INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY:

PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, TRADE MARKSAND ALLIED RIGHTS

Fourth Edition

By

W. R. CORNISH, Q.C, LL.B., F.B.A.Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law,

University of Cambridge

LONDONSWEET & MAXWELL

1999

CONTENTS

Preface to First Edition v

Preface to Second Edition viPreface to Third Edition vüPreface to Fourth Edition ixTable of Cases xxvTable of Statutes ixvTable of Statutory Instruments lxxkTable ofEuropean and International Legislation lxxxiTable of Rules of Supreme Court lxxxvTable of Conventions bcxxviiTable of Treaties xciTable of Abbreviations xciü

PART I: COMMON GROUND

1. STARTING POINTS l-Oi1. General l-Oi

(1) "Intellectual property" 1-01(2) Organisation of the material 1-02

2. Types of Intellectual Property 1-04(1) Patents 1-05(2) Copyright 1-06(3) Trade marks and names 1-07(4) Other aspirants 1-08

(a) Industrial designs 1-09(b) Trade secrets and other confidential information 1-10(c) Further demands 1-11

3. Pressures for Development 1-12(1) Specific rights and unfair competition 1-13(2) Enhancement of intellectual property 1-23

(a) Demands for greater protection 1-23(b) Sources of United Kingdom law 1-25(c) Sources of European Community law 1-26(d) The E.C. Treaty and Intellectual Property 1-28(e) Legal issues across State boundaries; international

Conventions 1-29(f) International Treaties; Authority and Applicability 1-33

(3) Challenges to intellectual property: political 1-35(4) Challenges to intellectual property: technological 1-37

4. Property and Monopoly: Economic Approaches 1-39(1) Property Rights 1-40(2) Monopolist behaviour 1-43(3) The presumption against monopoly 1-44(4) Intellectual property and monopoly 1-45

5. Division of Markets and the European Economic Area 1-48(1) Dividing markets 1-48(2) Exhaustion of rights 1—49(3) The idea of a common market 1-50

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CONTENTS

(4) Free movement of goods 1-51(5) Rules of competition 1-53(6) Relation between the two policies 1-55

(a) Trade between Member States 1-56(b) The economic counter-balance 1-57

(7) Overview of the parallel importation problem 1-58

2. THE ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS 2-011. Types of Proceeding 2-04

(1) Civil causes of action 2-05(a) Owners and licensees of intellectual property 2-06(b) Defendants 2-07(c) High Court and County Court 2-10(d) General torts covering economic loss 2-12

(2) Criminal proceedings 2-19(a) Offences specifically concerning intellectual property 2-20(b) Conspiracy to defraud 2-21(c) Crimes and civil relief 2-22

(3) Administrative procedures 2-23(a) Customs prohibition 2-23(b) Trading Standards authorities 2-24(c) Supervision of broadcasting 2-25(d) Advertising Standards Authority 2-26

(4) Self-help 2-272. Remedies in Civil Actions 2-28

(1) Injunction 2-31(a) Interlocutory injunction 2-32(b) Final injunction 2-37

(2) Delivery up 2-38(3) Damages 2-39

(a) Bases for assessment 2-39(b) Innocence 2-42

(4) Account of profits 2-43(5) "Franking" 2-45(6) Remedies for acts which are not themselves infringements 2-46

3. Securing Evidence of Infringement 2-41(1) Search order for inspection and other relief: Anton Piller Order 2-48

(a) Requirements for the Order 2-48(b) Dangers in the process 2-49(c) Challenges to the order 2-52(d) Self-incrimination 2-54

(2) Freezing injunction for the retention of assets: Mareva Injunction 2-56(3) Discovery of names: Norwich Pharmacal action 2-58(4) Discovery, interrogatories, inspection 2-59

4. Delayed Ambush and Selective Action 2-62(1) Limitation of Actions 2-63(2) Acquiescence 2-64(3) Estoppels of record {res judicata) 2-65

