Inter-domain resource optimization method of software ......resource allocation between scenarios in multi-domain optical network, this paper respectively analyzes the optimization

RESEARCH Open Access

Inter-domain resource optimization methodof software-defined multi-domain opticalnetworkZikang Li1,2, Changming Yang1,2, Zhenrong Zhang1,2* and Sifeng Hu1,2

Abstract

In practical application scenarios, the division of different operators or the same operator in different regionsconstitutes a natural network region, forming a multi-domain optical network. At the beginning, this paperintroduces the hierarchical architecture of software-defined optical network (SDON) and the functional model ofcontrol plane. Then, it describes a control system of software-defined multi-domain optical network based onhierarchical control mode and briefly analyzes their basic functional model. In the end, around the problems ofresource allocation between scenarios in multi-domain optical network, this paper respectively analyzes theoptimization of routing resources in inter-domain and the mechanism of spectrum defragmentation. At the sametime, it separately simulates the resource optimization algorithms of single control architecture and hierarchicalcontrol architecture to verify the superiority of hierarchical control system.

Keywords: Multi-domain optical network, SDON, Hierarchical architecture, Inter-domain, Resource optimizationalgorithm

1 IntroductionWith the increasing demand for communication cap-acity, the transmission speed, communication quality,and optical network have been developed rapidly in re-cent years [1–3]. Optical transport went through the de-velopments from synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) towavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) [4] and opticalorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (O-OFDM)[5]. Meanwhile, optical networking construct technologywent through the evolvements from point to point net-work, static wavelength routing network, AutomaticSwitching Optical Network (ASON) and optical networkbased on path computation element (PCE) [6–8]. In2011, software-defined network (SDN) represented byOpenFlow (a network protocol) was first proposed incomputer network and gradually extended to opticalnetwork [9, 10].

By allowing the control plane to be decoupled fromthe data plane, software-defined optical network (SDON)brings up a new paradigm. It enables remote controllersto configure the network equipment from different hard-ware vendors [11]. SDON combines the advantages ofoptimizing fragmentation of specific networks in opticallayer and the great bandwidth providing various services,and it also provides a unified control platform for differ-ent networks [12].In practical application scenarios, the division of differ-

ent operators or the same operator in different regionsconstitutes a natural network region, forming a multi-domain optical network. With multiple domains coexist-ing, the administrators in each domain want an inde-pendent SDON controller to take full control of theirdomains [13, 14]. When confronting the cross-domainservice in the whole network, how to coordinate mul-tiple domains for collaborative controlling and allocationof routing and spectrum resources is very important.We urgently hope that a control mechanism based onthese single-domain controllers can realize the controlof cross-domain service and optimization of multi-domain global network resources [15, 16].

© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

* Correspondence: [email protected] of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University,Nanning 530004, People’s Republic of China2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multimedia Communications and NetworkTechnology, Nanning 530004, People’s Republic of China

Li et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2020) 2020:41 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-020-1662-3

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1186/s13638-020-1662-3&domain=pdfhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/mailto:[email protected]

2 Methods/experimentalThe aim of this paper is to solve the problem of resource al-location among domains in the multi-domain optical net-work scenario and improve the utilization rate of resources.Firstly, we introduced a control system of software-

defined multi-domain optical network based on hier-archical control mode and briefly analyzed its basic func-tional model. Then, we analyzed the optimization ofrouting resources in inter-domain and the mechanism ofspectrum defragmentation. At last, we simulated the re-source optimization algorithms of single control archi-tecture and hierarchical control architecture to verify thesuperiority of hierarchical control system.

3 The hierarchical control system of software-defined multi-domain optical networkThis section mainly introduces the architecture and in-terfaces of SDON from concepts and functions, ex-pounds two multi-domain control scheme and thehierarchical control system structure.

3.1 The architecture and interfaces of SDONFigure 1 illustrates the hierarchical structure of SDON. Thisarchitecture is divided into four planes: data plane, control-ler plane, application plane, and management plane [17].The interface between the data plane and the controllerplane is the data plane control interface (D-CPI). The inter-face between the controller plane and the application planeis the application plane control interface (A-CPI). Agentsupports the concept of sharing or virtualization of basic

