After Prohibition

8/11/2019 After Prohibition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/after-prohibition 1/16



After Prohibition 2

After Prohibition!"# %&'()*+,+&- ./"0&1- 2)(3040-0(& +&5010(&1 " #()67 0& #30*3 7)8/ 9(60*0+1 #(): '() -3+ 4+&+'0- (' 1(*0+-;

"&7 :++9 (8) *(,,8&0-0+1 1"'+)< . 1;1-+, (' 6+/"60="-0(& "&7 )+/86"-0(& #066 7+*)+"1+ 50(6+&*+> 4+--+) 9)(-+*

38,"& )0/3-1> 1"'+/8")7 (8) *3067)+&> )+78*+ *)0,+ "&7 701+"1+> -)+"- 9+(96+ 18''+)0&/ ')(, 7)8/ "481+ "1

patients rather than criminals, use tax dollars more efficiently, and restore the public’s respect and trust in

6"# +&'()*+,+&-< !%.2 ,0110(& 1-"-+,+&-

Think of this war’s real causalities: tens of thousands of otherwise innocent Americans incarcerated

,"&; '() ?@ ;+")1> 1(,+ '() 60'+A '",060+1 )099+7 "9")-A 7)8/ -)"''0*:+)1 "&7 46",+6+11 4;1-"&7+)1 13(

7+"7 (& *0-; 1-)++-1A &")*(-0*1 (''0*+)1 "11"110&"-+7 3+)+ "&7 "4)("7> #0-3 9)(1+*8-()1> B87/+1> "&7

+6+*-+7 (''0*0"61 0& !"-0& .,+)0*" /8&&+7 7(#& '() -3+0) *(8)"/+(81 1-"&71 "/"0&1- -3+ *")-+61A "&7 "6

-3(1+ 7(66")1 19+&- (& '+7+)"6> 1-"-+> "&7 6(*"6 *(91> *(8)-1> 9)(1+*8-()1> 9)01(&> 9)(4"-0(&> 9")(6+> "&7

9++C0&C-3+C4(--6+ 9)(/)",1< :30+' ;(), <-",=+) >)+-?@

!"# %&'()*+,+&- ./"0&1- 2)(3040-0(&

Introduction

! #$! %$&'()*'! +#$$*&$, +-& -#.! !/0!$*!'1!23 !/!14(!2 #'2 !/#5*'!2 (-! +#$ &' 2$46,7 8!

,(#$(!2 &4( #, ($4! 9!)*!.!$, #'2 %#*(-%4)): !'%&$1!2 2$46 )#+, 4'(*) &4$ 1&',1*!'1!, +&4)2 '&

)&'6!$ #))&+ 4, (& ,(#: ,*)!'( #9&4( (-! -#$5, 9$&46-( &' 9: (-#( +#$7 8! 9!#$ 0!$,&'#

+*('!,, (& (-! 2!,($41(*.! %4(*)*(: &% #)) 2$46 0$&-*9*(*&', – %$&5 1#%%!*'!3 (&9#11& #'2 #)1&-&)3 (&

14$$!'( 9#', &' 2$46, (-#( +!$! &'1! )!6#)7 ;.!' *% +!)) *'(!'2!23 ,41- 0$&-*9*(*&', $#$!): +&$<

#'2 #)5&,( #)+#:, -#$5 (-! *'(!6$*(: &% #'2 $!,0!1( %&$ )#+ !'%&$1!5!'(7

America’s increasing rejection of the corruption and violence that accompany prohibition=

*$!,0&',*9)! %&$ (-! 6#5!>1-#'6*'6 $!,0&',! &% (-! %!2!$#) 6&.!$'5!'( (& 5#$*?4#'# $!%&$5 *'

8#,-*'6(&' #'2 @&)&$#2&7 A4( +! #00$!1*#(! (-! 1&'1!$' 5#': %!!) #9&4( (-! #11!)!$#(*'6 0#1!

&% 2$46 0&)*1: $!%&$57 8-#( $!0)#1!, 0$&-*9*(*&'B C&+ +*)) +! 0$&(!1( &4$ :&4'6B

Our report is aimed at those who are convinced of prohibition’s terrible toll but who seek safe

+&$<#9)! #)(!$'#(*.!,7 8! <'&+ +-#( -#00!', +-!' +! #$$!,( 0!&0)! %&$ 94:*'6 #'2 4,*'6

drugs. What happens when we don’t?

A301 )+=()- *(&-"0&1B

=7 D ,($#*6-(%&$+#$2 +#: (& (-*'< #9&4( 2$46, (-#( +*)) #))&+ 4, (& 5&.! 0#,( # 0$&-*9*>

(*&'>&'): 5&2!)3

E7 F!#)>+&$)2 !/#50)!, &% -&+ 5&.*'6 #+#: %$&5 0$&-*9*(*&' $!241!, (-! $#(!, &%

2!#(-3 2*,!#,!3 1$*5! #'2 #22*1(*&'G #'2

H7 I0!1*%*1, #9&4( +-#( &4$ 2$46 0&)*1*!, #'2 &4$ 1&554'*(*!, 5*6-( )&&< )*<! D%(!$

J$&-*9*(*&'7

W



3 After Prohibition

Section 1: The state and drug use

$46, #$! 0$&1!,,!2 &$ 4'0$&1!,,!2 ,49,(#'1!, (-#( 5#: 9! 4,!2 (& -!*6-(!' &$ ,400$!,,

!5&(*&',7 K-!: 0$&.*2! # $#0*2 ,-&$(14( (& !40-&$*#3 0#*' $!)*!% &$ # (!50&$#$: !,1#0!

%$&5 (-! 1-#))!'6!, #'2 $!,0&',*9*)*(*!, &% !.!$:2#: )*%!7 K-!: -#.! 9!!' 4,!2 *' &'! %&$5 &$

#'&(-!$ *' .*$(4#)): !.!$: <'&+' ,&1*!(:7 I&5!3 ,41- #, -!$&*' #'2 '*1&(*'!3 -#.! # -*6-

0&(!'(*#) %&$ 0-:,*1#) #22*1(*&'7 D)) 1#' 9! ,!$*&4,): #94,!23 +-!(-!$ )!6#) &$ *))!6#)7

5C) =(10-0(& 01 -3"- D)C/1 -3+,1+EF+1G )+/")DE+11 (' -3+0) F+)H )+"E =(-+&-0"E '()

"4C1+G ")+ &(- ,()"E "/+&-1 – 0&3+)+&-EH /((D () +F0E – "&D -3"- "DCE-1 3"F+ "& 0&I

"E0+&"4E+ )0/3- -( =E"*+ #3"- -3+H *3((1+ 0& -3+0) 4(D0+1?