(a) Judgment in rem 2-66(b) Cause of action estoppel 2-67(c) Issue estoppel 2-68

(4) Actions concerning foreign intellectual property 2-72(a) Foreign infringements 2-72(b) Jurisdiction: the Brüssels and Lugano Convention 2-74(c) Recognition and Enforcement: the Conventions 2-82(d) Foreign Defendant from outside E.U. and EFTA 2-83(e) Foreign transactions 2-84

(5) Making others responsible 2-88(6) Establishing freedom from liability 2-90(7) Threats to sue 2-91

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CONTENTS

PART II: PATENTS

3. GROWTH AND PURPOSE OF PATENTS 3-011. The New Deal of 1978 3-012. The British Patent System: Historical Development 3-04

(1) Beginnings 3-04(2) The Coming of industrialisation 3-06

3. The "International" Patent System 3-13(1) Foreign impact upon national Systems 3-13(2) Hostility to patents 3-16(3) Co-operation in patenting: world-wide linkages 3-19(4) Co-operation in patenting: Western Europe 3-23(5) A Second Tier Right for Western Europe? 3-31

4. Justifying the Patent System 3-36(1) Basic objectives 3-36(2) Patents as incentives to invent and innovate 3-38

(a) Types of inventor 3-39(b) Levels of invention 3-42(c) Optimum term for patents 3-48

(3) Patents as an information System ~ 3-49(4) Adapting the Patent System: New Technology 3-52

5. The Patents Act 1977: Structure and Interpretation 3-55

4. THE PATENT: GRANT AND CONTENT 4-011. Obtaining a Patent 4-01

(1) General 4-01(a) Parallels 4-01(b) Competition between the Systems 4-02(c) Languages 4-04

(2) Persons entitled to grant 4-06(3) Patent specification 4-09(4) Priority 4-10(5) Secrecy: national interest 4-14(6) Unity and division 4-15(7) Formal examination 4-16(8) Search and examination 4-17

(a) Introductory 4-17(b) Search 4-19(c) Early publication of application 4-20(d) Amending during prosecution 4-21(e) The course of examination 4-22(f) Time limits 4-23

(9) Grant and renewal . 4-24(10) Objections to validity after grant 4-27

2. Amendment 4-30(1) Introductory 4-30(2) Amendment: general 4-31

(a) Legal requirements 4-31(b) The discretion 4-34

(3) Correction of errors 4-353. Claims 4-37

(1) Claims and infringement: an introduction 4-37(2) Interpretation of specifications 4-41(3) The addressee of the specification 4-43(4) The application file 4-45(5) Types of claim 4-46

(a) General 4-46(b) Chemical inventions 4-47

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CONTENTS

5. VALIDITY1. Novelty

(1) Introduction(2) Publication and use(3) Material available for consideration

(a) Temporal factors(b) Territorial factors(c) Form(d) Degree of dissemination(e) Matter in prior specifications(f) Special exclusions

(4) Relations between anticipation and invention in suit(a) The comparison(b) The anticipation: clarity and sufficiency of a document(c) The anticipation: appreciation of significance of an

embodiment(5) Things and their uses

(a) New thing with an advantage(b) New use of an old thing(c) Selection patents(d) New advantage of old thing

(6) Exclusion by amendment2. Inventive Step

(1) Introduction(a) Terminology(b) Paraphrases(c) Objective test(d) Advance in the art(e) New advantage and new use(f) Perception of problem(g) Onus of proof

(2) Assessing obviousness(a) The notional skilled worker(b) The uninventive technician's knowledge(c) "Mosaicing"(d) Obscure sources: publication(e) Obscure sources: comprehension

(3) The basic comparison(a) Proximity to the prior art(b) Obvious to try: chemical and biotechnological inventions(c) Technical advantage and commercial success