resources. A single network element or SDN controller canhave multiple agents simultaneously, but only one coordin-ator per network element or SDN controller, because thereis only one logical management interface. The coordinatoris a data plane including one or more network elements,and each network element contains a set of data forwardingor service processing resources. The control plane adoptsthe responsible for installing customer-specific resourcesand policies received from the management system mech-anism of a centralized controller. The controller isequipped with basic function modules to realize basic func-tions such as building roads and demolition roads, and alsoto install corresponding specific function modules accord-ing to different application requirements. The applicationplane includes one or more applications. Web applicationscan be developed by any vendor such as equipment pro-ducers, carriers, or third-party vendors. The managementplane manages the data plane, the controller plane, and theapplication plane through the management interface whichrealizes the functions of configuration, performance, alarm,billing, and so on.The interfaces of SDON include the northbound inter-

face and southbound interface. The northbound interfaceof SDON is an interface between the controller and theupper application. The upper level service applications canconveniently call the underlying network resources throughan open interface. The basic functions that should be sup-ported by the north interface include network topology ac-quisition, business request and distribution, connectioncontrol, channel computing, virtual network services, and

Fig. 1 The hierarchical structure of SDON. This architecture includes four planes: data plane, controller plane, application plane andmanagement plane

Li et al. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (2020) 2020:41 Page 2 of 9

so on. The northbound interface of SDON informationmodel should conform to the modeling method of OpenNetworking Foundation (ONF) general information model,as well as the provisions of ONF Transport API (applica-tion programming interface). The north interface uses Rest-ful (representational state transfer) and SOAP (SimpleObject Access Protocols) as the protocol interaction be-tween the controller and the APP (application).The controller south interface is an interface between

the controller and the forwarding device. The controllercan get the topology and resource information of thelocal network through the south interface to completethe local network connection and business related con-trol functions. At the same time, the controller can getthe alarm information and performance information ofthe local network through the south interface. Atpresent, there are many southbound interface protocols,such as PCEP, SNMP (simple network managementprotocol), OFCONFIG (OpenFlow Configuration andManagement Protocol), EMPP (extensible messagingand presence protocol), I2RS (interface to routing sys-tem), and so on. The most important OpenFlow proto-col is a key protocol for the SDN network architecturedeveloped by ONF.The main function of the controller plane is to control

the transmission of the data plane through the south inter-face, and to open the network to the application planethrough the north interface. The SDON controller planesupports the connection control, network virtualization,centralization and the ability to provide third party applica-tions in multi-domain, multi-technology, multi-level, andmulti-vendor transport network.The hierarchical control architecture of SDON controls

the different network domains by the lower-level controller,and is responsible for inter domain collaboration through ahigher-level controller. It realizes the logical centralizedcontrol architecture of the hierarchical domain. Interfacesbetween layers of controllers interact through I-CPI (inter-mediate-controller plane interface). The hierarchical controlarchitecture has three basic patterns, as shown in Fig. 2a–c.

This paper is mainly based on Fig. 2C control architecturemodel.

3.2 Two multi-domain control scheme and thehierarchical control system structureAt present, there are two main ideas to realize multi-domain control. The first scheme is adding west-eastinterface to connect controller on SDON control planewhich realize the parallel data sharing and coordinationamong multiple SDON controllers [18–20]. This methodstill uses distributed control plane, so the realizing ofcross-domain services still depends on more than oneSDON controller. So that it is difficult to realize central-ized control based on the whole network abstraction. Thesecond scheme is using the soft-defined control structureof multi-domain optical network, in other words, usingbased on single-domain controller–multi-domain control-ler hierarchical control scheme. Each network domain dis-tributed its own SDON controller, and it is called a singledomain controller. All single domain controllers are con-nected with multi-domain controller through Openflowprotocol. The multi-domain controller manages the ab-straction information of the whole network, and it cancentralize control cross domain service and global re-source optimization procedure. This paper is based on thehierarchical control system in the second scheme.Figure 3 illustrates the hierarchical control system

structure based on single-domain controller–multi-do-main controller. The system composed of four layers,the transmission equipment of the data plane, the singledomain SDON controller in every network, multi-domain controller, and application layer.APP on application use HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer

Protocol) protocol to communicate with multi- domaincontroller through A-CPI, the interface uses Restful style.All resource (such as node, port, link, etc.) in multi-domain can be mapped to URL (Uniform Resource Loca-tor). By combining network resources URL and HTTPprotocol, A-CPI can cooperate with JSON (JavaScript Ob-ject Notation) information to achieve the application layer