8! 2& '&( (#<! (-*, 0&,*(*&' )*6-():3 %&$ 5#': &% 4, -#.! +*('!,,!2 (-! $#.#6!, &% 2$46 #94,! &'

*'2*.*24#), #'2 (-!*$ %#5*)*!,7

A4( +! (#<! ,!$*&4,): (-! *'#)*!'#9)! $*6-( &% (-! *'2*.*24#) (& 4,! (-! 5&&2>#)(!$*'6 1-!5*1#) &%

(-!*$ 1-&*1! +-!' (-!$! #$! '& 2!)!(!$*&4, !%%!1(,3 #'2 *' 1#,!, &% #94,!3 +! #$! ?&*'!2 9: #

6$&+*'6 '459!$ &% 1&554'*(: #'2 5!2*1#) )!#2!$, +-& 1&',*2!$ 2$46 #94,! '&( # ,*6' &% 1$*5*>

'#) *55&$#)*(:3 94( # 0!$,&'#) 5!'(#) -!#)(- *,,4! (& 9! 1&'%$&'(!2 9: $!)*6*&4, )!#2!$,3

#22*1(*&' ,0!1*#)*,(,3 ,&1*#) +&$<!$,3 %#5*): #'2 %$*!'2,7

L#+ !'%&$1!5!'(3 (-! 04'*(*.! #$5 &% (-! ,(#(!3 *, '&( #' #00$&0$*#(! $!,0&'2!$3 +-!(-!$ (-!

2$46 4,! *, # 0!$,&'#) 1-&*1! &$ # 0!$,&'#) 0$&9)!57

8-!$! #94,! &% (-3+)1 9: #' *'(&/*1#(!2 0!$,&' *, *'.&).!23 )#+ !'%&$1!5!'( *, *'2!!2 1#))!2

%&$3 '&( 9!1#4,! &% (-! 2$46 81+3 94( 9!1#4,! &% (-! #'(*>,&1*#) 9!-#.*&$7 M$46 4,! *, '!*(-!$ #'

excuse for nor responsible for that behavior. If it is part of an offender’s pattern of dysfunction,

(-!: 5#: 9! 2*$!1(!2 (& $!)!.#'( ,!$.*1!, #, 0#$( &% (-!*$ $!,(*(4(*&' #'2 $!-#9*)*(#(*&'3 94( (-!:54,( 9! -!)2 #11&4'(#9)! %&$ (-!*$ #1(*&',3 +-!(-!$ *'(&/*1#(!2 &$ '&(7

N4,( #, (-! 2$46, (-!5,!).!, #$! 1-!5*1#), +*(- '& *'($*',*1 ,()"6 O4#)*(*!,3 '& 2$46

#4(&5#(*1#)): :*!)2, #'(*>,&1*#) 9!-#.*&$7 K-!$! *, 1&',*2!$#9)! .*&)!'1! #,,&1*#(!2 +*(- (-!

5#$*?4#'# ($#2!3 .*$(4#)): '&'! +*(- (-! 1*6#$!((! ($#2!7 K-#( .*&)!'1! -#, '&(-*'6 (& 2& +*(-

(-! *'($*',*1 O4#)*ties of either drug. As with Al Capone’s reign of street terror, it *, '&( (-!

2$46, (-!5,!).!, (-#( 1#4,! (-! .*&)!'1!3 *( *, (-! 0&)*1: &% 0$&-*9*(*&'7

P4$ 0&,*(*&' 2&!, '&( $!O4*$! 4, (& ,#: # ,*'6)! 6&&2 (-*'6 #9&4( 2$46, 14$$!'(): 0$&-*9*(!27

8-!' &4$ 6$#'20#$!'(, #'2 6$!#(>6$#'20#$!'(, -#2 (-! +*,2&5 (& !'2 #)1&-&) 0$&-*9*(*&' *'

1933, they didn’t think for a minute that the drug in question was safe for children, non >(&/*13

'&'>#22*1(*'6 &$ 4'#,,&1*#(!2 +*(- ,!)%>2!,($41(*.! &$ #'(*>,&1*#) 9!-#.*&$7 Q4*(! (-! 1&'($#$:7

A4( *(, 9)(3040-0(& 1#4,!2 (-! ,#5! 4''!1!,,#$: death, disease, crime and addiction as today’s

0$&-*9*(*&' #'2 +#, !O4#)): %4(*)! *' 0$!.!'(*'6 (-! 0$&-*9*(!2 9!-#.*&$7 R( ?4,( 5#2! (-! 2$46 *'

O4!,(*&' 5&$! 2#'6!$&4, (-#' *( &(-!$+*,! +&4)2 9! *% )!6#) #'2 $!64)#(!2 $#(-!$ (-#' 04,-!2

4'2!$6$&4'27

D



After Prohibition 4

Section 2: Local efforts, global success

$&-*9*(*&' *, '&( ?4,( 2!,($41(*.! #'2 +#,(!%4)7 D, !/0!$*!'1!2 )#+ !'%&$1!5!'( 0$&%!,

,*&'#), +! <'&+ (-#( *( *, (!50&$#$:G # $!#)*S#(*&' (-#( *, %#,( 9!1&5*'6 1&55&',!',!

+*,2&57 D'2 ,&3 2!,0*(! &'6&*'6 D5!$*1#' 0$!,,4$!3 5#': 1&4'($*!, -#.! (#<!' 9*63 $!.!#)*'6

,(!0, #+#: %$&5 1$*5*'#)*S#(*&'7 K-!$! #$! 14$$!'(): (+!'(:>&'! 1&4'($*!, +*(- ,&5! %&$5 &

2$46 2!1$*5*'#)*S#(*&'3E #'2 (-#( '459!$ *, ,4$! (& *'1$!#,!7 M&5!,(*1#)):3 5#': ,(#(!, #$! #),&

9&)2): ,-!22*'6 (-!*$ 0$&-*9*(*&'*,( )#+,7

8-#( %&))&+, *, # 9$*!% 6)*50,! *'(& (-! $!#)>+&$)2 6&&2 '!+, (-#( &114$, !.!$: (*5! +! 9!6*'