3. Industrial Application4. Patentable Subject-Matter

(1) Intellectual conceptions(a) Discoveries(b) Schemes for performing mental acts; presentation of

information(c) Aesthetic creations(d) Computer programmes

(2) Biological subject-matter(a) Methods of treating the human or animal body(b) Plant and animal varieties; certain processes for their

production(c) "Ordre public" and morality

5. Clear and Complete Disclosure(1) General(2) Making the disclosure(3) Micro-organism Deposit(4) Good faith in disclosing

6. Requirements for Claims

5-015-035-035-065-095-105-115-125-135-145-165-175-175-18

5-195-215-215-225-235-265-285-295-295-315-325-335-345-355-365-375-385-385-395-425-435-445-455-465^95-515-535-545-565-56

5-605-625-635-705-73

5-825-895-935-935-955-985-99

5-101

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CONTENTS

(1) Claims and disclosure 5-101(2) Ambiguous Claims 5-106

6. SCOPE OF MONOPOLY 6-011. Infringement 6-01

(1) Introduction 6-01(2) The role of the Claims 6-02(3) Types of infringing activity 6-09

(a) Infringement during manufacture 6-11(b) Infringement after manufacture: general provisions 6-12(c) After manufacture: exhaustion of rights 6-15(d) Before manufacture: "indirect" and other infringements 6-17(e) New medical and other applications of known substances 6-20

(4) Prior use and commencement of infringement 6-21(5) Proceedings concerning the infringement and validity of

patents 6-232. The Specification in Light of the Legal Requirements 6-28

(1) The description 6-29(2) The Claims 6-30(3) Pitfalls of saying too much 6-31

7. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 7-011. Initial Entitlement and Property Dealings 7-02

(1) The right to grant: general 7-02(2) The right to grant: employees 7-03

(a) Common law rules 7-03(b) The changes in the 1977 Act 7-06(c) Basic entitlement under the 1977 Act 7-07(d) Compensation and employers' inventions 7-08(e) Compensation and the employees' inventions 7-09(f) Scope of the provisions 7-10(g) By-passing the Act: collective agreements 7-11(h) By-passing the Act: individual agreements 7-12(i) By-passing the Act by not patenting 7-13(j) Administration 7-14

(3) Dealing in rights . 7-15(a) Formalities 7-16(b) The Register 7-17

(4) Co-ownership 7-182. Licences of Patents and Allied Rights 7-19

(1) Traditional approach 7-19(2) Types of licence 7-20

(a) Interests at the Start 7-21(b) Rights in the technology 7-22(c) Exclusivity 7-23

(3) Particular terms in licences 7-24(a) Basic obligations 7-24(b) Duration 7-25(c) Improvements 7-26(d) Ties 7-27(e) Protection for the licensor 7-28(f) Protection for the licensee 7-29

(4) Competition law criteria 7-30(5) Development of E.C. Commission policy on patent licences 7-32(6) Exclusivity 7-34(7) Restrictive Terms 7-36

(a) Restrictions on production and sales 7-36(b) Technical adequacy v. unwanted ties 7-37(c) Further technical advances 7-38

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CONTENTS

(d) Duration and termination 7-393. Compulsory Licences 7-41

(1) Compulsory licensing under the 1977 Act 7-43(a) Legal grounds 7-43(b) The discretion 7-46

4. Crown Use 7-49

PART HI: CONFIDENCE

8. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 8-011. Introduction 8-01

(1) Nature of the liability 8-01(2) Confidence and patents 8-03(3) Confidence and Copyright 8-05(4) Historical and doctrinal 8-06

2. Requirements for Liability 8-09(1) Subject-matter capable of protection 8-10

(a) Types of information 8-10(b) Information and observation 8-11(c) Public knowledge 8-12(d) Public interest 8-15(e) Government secrets 8-19

(2) Confidential Obligation 8-20(a) Confidence in the receipt of information 8-20(b) Fiduciary duties 8-23(c) Employer and employee 8-24(d) Government departments and agencies 8-31(e) The indirect recipient 8-32(f) Absence of any relationship 8-34