Fig. 2 The three basic patterns of the hierarchical control architecture


APP's access to the whole network and business order, sothat APP can realize the control and business request ofmultiple domains by means of the controller. Each single-domain controller is responsible for the network topologydetection, path computation, connection control, protec-tion, and restoration. The single domain controllers trans-fer the topology and network resources and those areabstracted to the multi-domain SDON controller throughthe interlayer interface I-CPI. The multi-domain SDONcontroller is responsible for inter-domain topology detec-tion, cross-domain path computation, cross-domain end-to-end connection control, and protection recovery func-tions of multiple single-domain SDON controllers. Thetransport plane communicates with the single-domainSDON controller through D-CPI.The advantage of this system is that the service prob-

lems that is limited to one network domain is assignedto the single-domain controller, and the cross-domainservice problem will be solved by multi-domain control-ler. At the same time, the multi-domain controller cansubdivide cross-domain service problem into multiplesingle-domain service problems and send them to eachsingle-domain controllers and solve these problems. Themulti-domain controller is only responsible for integrat-ing the operation results of single domain controller.

4 The resources optimization methodsThe inter-domain spectrum resources optimizationmethods of software-defined multi-domain optical networkconsist of two methods: the routing resource optimizationmethod and the spectrum resources optimization method.

5 The routing resource optimization method5.1 Network model and symbol definitionA multi-domain network is represented by G(V, E) andincludes M network domains, which are represented asGm(Vm, Em). Network domain Gm(Vm, Em)includes |Vm =

{vm}| nodes and |Em = {em}|inter-domain links. If thereis an inter-domain link between the path node vmp of the

m domain and the q node vnq of the n domain, we can

mark this link as em;np;q . The service request can be repre-

sented as tm;np;q , it means that set the p node of the m do-

main as resource node, and set the q node of thendomain as sink node of service request.In hierarchical multi-domain software-defined optical

network, the multi-domain controller stores all topologyinformation GL(VL, EL) of the whole network domains, itincludes the inter-domain link resource information.This topology information will be reported by everysingle-domain controllers. In most cases, this topologyinformation includes logical nodes, logical links, and re-source conditions on links in the network, and does notcontain information about private strategy, physicalequipment details, and resource providing forms.In the hierarchical control architecture of the software-

defined multi-domain optical network, after receiving across-domain service request that requires an end-to-endall optical path, the multi-domain controller firstly willcalculate the cross-domain service based on its own topo-logical resource information, then send the result of pre-computation to the single-domain controller throughFlow_Mod messages, so as to complete the service build-ing in each domains. This resource optimization algorithmflow is shown as Table 1.

5.1.1 Simulation results and discussionFor the topology of NSF (National Science Foundation)network, we compare two architectures: hierarchicalcontrol and single control, using the shortest path of Kalgorithm. The simulation results are shown as Fig. 4. Itis clear that the hierarchical control architecture haslower bandwidth blocking probability than the singlecontrol architecture at the same traffic load. Moreover,the less traffic load, the lower the bandwidth blocking

Fig. 3 The hierarchical control system structure

Table 1 Resource optimization algorithm

fortm;np;q doInvoking the K algorithm in GL(VL, EL) and calculate the shortest pathfrom vmp to v

nq , then range the path according to its length: P = {p1, p2,

…pk, };for pk ∈ P doIn this path, take the input node and output node of every domainregard as the source node and the sink node of a sub path in thisdomain. Produce the business requirements of every domain, andsend them to the related controller;if All domain return OKPath creation successful, jump out;elsePath creation fail, the loop go on;end ifend for

end for


probability of the less of two architectures. The mini-mum is also above 0.02

5.2 The spectrum resources optimization method5.2.1 The traditional method of spectrum allocationWhen the optical paths span multiple domains,spectrum allocation needs to meet the followingrestrictions:

(1) Spectrum adjacency restriction: the allocatedbandwidth slot is continuous on the spectrumdimension.

(2) Spectrum non-overlapping restriction: the band-width slot allocated to different requests cannotoverlap each other, that is, a bandwidth slot cannotbe occupied by more than one request at the sametime.

(3) Spectrum continuity restriction: the allocatedbandwidth slot is consistent on all links of the path.

At present, there are two kinds of traditional spectrumallocation methods: random distribution and first hit.The random hit method searches for a path in its

spectrum space and gives all available sets of spectralsegments, and then randomly chooses a spectral band-width among all the available spectral segments to estab-lish the optical route. As shown in Fig. 5a. Thestochastic allocation of this method determines that itcannot improve the network performance well. It caneasily cause congestion in the network without wave-length conversion.In first hit method, all the available spectrum segments

are labeled first. When searching for the available

spectrum segments, low-numbered spectral segmentsare selected first, so that all the used spectral segmentsare as low as possible in the spectrum space. Therefore,there is a continuous, longer path of available spectrumat the high end of the spectrum space. As shown in Fig.5b. The method does not need to traverse all the fre-quency gap resources and does not need to collect therunning state of the network in real time. It is fast andsimple, which is relatively easy to implement in practicalapplications.

