Inter Grated Science Assignment

8/6/2019 Inter Grated Science Assignment

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INTERGRATED SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT

THE PRESENT-DAY NIGERIAENVIROMENTAL STANDARD

Now presently in Nigeria, environmental standard is very low according to cleanliness causing a lot of health hazards

What is a health hazard?

Something that is potentially very dangerous to the general condition of the body,especially in terms of the presence or absence of illnesses, injuries, or impairment. Som examples of health hazards are; cholera, drought etc.

Causes of health hazards

Mold and vectors: such as cockroaches, rodents, and dust mites can cause and contribute to asthma, allergies, and other respiratory illnesses. Since housin conditions can play a significant role in respiratory health, these hazards can greatly

increase and intensify susceptibility to respiratory illnesses.


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Prevention of health hazards

Now about the prevention of health hazards; good refuge and sewage disposal wil prevent the breeding of vectors.

What is a vector? A vector is a small animal or insect carrying a disease parasite.What is the meaning of refuge and sewage disposal? Refuge disposal is the doing away with refuge while sewage disposal is the doing away of waste water together with wast materials.

Why do we need good refuge and sewage disposal?


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POWER OUTAGE IN NIGERIA

Nigeria is blessed with so many natural resources which can be used for energ generation, but we lack one thing; leaders ready to make use of this resources. Wrigh now our only source of energy is the Kenji Dam but this energy source cannot provid energy for the entire country there for making electricity unstable there for reducing o economical standard. Now e have both renewable and non-renewable energy in Nigeria.

There are many forms of renewable energy. Most of these renewable energies depend i

one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result o differential heating of the Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) an precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunligh using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Othe renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which is result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting th Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy. the nuclea fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar collectors or attic coolin with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct conversion o sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or p

Solar. This form of energy relies on photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately these are currentl

insufficient to fully power our modern society.

We need it for the cleanliness of environment to prevent breeding of insect vectors i stagnant water and attraction of rodents in refuge sites to avoid health hazards.When refuge is disposed properly, the non-biodegradable materials will be recycled while the biodegradable materials can be use for compost on farms or as biomass energy or biogas.In Nigeria we have poor drainage systems and bad sewage disposal system

and non-functional refuge sites and refineries so, as a future Minister of Health for Nigeria I will provide functional refineries and water treatment industries for a,CLEANER,BETTER and GREENER NIGERIA.


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Wind Power. The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature a the Earth's surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunligh

. Wind energy can be used to pump water or generate electricity, bu requires extensive areal coverage to produce significant amounts of energy.

Hydroelectric energy. This form uses the gravitational potential of elevated water tha was lifted from the oceans by sunlight. It is not strictly speaking renewable since al reservoirs eventually fill up and require very expensive excavation to become useful again.At this time, most of the available locations for hydroelectric dams are already used i

the developed world.

Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly use throughout the world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cookin and warmth. This process releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gases into th atmosphere and is a major contributor to unhealthy air in many areas. Some of the mor modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation and production of alcohol fo

automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants.

Hydrogen and fuel cells. These are also not strictly renewable energy resources but ar very abundant in availability and are very low in pollution when utilized. Hydrogen ca be burned as a fuel, typically in a vehicle, with only water as the combustion product. Thi clean burning fuel can mean a significant reduction of pollution in cities. Or th hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, which are similar to batteries, to power an electri motor. In either case significant production of hydrogen requires abundant power. Du to the need for energy to produce the initial hydrogen gas, the result is the relocation o pollution from the cities to the power plants. There are several promising methods t produce hydrogen, such as solar power, that may alter this picture drastically.

Geothermal power. Energy left over from the original accretion of the planet an augmented by heat from radioactive decay seeps out slowly everywhere, everyday. I certain areas the geothermal gradient (increase in temperature with depth) is hig enough to exploit to generate electricity. This possibility is limited to a few locations o Earth and many technical problems exist that limit its utility. Another form o


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geothermal energy is Earth energy, a result of the heat storage in the Earth's surface. Soi everywhere tends to stay at a relatively constant temperature, the yearly average, an can be used with heat pumps to heat a building in winter and cool a building i summer. This form of energy can lessen the need for other power to maintain comfortabl

temperatures in buildings, but cannot be used to produce electricity.

A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown,generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. These resource often exist in a fixed amount, or are consumed much faster than nature can create them.Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power (uranium) ar examples. In contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metal (which can be recycled) are considered renewable resources. Examples of non-renewabl energy are; Fossil fuels(oil and natural gas), coal, nuclear gas etc.

OIL AND NATURAL GAS

Oil and gas are chemicals made from molecules containing just carbon and hydrogen.All living things are made of complex molecules of long strings of carbon atoms.Connected to these carbon atoms are others such as hydrogen and oxygen. A simpl molecule, called methane (CH 4 ), is the main component of natural gas. Crude oil (oi obtained from the ground) is a sticky, gooey black stuff. It contains many differen molecules, but all are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.


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Gas and oil were formed from the remains of small sea creatures and plants that die and fell to the bottom of seas. Over many millions of years, layers of mud or othe sediments built up on top of these dead animals and plants. The pressure from these layer and heat from below the Earth's crust gradually changed the once-living material int oil and natural gas. Over time, the layers of rocks in the Earth's crust move and ma become squashed and folded. Gas and oil may move through porous rocks and may eve come to the surface. In some places, pockets of oil and gas can be found, because non-

porous rocks have trapped them.