(-! 5&.! #+#: %$&5 0$&-*9*(*&'*,( 0&)*1*!,7

Portugal3

' $!,0&',! (& # 2$#5#(*1 $*,! *' 2$46 4,! #'2 #94,! *' (-! =TTU,3 J&$(46#) 2!1*2!2 (& ($!#(

2$46 #94,! #, # 5!'(#) -!#)(- 0$&9)!5 *',(!#2 &% # 1$*5*'#) 0$&9)!57 K-&46- ,!))*'6

$!5#*'!2 *))!6#)3 =(11+110(& (' C= -( " 87 D"H 1C==EH (' "&H D)C/G 0&*ECD0&/ 3+)(0&G 01 &(

E(&/+) " *)0,0&"E (''+&1+7 M*$! 0$!2*1(*&', +!$! 5#2! #9&4( (-! *50#1( (-*, +&4)2 -#.! &'

J&$(464!,! :&4(-7

J&$(46#) 0$&.*2!, # 5!#'*'6%4) 6)*50,! *'(& # 0&,(>0$&-*9*(*&' +&$)2 *' +-*1- -!#.: 4,!$, #$!

encouraged, but rarely forced, to seek treatment. Drug use doesn’t magically disappear in this

+&$)23 #': 5&$! (-#' *( !.!$ -#, &$ !.!$ +*))7 A4( '& +&$,( %!#$, +!$! $!#)*S!23 #'23 *' %#1(

(-!$! *, 541- (& 1!)!9$#(! #'2 *5*(#(!7 K-! 9#2 ,(#(, 2!1)*'!27 K-! 6&&2 ,(#(, *'1$!#,!27

J01+"1+ "&D *)0,+

A!(+!!' EUUU #'2 EUUV3 -3+ &C,4+) (' *"1+1 (' KLM D+*)+"1+D ",(&/ D)C/ C1+)1

%$&5 TUW (& EXW3 #'2 (-! '459!$ &% DRMI 1#,!, 2$&00!2 %$&5 YUX (& =UV7 K-*, $!%)!1(, (-!

%#1( (-#( -#$5 $!241(*&' #00$&#1-!, ,41- #, '!!2)! !/1-#'6! #$! 5&,( !%%!1(*.! *' (-! #9

,!'1! &% 0&)*1! 0$&,!14(*&'7

K-! 0$&0&$(*&' &% (''+&1+1 *(,,0--+D C&D+) -3+ 0&'EC+&*+ (' D)C/1 "&DN() -( 'C&D

D)C/ *(&1C,=-0(& D)(==+D 4H 3"E' 3 %$&5 ZZ[ *' =TTT (& E=[ *' EUUV7 P.!$#))3 (-!$!

-#, 9!!' # 1)!#$ $!241(*&' *' (-! 94$2!' &' (-! 1$*5*'#) ?4,(*1! #'2 -!#)(- 1#$! ,:,(!5,7

.DD0*-0(&

K-! '459!$ &% D)C/ C1+)1 0& -)+"-,+&- OC,=+D XE[ 9!(+!!' =TTV #'2 EUUV7 K-*, $!%)!1(, (-! 5&.! %$&5 (-! 1$*5*'#) (& (-! 5!2*1#) #00$&#1- (& 2$46 #22*1(*&' #'2 ,-&+, (-#

#, ,&&' #, #22*1(!2 0!&0)! #$! '&( -4'(!2 9: (-! ,(#(!3 (-!: ,!!< #.#*)#9)! -!)07

R' EUUU3 EH[ &% %*$,(>(*5! ($!#(5!'( 1)*!'(, +!$! &.!$ HZ :!#$, &)27 R' EUUV3 (-#( '459!$

?450!2 (& ZX[7 D22*1(*&' ,0!1*#)*,(, ,!! (-*, #, !.*2!'1! (-#( '+#+) H(C&/ =+(=E+ ")+

4+*(,0&/ D)C/ D+=+&D+&-3 +-*1- *, !/#1(): (-! 6&#) &% 6&&2 2$46 0&)*1:

P

I



5 After Prohibition

L,="*- (& H(C-3

It is reasonable to assume that if a person is dysfunctionally addicted to a drug, they’ve used it at

least once in the past 30 days. That is called “Current Use” and is the statistic relied on by the

\] P%%*1! &' M$46, #'2 @$*5!3 (-! 8&$)2 C!#)(- P$6#'*S#(*&' #'2 (-! ;4$&0!#' ^&'*(&$*'6

Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. And here’s where the Portugal numbers shine:

K-! 1-#$( (& (-! )!%( 1&.!$, =Y>EZ :!#$ &)2,3

1$*(*1#) :!#$, +-!$! ,!$*&4, 2$46 4,! #'2 0&>

(!'(*#) #22*1(*&' (:0*1#)): (#<! -&)27 K-! 1-#$(

$!.!#), " *E+") !"#$%&" 0& -3+ &C,4+) ('

-3(1+ H(C&/1-+)1 #3( 3"F+ C1+D "& 0EI

E0*0- D)C/ 0& -3+ ="1- ,(&-33 # $!#,,4$*'6

,(#(*,(*1 %&$ (-&,! 1&'1!$'!2 #9&4( 5&$! (-#'

&'!>(*5! :&4(-%4) !/0!$*5!'(#(*&'7

J&$(46#) -#, !/0!$*!'1!2 # )+78*-0(& *' 9)&&2>borne diseases, “drug>related” crime, youthful

2$46 4,! #'2 :&4(-%4) 2$46 #22*1(*&'7 R( #),&

,#+ #' 0&*)+"1+ *' 0!&0)! 6!((*'6 ($!#(5!'( %&$

(-!*$ #22*1(*&' – (-! %&4'2#(*&' &% # .*$(4&4,

1:1)! *' +-*1- )*.!, #$! 1-#'6!2 #'2 ,#.!27

Vancouver

' $!,0&',! (& (-! *'1$!#,*'6 2!#(-3 2*,!#,!3 1$*5! #'2 #22*1(*&' 1#4,!2 9: (-! 4'$!64)#(!2

#94,! &% &0*#(!, #'2 &(-!$ ,49,(#'1!,3 _#'1&4.!$ ,!( 40 # ,40!$.*,!2 *'?!1(*&' ,*(!3 R',*(!3

+-!$! #22*1(!2 0!&0)! 9$*'6 #'2 4,! (-!*$ &+' 2$46, 4'2!$ (-! ,40!$.*,*&' &% 5!2*1#) 0!$,&'>

'!) *' # ,!((*'6 (-#( !'1&4$#6!, (-!5 (& <*1< (-!*$ #22*1(*&'7

K-*, *, &'! &% # 6$&+*'6 '459!$ &% %#1*)*(*!, (-$&46-&4( (-! +&$)23 #)) &% +-*1- -#.! 0$!.!'(!2

1&4'()!,, &.!$2&,! 2!#(-, #'2 6*.!' -&0! (&

#%%)*1(!2 *'2*.*24#),3 (-!*$ %#5*)*!, #'2

1&554'*(*!,7 K-! %&))&+*'6 #$! (-! %*'2*'6, &%

M$7 K-&5#, `!$$3 +-& 0!$%&$5!2 #' *'2!>

0!'2!'( !.#)4#(*&' &% (-*, 0$&6$#57 ]&( &'):

+!$! (-!$! 4'*.!$,#)): 0&,*(*.! &4(1&5!, %$&5

(-*, 5!2*1#) #00$&#1- (& ,49,(#'1! #94,!3 94(

(-!$! +!$! &( &+/"-05+ (8-*(,+13 2!,0*(! 2*$!