(3) Unauthorised use 8-37(a) Wrongful acts 8-37(b) The defendant's State of mind 8-38(c) Detriment to the plaintiff 8-39

3. Remedies 8-40(1) Injunction and other equitable remedies 8-40

(a) Interlocutory injunctions 8-41(b) Discretion to grant injunction 8-44

(2) Damages and other Monetary Relief 8-464. Confidential Information as "Property" 8-495. Confidence and Privacy 8-546. Trade Secret Misuse: Criminal Responsibility 8-61

PART IV: COPYRIGHT AND DESIGNS

9. RANGE AND AIMS OF COPYRIGHT 9-011. Historical Introduction 9-01

(1) The emergency of Copyright 9-01(2) Additions to Copyright: nineteenth Century experience 9-04(3) International relations and the Act of 1911 9-06(4) Developments since 1945 9-09

(a) The 1956 Act 9-09(b) International developments 9-11(c) The new activism: from 1985 9-17(d) International Conventions: current scope 9-24(e) Copyright, unfair competition and industrial design 9-38

2. Values and Interests 9-423. Economic and Public Interest Perspectives 9-45

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CONTENTS

(1) Market power and individual works 9-45(2) Collective enforcement 9-49(3) Entrepreneurs and authors 9-52(4) The Durationof Copyright 9-54

4. The 1988 Act and pre-existing works 9-56

10. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 10-011. The General Picture 10-012. The Type and Quality of Subject-Matter 10-04

(1) Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 10-04(a) Literary works 10-05(b) Dramatic works 10-11(c) Musical works: type and quality 10-12(d) Artistic works 10-13(e) Computer-generated works 10-22

(2) Films 10-23(3) The entrepreneurial Copyrights 10-26

3. Formalities and Permanent Form 10-33(1) Absence of formalities 10-33(2) Permanent form for the work 10-34

4. Qualification 10-36(1) Qualification by personal Status 10-37(2) Connection by publication 10-38

5. Publication 10-396. Term of Copyright 10-43

(1) Classical works of authorship 10-44(2) Films 10-46(3) Photographs 10-48(4) Revived Copyright: protection of third parties 10-50(5) "Neighbouring" Copyrights 10-51(6) Special cases 10-52

(a) Anonymous and pseudonymous works 10-53(b) Crown and Parliamentary Copyright 10-55

(7) Lesser Terms outside the EEA 10-56

11. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORALRIGHTS 11-01

1. Infringement: Basic Concepts 11-01(1) Ownership of the original work 11-02(2) Misappropriation 11-03

(a) Causal connection 11-03(b) Subconscious copying 11-04(c) Indirect copying 11-05

(3) Substantial taking 11-06(a) Unaltered copying 11-08(b) Extent of defendant's alteration 11-09(c) Character of plaintiffs or defendant's work 11-12(d) Nature of plaintiffs effort 11-13(e) Extent of plaintiffs effort 11-14(f) Manner in which the defendant has taken advantage of

plaintiffs work 11-15(g) Whether the defendant's use will seriously interfere

with the plaintiffs exploitation of his work 11-16(h) Reproduction by the original author 11-17

(4) Infringement carried out by others 11-182. Classes of Prohibited Act 11-21

(1) Rights concerned with reproduction and adaptation 11-23(a) Primary infringement: copying 11-23

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(b) Primary infringement: issuing copies, rental and lending 11-27(c) Secondary infringement: dealings with copies 11-29

(2) Rights concerned with Performance, broadcasting and cable-casting 11-30(a) Primary infringement: the various performing rights 11-30(b) Performance in public 11-33(c) Broadcasting 11-34(d) Cable-casting 11-36(e) Secondary infringement: Performances 11-37

3. "Fair Dealing" and Like Exceptions 11-38(1) Fair Dealing 11-38

(a) General 11-38(b) Research or private study 11-40(c) Reporting current events 11-41(d) Criticism or review 11-42