Pockets of oil and natural gas ma become trapped between layers o


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non-porous rocks .

Nat ur al ga s a n d cru de o il c a n be f oun d i n ma n y p la c e s a roun d the w or ld, suc h a s th Middle Ea s t (ab ou t 70 p e r c e n t o f the w or ld' s kno w n r e sourc e s o f o il), the USA a n d un de the N or th Sea o ff the co a s t o f the UK.

WHAT ARE THEY LIKE FUELS?

Whe n ga s a n d o il b urn they pro d uc e mai n ly c a r b on di o xide a n d wate r , r elea s i n g th e n e r gy they con tai n . C ru de o il i s a mixt ur e o f diffe r e n t c hemi c al s a n d i s usu all s e p a r ated ou t i n t o f u el s suc h a s p et ro l, p a r affi n , k e ros e n e a n d heavy f u el o il s .

The o il - ba s ed f u el s pro vide le ss e n e r gy p e r k il o g r am tha n n at ur al ga s . Bo th o il a n n at ur al ga s pro d uc e c a r b on di o xide, whi c h i s a g r ee n h ous e ga s .

HOW LONG WILL THEY LAST?

Oil a n d ga s a r e non-r e n ewable: they will no t la s t f or eve r . New sourc e s o f o il a n d ga s a r cons ta n tly bei n g sou ght. It i s th ou ght that the curr e n t r e sourc e s un de r the N or th Sea wil la s t ab ou t a no the r 20 yea rs a n d the w or ld r e sourc e s will la s t f or ab ou t 70 yea rs .

E s timate s va r y, h o weve r , be c a us e we d o no t kno w whe r e all the r e sourc e s a r e a n d we d kno w h o w q u i ck ly we will us e them. It i s th ou ght that with n ew di sco ve r ie s the s e f oss il f u el will la s t well i n t o the n ext c e n t ur y.

COAL

C o al mai n ly cons i s t s o f c a r b on at o m s that co me f ro m p la n t mate r ial f ro m a nc ie n t s wam f or e s t s . It i s a bla ck so lid that i s r ea son ably so ft. Y ou c a n scr at c h it with a fi n ge rn ail. It i no t a s so ft a s c ha rco al, h o weve r , a n d i s q u ite s t ron g. It c a n be c a r ved i n t o s ha p e s . The r a r e diffe r e n t ty p e s o f co al. S o me con tai n im pur itie s suc h a s su l p h ur that po ll u te th atm osp he r e f ur the r whe n they b urn , con t r ib u ti n g t o a c id r ai n .

Milli ons o f yea rs ag o , t r ee s a n d o the r p la n t s g r ew r a p idly i n a t rop i c al c limate, a n d whe they died they fell i n t o s wam ps . The wate r i n the s wam ps pr eve n ted the p la n t mate r ia f ro m de c ayi n g co m p letely a n d p eat wa s f or med.A s time p a ss ed, laye r upon laye r o f p ea b u ilt up . The pr e ssur e f ro m the s e laye rs a n d heat f ro m bel o w the Ea r th' s crus t g r ad u all c ha n ged the mate r ial i n t o co al.

C o al wa s f or med f ro m the r emai ns o f a nc ie n t p la n t s .


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Coal can be found in parts of the world that were once covered with swampy forests, suc as the UK about 250 million years ago. There are large deposits in China, USA, Europ and Russia. South Africa also has relatively large deposits When coal burns it produce mainly carbon dioxide, some carbon monoxide and soot (which is unburned carbon).Many coals when burned produce smoky flames. Their energy content weight for weight i

not as great as oil. When coal burns it produces more carbon dioxide than oil

The world has relatively large reserves of coal, more so than oil and gas. Estimates vary,but suggestions are that supplies will last well into the next century

NUCLEAR FUEL

Nuclear fuel makes use of the radioactivity of some elements. The nucleus in the ato may spontaneously break down to release energy and produce fast-moving particles,atoms of other elements. The fast-moving particles that are ejected can also strike othe atoms, causing them to break down. Placing the atoms close together in a fuel rod mean that atoms are more likely to be struck by these particles, and so produce more nuclea

reactions. As the reactions proceed heat is produced. The task of a nuclear reactor is t control the reaction so that a steady flow of heat is produced

Nuclear fuel is made from naturally occurring radioactive materials, such as uranium,found in rocks. These materials are extracted and concentrated. They are formed int 'fuel rods'. When placed close together, the fuel rods set off nuclear reactions that generat heat. This heat is used to turn water into steam and generate electricity. This fuel i classed as non-renewable, although concentrating the fuel further can recycle some o the 'spent fuel'.


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Radioactive materials are concentrated into fuel pellets and formed into fuel rods in nuclear reactor

There are deposits of the raw material uranium in Africa, Russia and North America.

HOW LONG WILL THESUPPLY OF NUCLEAR FUEL LAST?

The world supply of radioactive material will provide a source of energy well into the nex century and beyond.

Now as you can see, Nigeria is blessed with a lot of energy providing resources but th problem is how we utilize them. Now I as a future Minister or Energy for Nigeria woul utilize our resources improving our standard of light and also or economical standar as well looking forward to a Nigeria with electricity 24/7, looking forward to a bette

Nigeria.Olamilekan Akala

Year 7 Red


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Inter Grated Science Assignment