0$!2*1(*&', #'2 *'*(*#) &00&,*(*&'7 R',*(! *, '&+

,400&$(!2 9: (-! )&1#) 0&)*1!3 (-! @#'#2*#'

^!2*1#) D,,&1*#(*&' #'2 )&1#) 5!$1-#'(,7 R( *,

0$&&% 0&,*(*.! (-#( -!)0*'6 $#(-!$ (-#' -4'(*'6

(-&,! ,4%%!$*'6 %$&5 1-!5*1#) #22*1(*&' *,

-45#'!3 1&,( !%%!1(*.!3 #'2 0&,,*9)!7

I



“People who are addicted and shooting up in the a $ +;1 "&7

7(()#";1 3"5+ &( "**+11 -( "&; 1()- (' 3+"6-3 *")+> "&7 D&10-+ 01

9")- (' 9)(/)", -( )+7)+11 -3"-> -( 4)0&/ 9+(96+ #3( ")+,")/0&"60=+7 (8- (' 1(*0+-; 4"*: 0&-( 1(*0+-;> 4"*: 0&-( -3+ 60/3-

of health care.” J")#0& P013+)G L&10-+

After Prohibition 6

Findings of Dr. Thomas Kerr concerning independent evaluation of Vancouver’s Insite program.



7 After Prohibition

Switzerland4

' (-! )#(! =TVU, #'2 !#$): =TTU,3 I+*(S!$)#'2 %#1!2 #' *'(!',! 0$&9)!5 &% 2$46 #94,!3 0#$>

(*14)#$): &% -!$&*'3 #'2 6$&+*'6 '459!$, &% CR_aDRMI 1#,!, #, # $!,4)(7 D%(!$ 1#$!%4) ,(42:3

(-! b!2!$#) P%%*1! &% J49)*1 C!#)(- 5#2! #' !/0)*1*( 2!1*,*&' *' =TTZ (& #22$!,, 2!0!'2!'( 2$46

4,! #, # 2*,&$2!$ &$ *))'!,,7 D, 0#$( &% (-*, ,-*%(3 (-!: 2!.!)&0!2 #' !/0!$*5!'( (& ($!#( -!$&*'

#22*1(, +*(- 6&.!$'5!'(>5#'4%#1(4$!2 -!$&*'7 K-!: #),& #4(-&$*S!2 5!(-#2&'! 0$&6$#5,3 ,#%!

*'?!1(*&' $&&5,3 #'2 '!!2)! !/1-#'6! 0$&6$#5, #1$&,, (-! 1&4'($:3 *'1)42*'6 *' 0$*,&',7 ;#1-

0$&6$#5 +#, 2!,*6'!2 (& #))&+ %&$ 1#$!%4)3 !.*2!'1!>9#,!2 !.#)4#(*&'7

<-)0*- )+/CE"-0(&

R' &$2!$ (& O4#)*%: %&$ (-! -!$&*' 5#*'(!'#'1! 0$&6$#53 # 0#(*!'( 54,( 9! #( )!#,( =V :!#$, &)23

-#.! 9!!' #22*1(!2 %&$ #( )!#,( (+& :!#$,3 ,-&+ ,*6', &% 0&&$ -!#)(-3 #'2 -#.! -#2 (+& &$ 5&$!

%#*)!2 #((!50(, #( 1&'.!'(*&'#) ($!#(5!'(3 ,41- #, 5!(-#2&'!7 K-! 0#(*!'(, 4,! (-! -!$&*' #(

(-! 1)*'*13 40 (& (-$!! (*5!, # 2#:7

J)","-0* D+*)+"1+ 0& D+"-3G D01+"1+G *)0,+G "&D "DD0*-0(&

]&( &'! 0!$,&' *' (-! -*,(&$: &% (-*, 0$&6$#5 -#, 2*!2 &% # -!$&*' &.!$2&,!7 K-! 0$&6$#5 $!>

,4)(!2 *' # XU[ 2$&0 *' %!)&': 1$*5!, 1&55*((!2 9: 0#(*!'(,3 +*(- #' #.!$#6! VU[ 2$&0 %&$

(-&,! +-& -#.! 9!!' *' (-! 0$&6$#5 %&$ #( )!#,( &'! :!#$7 F#(!, &% CR_ #'2 -!0#(*(*, #5&'6

2$46 4,!$, -#.! 0)455!(!27 ^&$!&.!$3 (-!$! +#, ,*6'*%*1#'( *50$&.!5!'( *' -!#)(- &4(1&5!,

%&$ 0#(*!'(,3 *'1)42*'6 ,*6'*%*1#'(): $!241!2 1&',450(*&' &% *))*1*( -!$&*' #'2 *))*1*( 1&1#*'!7

;+# 3+)(0& C1+ D0D &(- 0&*)+"1+

Despite catastrophic warnings that helping addicts instead of prosecuting them “sends the

wrong message,” the Swiss programs led to '+#+) &+# 3+)(0& 81+)17 K-! $!#,&', #$! 1&50)!/3

94( 5#': !/0!$(, %!!) (-#( (-*, *, 9!1#4,! (-! 0$&6$#5 5#<!, -!$&*' ,!!5 4'#(($#1(*.! (&

:&4'6 0!&0)!3 #'2 (-!$! *, )!,, &% # ,&1*#) &00&$(4'*(: (& 9! *'($&241!2 (& -!$&*' 9: (-! ,($!!(

2!#)!$, +-& -#.! 9!!' 04( &4( &% 94,*'!,, 9: (-*, #00$&#1-7 R' I+*(S!$)#'23 -!$&*' #22*1(*&' *,

*'1$!#,*'6): ,!!' 9: :&4'6 0!&0)! #, #' 4'6)#5&$&4, -!#)(- 0$&9)!57

:(1- 1"F0&/1

K-*, 1&50$!-!',*.! 049)*1 -!#)(- #00$&#1- -#, ,#.!2 (-! 1&4'($: 5&'!: *' (!$5, &% 1&4$(

(*5!3 0&)*1! (*5!3 $!241!2 1$*5! $#(!, #'2 )&+!$!2 2!5#'2 %&$ !/0!',*.! -!#)(- ,!$.*1!,7