(2) Other Exceptions 11-43(a) Exceptions designed to encourage collective licensing

schemes 11-44(b) Exceptions concerning artistic works 11-45(c) Broadcasts and cable-casts 11-46(d) Public administration 11-50(e) Miscellaneous 11-51

4. Public Policy 11-55(1) Policy against legal protection 11-56(2) Policy favouring dissemination 11-57

5. Actions for Infringement 11-58(1) Damages 11-59(2) Presumptions in Copyright infringement actions 11-62

6. Moral Rights 11-63(1) Protection of authors under general legal rules 11-66(2) Right to be identified 11-69

(a) Entitlement and duration 11-69(b) Assertion 11-70(c) Preclusion 11-71(d) Acts covered 11-72(e) Impact 11-74

(3) Right to object to derogatory treatment 11-75(a) Entitlement and duration 11-75(b) Exercise and preclusion 11-78(c) Acts covered 11-80(d) Impact 11-81

(4) False attribution 11-83(5) Right to privacy 11-85(6) Overall significance 11-87

12. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 12-011. Initial Ownership 12-04

(1) Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; films 12-04(a) Legal framework 12-04(b) Employment 12-05(c) Contracts to the contrary 12-07(d) Copyright extended and revived 12-08

(2) Entrepreneurial Copyright 12-102. Assignments and Licensing 12-11

(1) The distinction 12-11(2) Formal requirements 12-12

(a) Statutory provisions 12-12(b) Implied licences 12-13(c) Trans-national movement of goods 12-14

(3) Co-ownership by Copyright 12-19

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CONTENTS

3. Dealings Based on Copyright(1) Types of dealing(2) Legal controls on bargaining

(a) Restraint of trade(b) Undue influence(c) E.C. competition law

(3) The main Copyright industries(a) Publishing(b) Music(c) Screenwriting: film, television and video(d) Visual Arts

4. Control of Monopoly(1) The 1988 Act(2) The Copyright Tribunal(3) Dominant position of the E.C.

13. COPYRIGHT: PARTICULAR CASES1. The Media and the Public Interest in News

(1) Copyright in news(2) Fair dealing and recorded speech(3) Organisation and Journalist

2. Reprography and Recording: Educational and Private Copying(1) Visual copies of literary and other material

(a) Fair dealing and other exceptions(b) The reprography problem(c) Rights for publishers

(2) Audio and video copying3. Computers: Software, Output, Databases

(1) Computer programs(a) Existence of Copyright(b) Exclusive rights(c) Substantial taking(d) Exceptions

(2) Output(3) Databases

4. Cable and Satellite Transmission5. Digitised Material: Multi-media

(1) Work(2) Author(3) Adaptation(4) Moral right of integrity

6. Material on the Internet(1) Introductory

(a) International and regional law-making(b) Private international law and procedure

(2) British Law and its amendment(a) Illicit material(b) Legitimate material

7. Rights in Performances(1) The new law(2) Other characteristics(3) Remedies for infringement

8. Public Lending Right(1) Background(2) The PLR Scheme for books(3) Public "rental"

9. Artists' Resale Right: Droit de Suite10. Crown and Parliamentary Copyright

12-2212-2212-2812-2912-3112-3412-3512-3512-3812-4412-4912-5112-5112-5412-59

13-0113-0213-0313-0413-0713-0913-1113-1113-1213-1613-1913-2413-2513-2713-2913-3013-3613-4713-4913-5313-6013-6313-6513-6613-6713-6813-6813-7013-7213-7313-7413-8113-8813-9013-9413-9813-9913-99

13-10113-10213-10313-105

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CONTENTS

14. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN1. Background

(1) Origins of design registration(2) Copyright Act 1911(3) Copyright Act 1956(4) Design Copyright Act 1968(5) British Leyland v. Armstrong; Canon v. Green Cartridge(6) Order of the chapter

