from the July assessment that occurred in the same week as the frost damage, but

prior to the sudden decline in plant vigour. We feel that the July assessments give a far more

9

accurate assessment on the effectiveness of the treatments, as later results were compromised by

frost damage. The tissue collapse was very rapid after the frost. When the dead plants were

taken back to the laboratory for testing, it was difficult to isolate any P. cinnamomi from this

material.

Analysis on the proportion of dead plants in July indicates there was a significant difference

(P=0.049) between the treatments. There was a significant (P=0.043) difference between the

control and both the Ridomil® with Foli-R-Fos® and Foli-R-Fos®-only treatments (Figure 7).

The control treatment had a greater number of deaths in the plots (51%). There was no difference

between the plant death in the two treatments involving Foli-R-Fos® (P=0.895), with both

treatments having approximately 10% deaths. There were no statistical differences (P=0.844)

between the control, mulch and Ridomil® treatments, with all having similar numbers of deaths

within the plot. These July results suggest that the Foli-R-Fos® treatments give the plants some

form of protection.

After the frost in July the plants declined rapidly. By the time the trial was terminated there was

no significant difference (P=0.576) between the treatments, with nearly all plants being dead. It

is possible that after the physiological damage caused by the frost, the plants were far more

susceptible to infection to P. cinnamomi. During the winter months, after the frost damage, the

plants were not treated with Foli-R-Fos®. Therefore, there was no protection for the plants by

this fungicide and thus there is no way to tell whether the plants would have declined as rapidly.

It is probable that an application of Foli-R-Fos® during this time would have made no difference

because the foliage was browning off and thus the fungicide would not have been translocated

around the plant. It would be beneficial to undertake further research to determine whether the

addition of Foli-R-Fos® throughout the year would protect the plants from infection by P.

cinnamomi. It would also be beneficial to investigate whether, Foli-R-Fos® remains effective on

older plants.

10

Figure 6. Severely frost-damaged Erica sessiliflora plants in Trial 1 at Roger Allen’s property.

The plants rapidly declined after this time. Note the browning foliage.

11

Figure 7. Percentage of dead Erica sessiliflora plants in Trial 1 at the property of Roger Allen

under different treatments.

Ridomil® + Foli-R-Fos®Ridomil®MulchFoli-R-Fos®Control

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Treatments

De

ad p

lan

ts (

%)

12

Erica davisii results

Before the July 2006 frost on the property, there were no reported deaths in any of the 240 E.

davisii plants. After the frost, there was a gradual decline of the plants, with many of the plants

taken back to the laboratory for analysis shown to be infected with P. cinnamomi. The initial

decline in the plants was evidenced by the gradual tip death that progressed throughout the whole

stem (Figure 8) By December 2006, the trial was terminated, as the majority of the plants had

died within the plot (Figure 9).

The plants were assessed three consecutive times between the severe frost and the trial’s

termination. Analysis of the scores given to each individual plant within the plot gave an

indication of the plants’ overall health. Results from each of the three assessments indicated that

there were no significant differences (P=0.957, P=0.479 and P=0.459) between any of the

treatments. Thus, the results suggest that application of Ridomil® or Foli-R-Fos® did not

provide sufficient protection for E. davisii plants against infection by P. cinnamomi.

The severe frost may have placed a physiological stress on the plants. This may have led to a

decline in the overall health of all plants within the plots. Up until this time, no symptoms of P.

cinnamomi infection may have been evident. This may be because 1) E. davisii expresses

resistance to P. cinnamomi and thus the symptoms were slow to develop, and was only evident

after the frost stress; or 2) the effectiveness of the treatments within the plots were reduced and

thus made the E. davisii susceptible to P. cinnamomi infection, particularly when they were under

stress. Despite some of the stems within the plants regenerating after the frost, the plants were

not commercially viable and would have been removed.

Figure 8. Erica davisii plant with stem death symptomatic of Phytophthora cinnamomi

infection.

13

Figure 9. Trial 1 at Roger Allen Trial 1 containing dead and dying Erica davisii. Note the

dying stems on many of the plants. The arrow indicates the location of the E. sessiliflora plants

that were removed in December 2006.

Roger Allen Trial 2

The second trial at the Roger Allen site trial used E. sessiliflora species, as E. davisii plants were

not available at the time of planting. The trial investigated the use of Basamid® and Foli-R-

Fos®. Treatments were the same as the Stuart Baker site, which used Leucodendron species.

Although the trial has only been established for a little over 12 months, results are already

evident.

There are differences between the treatments, with the plots treated with Foli-R-Fos® having far

more healthy plants and than those without (Figure 10; Table 1). There was no difference in the

incidence of healthy plants in the Basamid®-treated plots in comparison with the control plots.

This suggests that the soil fumigant Basamid® was not effective in protecting plants from P.

cinnamomi.

14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Control Basamid Bas+Foli Foli

Ro

ot

rot

incid

en

ce (

%)

Dead

Symptoms

Healthy

Figure 10. Percentage incidence of root rot symptoms in Erica davisii plants in Trial 2 at the

property of Roger Allen.

Table 1. Final assessment of Erica sessifloria plants from Trial 2 on the property of Roger

Allen.