Q0D+1=)+"D "&D /)(#0&/ 1C==()-

R' # EUUV $!%!$!'245 .&(!3 (-! I+*,, 049)*1 #%%*$5!2 (-*, 0$&6$#5 9: # )#$6! 5#$6*'7 ;)!5!'(,

&% (-! 0$&6$#5 -#.! 9!!' !54)#(!2 9: ,!.!' 1&4'($*!,c d!$5#':3 M!'5#$<3 C&))#'23 A!)6*453

;'6)#'23 I0#*' #'2 @#'#2#7

I



After Prohibition 8

Summary of Section 2

Portugal’s !/0!$*!'1! ,-&+, (-#( 0!&0)! 9!6*' (& 5&.! #+#: %$&5 (-!*$ #22*1(*&', #'2 4'-!#)(-: 9!-#.*&4$,

+-!' (-! 0&+!$ &% (-! ,(#(! *, '&( -#$'!,,!2 #6#*',( (-!5 *' # 5&$#)*,(*13 -#$$#,,*'6 1$4,#2!7

M"&*(CF+) "&D <#0-R+)E"&D ,-&+ (-#( (-! 5&,( !%%!1(*.! +#: (& 2!#) +*(- (-&,! #22*1(!2 (& -#$2 2$46, *,

'&( (-$&46- 04'*,-5!'(3 94( (-$&46- # 5!2*1#) 5&2!) &% ,400&$( *' +-*1- 0-:,*1#) #22*1(*&' *, *,&)#(!2

%$&5 (-! ,&1*#) 0$&9)!5, (-&46-( (& 9! 1#4,!2 9: *(3 #'2 '&'>?4265!'(#) -!)0 *, 0$&.*2!27

K-! .,+)0*"& ;/0!$*!'1! +*(- 5!2*1#) 5#$*?4#'# ,466!,(, (-#( 0!&0)! 1&'(*'4! (-!*$ &+' )!.!) &% 4,!G (-#( '&

%)&&26#(!, &0!' +-!' +! #))&+ 0!&0)! #11!,, (& (-!*$ 0$!.*&4,): %&$9*22!' 5!2*1*'!, +*(-&4( (-! (-$!#( &% #$$!,(7

The United States5

' #'#):,*, &% 2#(# %$&5 =TTH (-$&46- EUUT 9: !1&'&5*,(, #( (-$!! D5!$*1#' 4'*.!$,*(*!, %&4'2

'& !.*2!'1! (-#( )!6#)*S!2 5!2*1#) 5#$*?4#'# )#+, -#.! 1&'($*94(!2 (& 5&$! 4,! &% (-! 2$46 9:

-*6- ,1-&&) ,(42!'(,7

M4$*'6 (-#( (*5! 0!$*&23 =H ,(#(!, )!6#)*S!2 5!2*1#) 5#$*?4#'#7 eK+!'(: ,(#(!, #'2 (-! M*,($*1( &@&)459*# '&+ -#.! ,41- # )#+3 #'2 )!6*,)#(*&' *, 0!'2*'6 *' 5#': &(-!$,7f

J$&%!,,&$ A!'?#5*' C#',!' &% (-! \'*.!$,*(: &% P$!6&'3 +-& ,(42*!, $*,<: 9!-#.*&$,3 0&*'(!2 &4( (-#(

“In fact, the data often sho+!2 # &+/"-05+ relationship between legalization and marijuana use.”

F!,!#$1-!$, !/#5*'!2 (-! $!)#(*&',-*0 9!(+!!' )!6#)*S#(*&' #'2 .#$*&4, &4(1&5!, ,41- #, 5#$*

?4#'# 4,! #( ,1-&&)3 *',(#'1!, &% 2$46, &%%!$!2 &' ,1-&&) 0$&0!$(:3 #)1&-&) 4,! #'2 1&1#*'! 4,!

K-!: %&4'2 '& !.*2!'1! (-#( )!6#)*S#(*&' )!2 (& *'1$!#,!, *' 5#$*?4#'# 4,! #( ,1-&&)3 (-! )*<!)*

-&&2 &% 9!*'6 &%%!$!2 2$46, &' ,1-&&) 0$&0!$(: &$ (-! 4,! &% &(-!$ ,49,(#'1!,7

R' #22*(*&' (& '#(*&'#) g&4(- F*,< A!-#.*&$ I4$.!: egFAIf 2#(#3 (-!: 2$!+ &' ,(#(! gFAI 2#(#%&$ =TTH>EUUT #'2 2#(# %$&5 (-! =TTW ]#(*&'#) L&'6*(42*'#) I4$.!: &% g&4(-7 K-!: #),&

!/#5*'!2 (-! K$!#(5!'( ;0*,&2! M#(# I!(3 +-*1- 1&'(#*', *'%&$5#(*&' &' +-!(-!$ 0#(*!'(, #

%!2!$#)): %4'2!2 2$46 ($!#(5!'( %#1*)*(*!, (!,(!2 0&,*(*.! %&$ 5#$*?4#'# 40&' #25*,,*&'7 K-!

$!,4)(, &% (-*, #'#):,*, ,466!,(!2 (-#( (-! )!6#)*S#(*&' &% 5!2*1#) 5#$*?4#'# +#, 4'$!)#(!2 (& (-!

)*<!)*-&&2 (-#( 0#(*!'(, #6!, =Y>EU (!,(!2 0&,*(*.! %&$ 5#$*?4#'#7

“We are confident that marijuana used by teenagers does not increase when a state legalizes

medical marijuana,” said Montana State’s Professor D. Mark Anderson, an economics professor

+-& ,(42*!, -!#)(- !1&'&5*1,3 $*,<: 9!-#.*&$ #'2 1$*5!7

K-!,! $!%&$5, 2& '&( 1-#'6! (-! %#1( (-#( 4'2!$ 0$&-*9*(*&' 1#$(!), #'2 ,($!!( 2!#)!$, ,(*)) 1&'

($&) (-! 0$&241(*&'3 2*,($*94(*&' #'2 0$&5&(*&' &% (-!*$ 0$&241(,7 K-!$!%&$!3 +! 1#' &'): 6!( #

6)*50,! &% -&+ 541- ,($&'6!$ #'2 ,#%!$ &4$ '#(*&' 1&4)2 9! &'1! +! #9#'2&' (-#( #00$&#1-

A4( #, +! 5&.! #+#: %$&5 1$*5*'#)*S#(*&'3 6&&2 (-*'6, -#00!'G ,&5!(*5!, 2$#5#(*1#)):3 ,&5!