2. Registered Designs(1) Requirements for a registrable design (validity)

(a) Novelty(b) The whole article and parts(c) Construction method(d) "Must match"(e) Immaterial appearance(f) Functional features(g) Illegality or immorality

(2) Proprietorship and dealings(3) Registration and term(4) Property Rights(5) Infringement(6) Control of monopoly(7) Crown use

3. Artistic Copyright(1) The exclusion of design documents and modeis

(a) "Design document or model recording orembodying a design for anything other than anartistic work . . . "

(b) "Any aspect of shape or configuration . . . otherthan surface decoration"

(2) The limitation period4. (Unregistered) Design Right

(1) Subject-matter(2) Qualification(3) Exclusive right(4) Authorship and first ownership(5) Duration and licences of right(6) A brief comparison(7) Topography right

5. The European Future(1) Subject-matter(2) Novelty and individuality(3) Exclusions(4) Duration(5) Infringement(6) Scope(7) Exceptions(8) Property issues(9) Informal right(10) Open qualification(11) Summary

14-0114-0114-0214-0314-0414-0514-0614-0714-0814-0914-1014-1314-1414-1514-1614-1714-1814-1914-2014-2214-2314-2514-2614-2714-27

14-28

14-3114-3214-3314-3314-3914-4114-4314-4414-4714-4814-5214-5514-5614-5714-5814-5914-6014-6114-6214-6314-6414-65

PART V: TRADE MARKS AND NAMES

15. COMPETITOR AND CONSUMER 15-011. Underlying Themes 15-012. Historical Development 15-04

(1) Judicial protection 15-04

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CONTENTS

(2) The trade marks register 15-08(3) Trade marks in world trade 15-13

(a) International agreements 15-13(b) The Community Mark and the E.C. Directive 15-16(c) Unfair competition and consumer protection 15-19(d) Source indications and other naming Systems 15-21

3. The Purpose of Protecting Trade Marks 15-24(1) Trade mark functions 15-24(2) Information versus promotion 15-25(3) Functions and rights 15-30

16. COMMON LAW LIABILITY 16-011. Passing Off 16-01

(1) The plaintiffs reputation 16-07(a) Not just confusion 16-07(b) Distinguishing feature 16-08(c) Secondary meaning 16-12(d) Personal names 16-13(e) Mark becoming descriptive 16-14(f) Concurrent reputation 16-15(g) Geographical considerations 16-16(h) Temporal considerations 16-18(i) Dealings in trade reputation 16-19

(2) Defendant's representation 16-22(a) Defendant's State of mind 16-22(b) Form of passing-off 16-23(c) Likelihood of confusion 16-24(d) Descriptive connotation 16-26(e) Responsibility upon the defendant 16-27(f) Proof of likely deception 16-28

(3) Likelihood of damage 16-29(a) Likely damage 16-29(b) Goods or business not the same 16-30(c) Not trading in the same geographical area 16-31(d) Not trading: other sufficient reputation 16-32(e) Not trading: sponsorship and personality association 16-33

(4) The proper scope of passing off 16-36(a) Nature of the deception 16-37(b) Nature of the injury 16-41(c) Character merchandising 16-44

2. Injurious Falsehood 16-48(1) Elements of the tort 16-48

(a) The falsehood 16-49(b) Malice 16-50(c) Special damage 16-51

(2) Particular aspects 16-52(a) Relation to other torts 16-52(b) False Claims of infringement 16-53(c) Comparative advertising 16-54

17. R E G I S T E R E D T R A D E M A R K S 17-011. Registration Systems 17-012. The Process of Registration 17-02

(1) Procedure for a United Kingdom application 17-03(a) Applicants 17-03(b) Priority 17-04(c) Classification 17-05(d) Search and Examination 17-06(e) Opposition 1 7 - ° 7

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(f) Appeal 17-08(g) Registration and term 17-09