5.2.2 The problem of inter-domain spectrum allocationIn a scenario in which multiple domains coexist, when auser initiates a cross-domain service request that re-quires possession of an end-to-end all-optical path, sinceit is not allowed to light/electricity/light wavelength con-version in the boundary node, the optical path acrossmultiple domains also needs to meet the constraints ofspectrum continuity and consistency. Therefore, theproblem of spectrum fragments is particularly promin-ent. The dynamic access and random release of largecapacity in the business domain cause the networkspectrum resources to be fragmented after a period oftime. These resource fragments cannot be reused, andnew fragments are continuously generated, resulting inlow utilization of network resources and high businessblocking rate. Therefore, it is very important to studythe optimal allocation of spectrum resources in multi-domain scenarios, and spectrum fragments mechanismis one of the key technologies to optimize the allocationof spectrum resources.In the case of large-scale and multi-domain optical

networks, multi-domain controllers can have businessand resource information of multiple domains at thesame time. Therefore, an intelligent spectrum defrag-mentation mechanism based on actual network condi-tions can be implemented by using hierarchical controltechnology. In this paper, the spectrum defragmentationmechanism based on the degree of spectrum fragmenta-tion is applied to the software-defined multi-domain op-tical network with hierarchical control architecture. Andthen compared with the software-defined multi-domainoptical network in common architecture, this disserta-tion provides a better description of multi-domain lightThe Importance of Hierarchical Control Architecture inmulti-domain optical networks.

5.2.3 The arrangement of spectrum fragmentsThe spectrum resource distribution in the link is de-scribed by using the spectrum resources required by theservice, the actual spectrum resources occupied by theservice, and the number of spectrum gaps. We can as-sume a link model as follows: there are N services in a

Fig. 4 The Bandwidth Blocking Probability under two architectures.The solid line and dotted line represent the bandwidth blockingprobability of hierarchical control architecture and single controlarchitecture, respectively


fiber link, and the spectrum resources used by the ser-vice areSi(i = 1, 2, .. N), the lowest wavelength used by all ser-

vices isλmin, the highest wavelength that has been used isλmax. Between [λmin, λmin],the number of spectrum gaps isk, then the degree of spectral fragmentation of the link is

F ¼ λmax−λminXN

i¼1Si

�k ð1Þ

Where, λmax − λminrepresents the spectrum resource

occupied by the service in the link,PN

i¼1Si represents the

spectrum resource required by the link, and k representsthe number of link gaps. The larger the F value, thehigher the spectrum fragmentation degree of the service,the higher the necessity of reconstruction.The degree of link spectrum fragmentation is general-

ized to the entire software-defined multi-domain opticalnetwork. That is, using the degree of network spectrumfragmentation to count the entire optical networkspectrum resource distribution status. The relevant net-work model for the degree of fragmentation of the net-work spectrum is as follows: given an optical networktopology G(V, E), V represent nodes and E representfiber links of connecting nodes. It is assumed that there

are already N services in the network, where the ith ser-vice uses the spectrum resource as Si, the number ofhops passed is Ti(Ti

whole network service, and

XM

j¼1K j

M represents the averagenumber of gaps on each link. By setting a threshold T ofthe degree of spectral fragmentation and an excessivelyfragmented link ratio range r, delineating a set of opticallinks that need to be sorted. The network fragmentationvalue F is calculated by Eq. (2), and if the F is greaterthan the threshold T, the spectrum defragmentationmechanism is triggered.The multi-domain controller is responsible for the calcu-

lation and monitoring of the value of the cross domain link,and adopts a separate monitoring mechanism and thresh-old for spectrum fragmentation of the cross domain link.Once the cross domain link F value exceeds the threshold,the spectrum defragmentation of the cross domain serviceis triggered directly. To differentiate intra-domain servicesfrom inter-domain services, OpenFlow messages need to beextended to interact with the service ID list between themulti-domain controller and the single-domain controller.The Reason field of the Packet in message distinguishes be-tween single-domain and multi-domain upload (or multi-domain) delivery to a single-domain.