(*5!, *'1$!5!'(#)):7

A



9 After Prohibition

Section 3: After Prohibition: our policies, our communities

5C) =(E0*0+1

8! <'&+ (-#( $!#,&'#9)! 0!&0)! +*)) 2*,#6$!! #9&4( )+/86"-0(&7 P'6&*'6 2!9#(!, #9&4( (-!

2$*'<*'6 #6! #'2 #))&+#9)! )!.!), &% 1*6#$!((! 0$&5&(*&' #'2 (#/#(*&' #$! !/#50)!, &% -&+ (-!

'&$5#) 2!5&1$#(*1 0$&1!,, #00)*!, (& 2$46 0&)*1:7 P'1! +! $!5&.! (-! 0$&-*9*(*&'3 (-#( &'6&>*'6 2*#)&64! – )&1#) #2?4,(5!'(, #'2 0$!%!$!'1!, – 1#' 9! #00)*!2 (& "66 2$46,7 8! +*)) (-!' 9!

0&,*(*&'!2 #'2 !50&+!$!2 (& 5!#'*'6%4)): $!64)#(! #'2 1&'($&) (-!57

8-*)! (-*, 9$*!% '!/( ,!1(*&' *, '&( # $*6*2 $&#25#03 *( *))4,($#(!, ,&5! 2*$!1(*&', 0&)*1: 5*6-(

(#<!7 K-!,! #$! 0&,,*9)! #00$&#1-!, (& (-! $!64)#(*&' &% 2$46, $#'6*'6 %$&5 5#$*?4#'# (& -!$&*'

+-*1- 0!$5*(, %)!/*9*)*(: #'2 2!5#'2, #11&4'(#9*)*(:7

b&$ ,*50)*1*(:3 +! -#.! 2*.*2!2 &4$ #00$&#1- *'(& (+& 1#(!6&$*!,3 &'! 2!#)*'6 +*(- 5#$*?4#'#3

#'2 (-! &(-!$ !'1&50#,,*'6 (-! %4)) $#'6! &% *))!6#) 2$46,7 P4$ %4'2#5!'(#) 0&*'( $!5#*', (-#(

0$&-*9*(*&' ,-&4)2 9! $!0!#)!23 '&( 9!1#4,! &% (-! $!)#(*.! ,#%!(: &% (-! 2$46 *' O4!,(*&'3 94(

9!1#4,! &% (-! -#$5, *'-!$!'( *' 0$&-*9*(*&'*,( 9(60*0+17 ]&'!(-!)!,,3 +! 5#<! (-*, 2*.*,*&' -!$!

9!1#4,! 5#$*?4#'# -#, #1-*!.!2 # ,!0#$#(! ,(#(4, *' 2$46 0&)*1: 2*,14,,*&',7

S")0OC"&"

M!,0*(! 2!1#2!, &% +!))>%4'2!2 %!#$ 5&'6!$*'6 #'2 5*))*&', &% #$$!,(,3 5#$*?4#'# *, # 0)#'(

(-#( -#, 9!!' 4,!2 $!1$!#(*&'#)): &$ 5!2*1*'#)): #( )!#,( &'1! 9: #00$&/*5#(!): =UU3UUU3UUU

D5!$*1#',7X R( ,!!5, $!#,&'#9)! #'2 *'!.*(#9)! (& ($!#( 5#$*?4#'# #, +! 2& 1*6#$!((!, &$

#)1&-&)3 (-&46- *( +*)) 9! !#,: (& *',(*(4(! 9#', &' &.!$( 5#$<!(*'67 R( +*)) 9! )!6#) (& 6$&+3

($#',0&$( #'2 ,!)) (-! 1#''#9*, 0)#'(3 ,49?!1( (& !'%&$1!#9)! $!64)#(*&',3 $!,($*1(*&', #'2

(#/#(*&'7 N4,( #, +! 2& +*(- -&0, #'2 9#$)!: &$ (-! (&9#11& 0)#'(7 I(#(!, 14$$!'(): 0$&.*2*'6(-! )!6 +&$< &' (-*, ($#',*(*&' 1#' 9! 4,!2 #, 5&2!), +-&,! #00$&#1-!, +*)) 9! #11!0(!2 &$

5&2*%*!2 #, &(-!$ ,(#(!, 2!!5 #00$&0$*#(!7 N4,( #, +! 2*2 +-!' +! !'2!2 #)1&-&) 0$&-*9*>

(*&'7

2)0F"-+ =)(DC*-0(&

P'1! (-! 0$&-*9*(*&' &' 6$&+*'6 5#$*?4#'# *, )*%(!23 0!&0)! +*)) 9! #))&+!2 (& 14)(*.#(! (-*,

0)#'(3 ?4,( #, 0!&0)! #$! #))&+!2 (& 9$!+ (-!*$ &+' 9!!$3 ,49?!1( (& )&1#) $!64)#(*&',7 R' ,&5!

?4$*,2*1(*&', (-! 0)#'(, +&4)2 -#.! (& 9! &4( &% 049)*1 .*!+3 *' &(-!$,3 6$&+!$, 5*6-( -#.! (&

$!6*,(!$ +*(- (-! ,(#(!G ,&5! +&4)2 #))&+ H 0)#'(,3 ,&5! +&4)2 #))&+ =Z 0)#'(,3 #'2 ,& &'7

S+D0*"E C1+

D%(!$ 0$&-*9*(*&'3 -!#)(- 0$&.*2!$, +*)) 9! %$!! (& ,!( ,(#'2#$2, #'2 $!,($*1(*&', (-#( 0$&.*2!

0#(*!'(, #11!,, (& # 0)#'( (-#( -#, 9!!' 4,!2 5!2*1*'#)): %&$ (-&4,#'2, &% :!#$, #'2 +-*1-

was part of the official medical pharmacopeia for most of our nation’, -*,(&$:7 R( +*)) 9! #

,49?!1( &% 5!2*1#) $!,!#$1- &' # 0#$ +*(- #': &(-!$ 0)#'( 2!!5!2 9: ,1*!'(*,(, (& -#.! 5!>

2*1*'#) 0&(!'(*#)7



After Prohibition 10

T+&+)"E )+/CE"-0(&1

D, +*(- #': 2$46, -#.*'6 1&',1*&4,'!,,>#)(!$*'6 0&(!'(*#)3 (-!$! +*)) 9! #6! )*5*(, #'2 ,1*

!'(*%*1#)): ,&4'2 !241#(*&' #9&4( (-! 0&(!'(*#) 2&+',*2!, %&$ :&4'6 0!&0)!7 R50#*$!2 2$*.*'6

)#+, +*)) $!5#*' 4'1-#'6!23 94( (-! 5!$! 0$!,!'1! &% 5#$*?4#'# *' -#*$ ,#50)!,3 *' (-!