(2) Madrid Protocol: International Application 17-10(3) Community Trade Marks 17-11

3. Proprietary Interests and Licences 17-12(1) Assignment 17-13(2) Licensing 17-14

4. Conditions for Securing Registration: Absolute Grounds 17-17(1) "Trade Mark" 17-17

(a) European definition 17-17(b) Capacity to distinguish 17-18(c) Graphic representation 17-21(d) Undertaking 17-22

(2) Absolute and Relative Grounds 17-23(3) Absolute Grounds: General Categories 17-24

(a) Statutory provisions 17-25(b) Countervailing evidence 17-26(c) Indefeasible objections 17-29(d) "Devoid of distinctiveness" 17-30(e) "Characteristics" 17-36(f) "Customary usage" 17-40

(4) Absolute Grounds: Specific Categories 17-41(a) Shapes 17-41(b) Personality and character merchandising 17-46A(c) Public interest 17-47(d) State, official and royal emblems and other indicia 17-51

5. Conditions for Securing Registration: The Relative Grounds 17-52(1) Earlier Marks 17-53(2) Earlier Rights 17-54(3) Anti-Dilution Measures 17-55(4) Other Factors 17-58

(a) Consent of other party 17-58(b) Scope of objections 17-59(c) Disclaimer 17-60(d) Honest concurrent use 17-61

(5) Comparison between Marks 17-63(a) The basic for comparison 17-63(b) Factors in the comparison 17-64

(6) Community Trade Marks 17-666. Revocation After Registration 17-68

(1) Revocation for Non-Use 17-69(a) Scope of the ground 17-70(b) Exceptions 17-72

(2) Mark becoming Generic 17-74(3) Mark becoming Deceptive 17-76

7. Invalidity of a Registered Mark 17-80(1) Absolute Grounds 17-81(2) Relative Grounds: Acquiescence 17-82

8. Infringement 17-83(1) Infringement of a United Kingdom Register Mark 17-85

(a) Types of use amounting to infringement 17-86(b) The wrong to the registered mark 17-87(c) Scope of Infringement: other factors 17-108(d) Limitations upon infringement 17-111

(2) Exhaustion of Rights 17-114(3) Infringement of a CTM 17-116(4) Trade Marks and Parallel Importing 17-120

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PART VI: THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION

18. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE EUROPEANECONOMIC AREA 18-01

1. The Infernal Market: "Intellectual Property" 18-02(1) Free Movement of Goods 18-02

(a) Preliminary factors 18-03(b) Basic rule and its application 18-04(c) Justifications . 18-05(d) The "common origin" adventure 18-06(e) Absence of consent 18-07(f) Repackaging and relabelling 18-09

(2) Rights in Performance and Other Temporary Use 18-102. Internal Market: Unfair Competition 18-113. The Rules of Competition 18-144. Parallel Importation from outside the EEA 18-17

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

CONTROL OF MONOPOLIES AND RESTRICTIVE PRACTICES:NOTE ON INSTITUTIONS AND SOME SUBSTANTIVERULES Al-01

1. E.C. Institutions for Implementing Competition Policy Al-02(1) The E.C. Commission AI-03(2) National Courts Al-04

2. United Kingdom Competition Law Al-05(1) The Changing Law Al-05(2) Competition Act 1998 Al-07(3) Consequences of Breach Al-08

APPENDIX 2

JOINT INTERESTS IN MARKS, NAMES AND SYMBOLS A2-011. Criminal Proceedings A2-O22. Civil Proceedings at Common Law A2-033. E.C. Regulations A2-O44. Certification and Collective Trade Marks A2-05

APPENDIX 3

PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES A3-011. A Special System A3-O22. Official Testing A3-O33. Gradualism with Variations A3-O44. Criteria of Validity A3-O55. Rights over Reproductive Material A3-07

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6. The Registered Name A3-087. Licensing A3-09

Index p. 791

xxiv