INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS:

Will Jenkins, Ron Lewis, Georgios LazarouJoseph Picone, Zach Rowland

Human and Systems Engineering

Real-Time Vehicle Performance MonitoringUsing Wireless Networking

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS:

Page 2 of 14Real-Time Vehicle Performance Monitoring Using Wireless Networking

Abstract

Cornerstone of next generation intelligent transportation systems (ITS):

• seamless integration of in-vehicle networking with existing wireless telephony infrastructure;

• remote access to on-board diagnostics and performance data.

Though many systems integrate position tracking and wireless networking to allow for remote position tracking, few systems provide the capability to monitor vehicle performance over the web. Our design is based on:

• a popular new standard for wireless communications — GSM/GPRS;

• an in-vehicle standard for diagnostic information, OBD-II, is used to gather performance data;

• GPS technology to provide vehicle location;

• Apache’s Tomcat extensions to provide Internet access via a vehicle tracking web site.

The system is being used to track the campus bus system atMississippi State University in Starkville, Mississippi, U.S.A.


Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

• Uses networks of collaborative vehicles to optimize traffic flow and provide dynamic routing capability (“intelligent network”)

• Relies heavily on vehicle communication systems including peer-to-peer and peer-to-base station communications

NETWORK

NETWORK

• Incorporates seamless integration of in-vehicle networking with existing wireless telephony


System Overview

Wireless Network

Wireless Network

Web / Database

Server


Extensible Vehicle Performance Monitoring System

• Exploits capabilities of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

• Based on existing in-vehicle automotive standards (e.g., OBD-II, SAE J1850, and SAE J1979)

• Provides vehicle performance and position tracking system to users via the Internet

• Incorporates Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for vehicle location


Global Positioning System

• Global Positioning System (GPS): provides highly accurate position information anywhere in the world

• Requires receiver capable of the civilian L1 frequency (1575.42 MHz)

• 24 geostationary satellites orbiting at an elevation of 11,000 miles

• Originally developed for military use only

• Triangulates position to an accuracy within 15 meters using at least four satellites


GSM/GPRS Wireless Network

• Digitally encodes voice signals using the GSM 06.10 compressor models at 13kbps

• Uses time division multiple access (TDMA)

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – data communication layer over a GSM wireless transmission link with a theoretical data transfer speed of 171.2 Kbps

• Packet format allows for full compatibility with existing Internet services

• Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the fastest growing mobile communication standard

InternetInternet

GSM/GPRS

Network

GSM/GPRS

Network


In-Vehicle Networking (OBD-II)

Protocol Signal Type(s) Manufacturer

SAE J1850

VPW

Variable Pulse Width Modulation

General Motors

SAE J1850

PWM

Pulse Width Modulation

Ford

ISO 9141-2 Two Serial Lines:

Half-duplex (L)

Full-duplex (K)

European, Asian, and Chrysler

• SAE J1962 connector provides access to the diagnostic network

• Monitors most electrical systems

• Provides error codes


Generation 1: COTS Prototype

• Sony Ericsson GC-82 EDGE PC card

• Garmin GPS 35-PC

• BR-3 OBD-II Interface

• Laptop with two COM ports (RS232) and a 16-bit compatible PCMCIA port

• Operates on all OBD-II protocols specified in SAE J1850


Data Collection Software

• OBD-II data is retrieved by continuously polling the system

• OBD-II data is identified by generic parameter identifications or PIDs specified in SAE J1979 standard

• Speed, Engine RPM, Calculated Throttle Position Sensor (TPS), Engine Load, Engine Coolant Temperature, and Air Intake Pressure

• Combines OBD-II data and GPS coordinates into a single data stream


Data Collection Software

• The BR-3 must be initialized.

• The GPS data is gathered simultaneously.

• NMEA GPRMC sentence contains UTC data, longitude, and latitude.

• The data is then sent to the server via GSM/GPRS.

• The GPS signal is used as the trigger for data transmission.

• The communication protocol is set based on vehicle protocol.

• Specified PIDs are polled continuously


Web and Database Server

Table Contents

Stops Label and GPS coordinates

Routes Label and list of topology in-order of traversal

Buses Current location

• Separate database for real-time and stored data are maintained

• Apache web server

• Tomcat extensions

• Five http servlets to maintain data flow from the vehicle to the database to the user interface.


Map\EOP Interface

• Displays tracking and performance information to the public via Internet

• Engine operating parameters can be viewed in real-time on dashboard-like gauges

• Shows vehicle location on a digital map

• Route information is available


Generation 2: Campus Bus Network Pilot

• A PC104 embedded solution has been developed.

• The shuttles operate on a SAE J1708 protocol (heavy-duty vehicle).

• Geographical Information System (GIS) providing faster map rendering based on GPS coordinates.

• Deployment for campus shuttles scheduled for Spring 2005.


Summary and Future Work

• Prototyped a real-time vehicle performance monitoring system which exploits existing wireless networking technology

• The final design incorporates a single board including chipsets for various wireless technologies and in-vehicle networking protocols.

• A modular architecture supports a variety of sensors and high speed data communications


References• L. Figueiredo, I. Jesus, J.A.T. Machado, J.R. Ferreira, J.L. Martins de Carvalho, Towards the

Development of Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Proceedings, Oakland, CA, 2001, 25-29.

• Garmin. “What is GPS.” [online]. Available: http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/index.html

• T. Yunck, G. Lindal, C. Liu, The role of GPS in precise Earth observation, Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Dec. 1988, 251-258

• GSMWorld. [online]. Available: http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/faq.shtml

• J. Cai, D. Goodman, General Packet Radio in GSM, IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(10), 1997, pp 122-131.

• S. Godavarty, S. Broyles and M. Parten, Interfacing to the On-board Diagnostic System, Proceedings Vehicular Technology Conference Vol. 4, pp. 2000-2004, 24-28 Sept. 2000.

• SAE J 1850 May 2001, Class B Data Communication Network Interface, 2004 SAE Handbook, SAE International, 2004.

• SAE J 1979 April 2002, E/E Diagnostic Test Modes Equivalent to ISO/DIS 15031: April 30, 2002, 2004 SAE Handbook, SAE International, 2004.

• NMEA 0183 Standard for Interfacing Marine Electronic Devices, Version 2.0, National Marine Electronics Association, Mobile, AL, January 1992.

• J. Brittain, I.F. Darwin, Tomcat: the definitive guide (O'Reilly, 2003).

• K. English, L. Feaster, Community geography: GIS in action (ESRI Press, 2003).

• MARIS. [online]. Available: http://www.maris.state.ms.us/index.html


Questions


In-Vehicle Networking (OBD-II)

• The 1990 Clean Air Act and the Environmental Protection Agency established strict emission standards and inspection/maintenance (I/M) programs.

• The Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) produced a set of automotive standards and practices that regulated the development of diagnostic systems that would check for emission violations.

• These standards were expanded to create the on-board diagnostic system – OBD-II

• In 1996, the EPA adopted these standards and practices and mandated their installation in all light-duty vehicles.


Demo

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