#9,!'1! &% &(-!$ 0$&9)!5#(*1 9!-#.*&$,3 +*)) '&( 9! 6$&4'2, %&$ #$$!,(3 &' &$ &%% (-! $&#2

\')*<! #)1&-&)3 KC@ $!5#*', *' :&4$ ,:,(!5 %&$ +!!<,3 #'2 *(, 0$!,!'1! *, (-!$!%&$! '&(

!.*2!'1! &% *50#*$5!'(7 ;'.*$&'5!'(#) #'2 )#9&$ $!64)#(*&', *' !%%!1( %&$ 2&5!,(*1 #'2 *5

0&$(!2 1$&0, +*)) '&+ #00): (& (-! 1#''#9*, 0)#'(7

K+)(0& "&D (-3+) D)C/1

R( *, '&(!+&$(-: (-#( ,40!$.*,!2 *'?!1(*&' ,*(!, +!$! 1$!#(!2 *' $!,0&',! (& 0$&9)!5, !/#1

!$9#(!2 9: #22*1(*&'3 '&( *' (-! '#5! &% 0!$,&'#) %$!!2&53 6$&+(- &$ !/0)&$#(*&'7 P0*#(!,

#'2 ,(*54)#'(, -#.! # .!$: -*6- 0&(!'(*#) %&$ 2#5#6! #'2 2!0!'2!'1: #'2 ,-&4)23 #( # 5*'*

5453 '!.!$ 9! 0$&5&(!2 %&$ $!1$!#(*&'#) 4,!7

8! ,-#$! (-! 1&'1!$' #9&4( (-! +*2!,0$!#2 &.!$4,! &% #' #$$#: &% ,(*54)#'(, #'2 '!+): 1$!

#(!2 ,:'(-!(*1 2$46,3 $!6#$2)!,, &% (-!*$ )!6#) ,(#(4,7 g!( +! 4'2!$,(#'2 (-#( (-!$! *, '&(-*'6

1&',($41(*.! *' (-! 0$&-*9*(*&'*,( #00$&#1- (& (-!,! 2$46,3 #'2 541- (-#( *, 2!,($41(*.!7

8! <'&+ (-#t homemade meth labs don’t create demand for methamphetamine, but do

1#4,! -&$$*%*13 4''!1!,,#$: 2#5#6! (& 0$&241!$, #'2 4,!$, #)*<!7 8! <'&+ (-#( 1$#1< 1&

caine functions like a poor person’s Prohibition>!$# 9#(-(49 6*'3 5#6'*%:*'6 (-! 2#'6!$, *'

-!$!'( *' (-! %&$9*22!' 2$467 D'2 +! <'&+ (-#( ,&5! ($4): 2#'6!$&4, ,:'(-!(*1 2$46,

would have little reason to exist if their creators weren’t in a perpetual cat>#'2>5&4,! 6#5!

+*(- )#+ !'%&$1!5!'( &.!$ !,(#9)*,-!2 2$46, +-&,! 0&(!'1: #'2 2#5#6! 0&(!'(*#) #$!

<'&+' O4#'(*(*!,7

D'23 #, +*(- 5#$*?4#'#3 (-!$! #$! .*#9)! #)(!$'#(*.!,7 I411!,,%4) 1$&,,>'#(*&'#) !/0!$*!'1!, +*(-

(-! $!64)#(!2 2*,($*94(*&' #'2 1&',450(*&' &% (-! 5&,( 2#'6!$&4, 2$46, 1#' 9! 1&0*!2 #'2

5&2*%*!2 +-!' 2!#)*'6 +*(- 0!&0)! +-&,! )*.!, #$! $4)!23 94( '&( !'-#'1!23 9: (-&,! 2$46,7

A: 9$*'6*'6 &0*#(!, #'2 ,(*54)#'(, 9#1< *'(& (-! )!6#) ,:,(!53 +! +*)) !',4$! (-#( (-! !'(*$!

0$&241(*&' #'2 2*,($*94(*&' 1-#*'3 *'1)42*'6 2&1(&$>,40!$.*,!2 5!2*1*'#) 4,!3 +*)) *'1)42!

5!#'*'6%4) )!.!), &% 6&.!$'5!'(#) &$ 1)*'*1#) &.!$,*6-(7 R' &$2!$ (& 0#$(#<! *' (-*, (*6-():

$!64)#(!2 5#$<!(3 %&$ !/#50)!3 D%6-#' %#$5!$, +&4)2 -#.! (& 9! $!1&6'*S!2 #, )!6*(*5#(!

0$&.*2!$, 9: (-!*$ 6&.!$'5!'(,3 (-4, $!241*'6 (-!*$ .4)'!$#9*)*(: (& (!$$&$*,(, +-& !/(&$(%#$5!$, 9: 0$&(!1(*'6 (-!5 %$&5 0$&-*9*(*&'>9#,!2 6&.!$'5!'( 1$#1<2&+',7 R( +*)) #),&

#))&+ )#+ !'%&$1!5!'( (& 6!( # 5!#'*'6%4) -#'2)! &' O4#'(*(*!, #'2 ,&4$1!,3 9&(- .*(#) (&

04$,4*'6 *))!6#) 2*.!$,*&'7

D .!$: ,5#)) 0!$1!'(#6! &% (-! #24)( 0&04)#(*&' +*)) 1&'(*'4! (& +#'( (& ($: -!$&*' &$ ,*5*)#$

2$46, #( )!#,( &'1!3 #'2 *',(!#2 &% %*'2*'6 ,($!!( 2!#)!$,3 &$ %$*!'2, +-& <'&+ ,($!!( 2!#)!$,

(-!: +*)) 9! #9)! (& 6& (& -*6-): $!64)#(!23 ,0!1*#)*S!2 2*,0!',#$*!, #'2 &9(#*' )*5*(!2



11 After Prohibition

#5&4'(, +*(-&4( ,#'1(*&'7 M*.!$,*&' (& 1-*)2$!' +*)) 9! ($!#(!2 +*(- !/($!5! ,!.!$*(: #'2

+*)) 9! 541- !#,*!$ (& ($#1!7

R' #)) ,41- 1#,!,3 (-! 2$46, +&4)2 1&'(*'4! (& 9! #.#*)#9)!7 K-! #22*1(*&' $#(!3 .*$(4#)): 4'(&41-!2

9: 2!1#2!, &% *'(!',! 0$&,!14(*&'3 +*)) $!5#*' $&46-): 1&',(#'(3 )*<!): 2*00*'6 5&2!$#(!):7