5.2.4 Simulation results and discussionThe simulation results are based on the NSF networktopology. There are 14 network nodes and 21 links. Theoptical fiber is bi-directional. Every link has 1T spectrumresource. The business arrival rate is the Poisson distri-bution, and business service rate is negative exponentialdistribution. The bandwidth required for each businessobeys the uniform distribution. Setting the threshold ofspectrum fragmentation degree T = 200, the simulationof the bandwidth blocking probability and the spectrumefficiency is shown as Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.

Setting the threshold of spectrum fragmentation de-gree T = 100, the simulation of the bandwidth blockingprobability and the spectrum efficiency is shown as Figs.8 and 9, respectively.The simulation results show that when the threshold of

spectrum fragmentation degree T is lower, the spectrumefficiency is higher, but the bandwidth blocking probabil-ity is almost constant at the corresponding traffic load.For the two kinds of control architecture, the hierarchicalcontrol architecture has lower bandwidth blocking prob-ability and higher spectrum efficiency than the single con-trol architecture at the same traffic load. When setting thethreshold of spectrum fragmentation degree T = 100, thespectrum efficiency of the hierarchical control architectureis up to more than 90%. The results mean the hierarchical

Fig. 6 Bandwidth Blocking Probability with T = 200. T is thethreshold of spectrum fragmentation degree

Fig. 7 Spectrum efficiency with T = 200. T is the threshold ofspectrum fragmentation degree

Fig. 8 Bandwidth Blocking Probability with T = 100. T is thethreshold of spectrum fragmentation degree


control effectively reduces the network blocking rate andimprove the spectrum efficiency. It indicates that the su-periority of hierarchical control system.

6 ConclusionsIn this paper, the multi-level control architecture is ap-plied to the architecture of software-defined optical net-work, aiming at the problem of resource allocationamong domains in the multi-domain optical networkscenario. The coordination of the single-domain control-ler and the multi-domain controller control the domainresource scheduling in the multi-domain optical net-work. The single control architecture and hierarchicalcontrol architecture of resource optimization algorithmsare simulated and analyzed. The result shows that thehierarchical control system does reduce the computa-tional complexity of the controller, so that the trafficcongestion rate is reduced and the spectrum utilizationrate is obviously enhanced. But this paper only uses thesimplest K shortest path algorithm and stochastic rout-ing algorithm, so for some of the routing spectrum con-figuration algorithm has been proposed, we also needfurther research and experimental simulation to proposebetter inter-domain resource optimization algorithm.

AbbreviationsA-CPI: Application plane control interface; API: Application programminginterface; APP: Application; ASON: Automatic Switching Optical Network;CPI: Intermediate-controller plane interface; D-CPI: Data plane controlinterface; EMPP: Extensible messaging and presence protocol; HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol; I2RS: Interface to routing system; I-CPI: Intermediate-controller plane interface; JSON: JavaScript Object Notation; NSF: NationalScience Foundation; OFCONFIG: OpenFlow Configuration and ManagementProtocol; ONF: Open Networking Foundation; O-OFDM: Orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing; PCE: Path computation element;SDH: Synchronous digital hierarchy; SDN: Software-defined network;SDON: Defined optical network; SNMP: Simple Network Management

Protocol; SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocols; URL: Uniform ResourceLocator; WDM: Wavelength-division multiplexing

AcknowledgementsNot applicable.

Authors’ contributionsZL and YC finished the algorithm and English writing of the paper. SHfinished the experiments. ZZ put forward the idea of this paper. All authorsread and approved the final manuscript.

FundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina under grant 61661004 and Guangxi Science Foundation under grant2017GXNSFAA198227.

Availability of data and materialsData sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generatedor analyzed during the current study

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 25 October 2019 Accepted: 3 February 2020

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Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.


AbstractIntroductionMethods/experimentalThe hierarchical control system of software-defined multi-domain optical networkThe architecture and interfaces of SDONTwo multi-domain control scheme and the hierarchical control system structure

The resources optimization methodsThe routing resource optimization methodNetwork model and symbol definitionSimulation results and discussion

The spectrum resources optimization methodThe traditional method of spectrum allocationThe problem of inter-domain spectrum allocationThe arrangement of spectrum fragmentsSimulation results and discussion

ConclusionsAbbreviationsAcknowledgementsAuthors’ contributionsFundingAvailability of data and materialsCompeting interestsReferencesPublisher’s Note

Documents

Inter-domain resource optimization method of software ......resource allocation between scenarios in multi-domain optical network, this paper respectively analyzes the optimization