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Intelligence as Smart Heuristics
• Intelligence is thought of as an assembly of “factors,” either one(g), a few, or many.– Tool-driven metaphor (factor analysis)
• Cannot describe how cognition translates into behavior.
• Cognition -----(heuristics)-----Behavior
Heuristic
• A mental device that can solve a class of problems in situations with limited knowledge and time.
• Many classes of problems Many heuristics
Bounded rationality
• 의사결정자는 인지적 한계 때문에 문제의 단순화된 모델을 구성할 수밖에 없다 . 그리고 이 단순화된 모델에 의거해서 의사결정자는 합리적으로 행위한다 . – Herbert Simon(1955, 1956)
• Adaptive toolbox– embodies an ecological and social view of
rational behavior. (Bounded Rationality by Herbert Simon)
In this chapter
• Examples of heuristics• Adaptive toolbox– Ecological Rationality– Building blocks– Domain-specificity of Heuristics– Social / Nonsocial Intelligence
• Program Review and Future
Examples of Heuristics
• Recognition Heuristic– If one of two objects is recognized and
the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value.
• Gaze Heuristic– Attending to one variable alone and
ignoring all causal relevant variable• Tic-for-Tat Heuristic– Imitates the partner’s behavior
Adaptive toolbox
• These heuristics illustrate some of the mental tools that underlie intelligent behavior, both social and nonsocial.
• Darwinian metaphor for intelligence– Evolution does not follow a grand plan, but
results in patchwork of solution for specific problem : domain-specific
– Heuristics are not intrinsically good or bad, rational or irrational, but only relative to an environment, just as adaptations are context-bound
Ecological Rationality
• Intelligent behavior– Bounded rationality (Herbert Simon)
– Being able to act fast and on the basis of incomplete information
(not need the fiction of a superintelligence)
cognition
environment
Building blocks
• Search rules– Search for alternatives and cues
• Stopping rules– Without explicit cost-benefit computations
• Decision rules– How a decision is made after search has
been stopped.– Ex) one-reason decision making
Domain-Specificity of Heuristics
• Domain-specificity must be discussed relative to the level of analysis
• Fast and frugal heuristics– No single statistical method– No optimal algorithm– A general inference machine is not feasible– Human intelligence has to achieve more than
correct answers to a test, as is obvious when we come to social or emotional intelligence.
Social Intelligence
• To discover and model the actual mechanisms the heuristics people use when dealing with others.
• The framework of the adaptive toolbox provides precise models and a modular perspective that has different degrees of generality
Nonsocial Intelligence
• Take The Best– Based on the first cue that favors one
option over the other and ignores all other available information
• Take The First– Limited search and quick stopping can
be beneficial
Program Review and Future
• Extended the notion of cognitive modules to lower-level system– Such as the sensory and motor domain
• Neuropsychological evidence may provide further insights about possible instantiations of proposed cognitive heuristics
Program Review and Future
• Heuristics cannot do (Shepard, 2001)– Lower cognitive processes– High-level (creative processes..)
• There is substantial evidence for a heuristic that describes the discovery of new theories in the cognitive sciences, the tools-to-theories heuristic (Gigerinzer, 2000)
• The adaptive toolbox provides a research agenda of how to study cognitive abilities in terms of smart heuristics.