Treatment Number of affected plants

Number of healthy plants

% affected P-value

Control 46 74 38.3

Basamid® 50 68 42.4 0.26

Basamid® +

Foli-R-Fos® 18 102 15 0.0076

Foli-R-Fos® 24 96 20 0.0007

Stuart Baker property

The trial on the property of Stuart Baker used Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’. This is a much

slower growing plant than the Erica species used on the Roger Allen property. Therefore, results

were not visually evident in the same time duration on this property than the results seen with

Trial 1 at the Roger Allen site. The Leucodendron plants did show some signs of severe tip

wilting, suggesting infection by P. cinnamomi. These symptoms were apparent in the early

stages of the trial, when the roots of the plants were becoming established. Within the first year

of growth, some plant death occurred after physical damage, but once the plants were established,

there were no plant deaths (Figure 11). Unfortunately, the trial was terminated, with final results

unobtainable because another chemical, Alliette®, was applied to some of the trial plots. Hence,

trial results were compromised. Despite this, some interesting findings were obtained.

Continued use of Foli-R-Fos® at the recommended dosage over the winter months caused

phytotoxicity in the plants. This was exhibited in reddening and yellowing of the foliage (Figure

12). Because of this phytotoxicity, the growth of Foli-R-Fos®-treated plants were stunted in

15

comparison with those within other treatment plots (Figure 13). Application of the Foli-R-Fos®

was stalled for 3 months. From this trial, it is recommended that a lower dose of Foli-R-Fos® be

used over the winter months when the rate of translocation of the chemical and growth of the

plant is slower. Either that, or it is possible no applications should be used until spring, when the

plants are growing more vigorously. It would be beneficial to undertake further research

regarding the use of this chemical during winter months. The Foli-R-Fos® did have protectant

properties and was able to stave off infection from P. cinnamomi, with no plants in these plots

dying from infection by the fungus. The treatments with Basamid® also appeared to offer some

protection from the disease (Figure 11).

Percentage incidence of Root Rot symptoms

in the Stuart Baker trial

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Control Basamid Bas+Foli Rid+Foli

Perc

en

tag

e i

ncid

en

ce (

%)

Dead

Symptoms

Healthy

Figure 11. Percentage incidence of root rot symptoms in Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ at

the Stuart Baker trial site.

16

Figure 12. Phytotoxicity symptoms of Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ plants at the Stuart

Baker site. Reddening of the tips occurred and the plants were stunted from excessive Foli-R-

Fos® application.

17

Figure 13. Leucodendron plants in Plot 11 treated with Ridomil® and Foli-R-Fos® at the Stuart

Baker property. Note the stunted plants in this plot compared with those in the next plot, treated

with Basamid®, which are of a normal height.

18

Miscellaneous work

During the course of the project, several different diseases on Proteaceaous and other foliage

plants were found and identified. Some of the most common diseases found were included as an

appendix in the best practice manual for easy identification by the growers.

Presentations

Two formal oral presentations were given to growers during the course of the project

(Appendices 1 and 2). The presentations were well received and provided growers with

information about the status of the project and other information on growing foliage plants. A

poster presentation was given at the New Zealand Plant Protection Society conference in 2006.

This poster gave information regarding Trial 1 at the Roger Allen property (Appendix 3).

SUMMARY

The project was successfully completed, with the information gained currently being

implemented in the nursery and in the field. It is hoped that growers will benefit by the

information obtained from this trial, by increasing their yield from better management of P.

cinnamomi on their properties.

One of the most significant outcomes of the project was the use of disease-free plantings,

resulting in the reduction of plant death from P. cinnamomi on growers’ properties. Using stock

that is free of P. cinnamomi diminishes the risk of contamination of disease-free property. Also,

planting clean planting material means that an avenue to potentially introduce further P.

cinnamomi onto a property is eliminated. Thus, the spread of P. cinnamomi is lessened on

already infested properties. This enables growers to protect plants present and those recently

transplanted with the use of chemical control and other husbandry practices. By minimising the

spread of P. cinnamomi, which cannot be eradicated from the soil or plants, there is greater

opportunity to produce quality foliage.

The best practice recommendations for the control of P. cinnamomi will help establish nursery

practices that will minimise and potentially eliminate further infection by the fungus in

production nurseries. Growers can use the recommendations to establish good handling practices

of any foliage. These husbandry practices can be used in conjunction with chemical application

to control P. cinnamomi.

Work was undertaken on the use of some protective chemicals against P. cinnamomi, with results

giving growers an indication of those that were most effective. This will help with future

chemical use planning. Although the results thus far will help growers in the future, there is a

real need for repetition of the trials and investigation into other chemicals. It is hoped that by

implementing some of the findings from this project, growers can produce high quality blooms

and foliage (Figure 14).

19

Figure 14. Leucodendron ‘Safari Goldstrike’ at the property of Stuart Baker.

20

Financial

Financial Year Revenue ($) July 2004 to June 2005 24000

July 2005 to June 2006 27000

July 2006 to June 2007 27000

June 2007 to September 2007 6750

21

APPENDIX 1

1

22

23

24

25

APPENDIX 2

Presentation given at the Protea and Foliage Growers Association Annual meeting on 29 April 2006.

Management of Phytophthora

26

27

28

29

30

APPENDIX 3. Poster Presentation given at the New Zealand Plant Protection Society conference in 2006.