A4( &4$ #00$&#1- (& 2$46, #'2 (-&,! +-& 4,! (-!5 +&4)2 1-#'6!7 D'2 (-#(3 #, +! 2*,14,,

'!/(3 +*)) 5#<! #)) (-! 2*%%!$!'1!7

5C) *(,,C&0-0+1

]&+ (-#( +! -#.! 2*,5#'()!2 9&(- (-! 2$46 +#$ #'2 (-! 2$46 1#$(!),3 ?&*' 4, &' # .*$(4#)

“drive around” in our near>future patrol car to get a cop’s sense of life on the streets ... .'-+)

2)(3040-0(&<

8! ,(#$( &4( *' &4$ &"-0(&"E =")U1 #'2 ,-#<! &4$ -!#2, +-!' +! (-*'< 9#1< &' (-! 6#'6, #'2

1#$(!), +-& -#2 1&55#'2!!$!2 )#$6! ,+#(1-!, &% )#'2 (& 6$&+ 5#$*?4#'# +-!' *( +#, *))!6#)7

R'1$!2*9)! #, *( ,!!5, (&2#:3 0$&-*9*(*&' 9$&46-( (4$%>0$&(!1(*'6 6#'6 .*&)!'1! (& &4$ '#(*&'#)

0#$<,7 8! #),& $!1#)) +*(- ,&5! !59#$$#,,5!'( (-! `!:,(&'! @&0, .*2!&, &% &4$ 1&5$#2!,

94$'*'6 5#$*?4#'# 0)#'(, #'2 )&&<*'6 #, -#0)!,, #, (-!*$ 0$!2!1!,,&$, +-& ,(!$'): ,5#,-!2 9#$>

$!), &% 9!!$ 24$*'6 (-! 0$&-*9*(*&' &% #)1&-&)7 C&+ &4$ 0$&%!,,*&' ,4%%!$!2 4'2!$ (-*, 0&)*1:7

8! 2$*.! &'3 0#,,*'6 '"), E"&D $!.*(#)*S!2 9: (-! )!6#)*S!2 $!64)#(*&' &% 1#''#9*,7 C!50 -#,

$!6#*'!2 *(, @&)&'*#) 2#:, ,(#(4, #, # 0#($*&(*1 D5!$*1#' 1$&03 $!O4*$*'6 $!)#(*.!): )*(()! +#(!$3

0!,(*1*2! &$ %!$(*)*S!$3 0$&.*2*'6 !'.*$&'5!'(#)): ,#%! 0#0!$3 $&0!3 1)&(-*'6 #'2 5&$!7 K-! %!5#)!

0)#'( (-#( *, #,,&1*#(!2 +*(- 9&(- $!1$!#(*&'#) #'2 5!2*1*'#) 4,! *, 9!*'6 ,(42*!2 9: .*$(4#)): #))

5!2*1#) 1!'(!$,3 4'*.!$,*(*!, #'2 2$46 1&50#'*!,7 8-*)! 1&55&'3 1#''#9*, %#$5*'6 *, &'):

5&2!$#(!): 0$&%*(#9)!3 #, *( *, !#,: (& 6$&+ #'2 5#': ,5#)) %#$5!$, ,400): (-!5,!).!, #'2 (-!*$

%$*!'2,7 8! $!5!59!$ +-!' *( +#, &9,1!'!): 0$&%*(#9)! #'2 # 5#?&$ ,&4$1! &% 4'(#/!2 %4'2*'6

%&$ 6#'6, #'2 (!$$&$*,(,7 I&5! &% (-&,! 6#'6, #'2 (!$$&$*,(, $!5#*'3 (-&46- 0$&%&4'2): +!#<!'!2

'&+ (-#( (-! .#,( 5#?&$*(: &% (-!*$ *'1&5! -#, 2*,#00!#$!27 K-!: -#.! 9!!' -4$( 2!!0): 9: (-!

%#)) &% 0$&-*9*(*&' #'2 5#': -#.! 9!!' %&$1!2 (& ,!!< )!6#) !50)&:5!'(3 ?4,( #, (-!*$ 9&&()!66*'6

0$!2!1!,,&$, 2*2 #%(!$ (-! 0$&-*9*(*&' &% #)1&-&)7

8! 2$*.! &'3 *'(& )C)"E *(C&-0+13 +-!$! +! 0#,, # '459!$ &% 94$'(>&4( -&4,!, #'2 (-*'< ,#2): &%

(-! 2!,0!$#(! 0!&0)! +-& )&,( !.!$:(-*'6 %$&5 (-!*$ #5#(!4$ #((!50(, (& 1$!#(! (-! ,#5! 5!(->

#50-!(#5*'! ,#%!): 5#'4%#1(4$!2 9: 0-#$5#1!4(*1#) 1&50#'*!,7 K-!:3 (&&3 $!5*'2 4, &% # 2#'>

6!$&4, 0#,( +-!' 0!&0)! 2*!2 5#<*'6 *))!6#) #)1&-&) +-!' (-!*$ -&5!5#2! 2*,(*))!$*!, !/0)&2!27

J!&0)! #$! ,(*)) 4,*'6 – #'2 ,&5! #94,*'6 – (-#( 0$&241(3 94( &% 1&4$,! +*(-&4( (-! 04'*(*.! ,(*65#

&% 0$&-*9*(*&'3 *( *, !#,*!$ #'2 %#$ 5&$! 1&55&' %&$ 0!&0)! (& 6!( -!)0 +*(- (-!*$ #22*1(*&'7

8! 2$*.! &'3 *'(& (-! 1C4C)413 +-!$! (-*'6, ,!!5 $!5#$<#9): 4'1-#'6!27 8! 0#,, (-! -&4,!, &%

,411!,,%4) 0!&0)!3 ,&5! &% +-&5 #$! #22*1(!2 (& 1&1#*'! &$ -!$&*' &$ #)1&-&)7 D)) -#.! #11!,, (&




(-!*$ 2$46 &% 2!0!'2!'1:3 #'2 +-!' (-!: 4,! *(3 (-!: <'&+ +-#( (-!: #$! 04((*'6 *' (-!*$ 9&2*!,

#'2 -&+ 541- *, (&& 541-7 8-!' *( ,(#$(, (& #%%!1( (-!*$ )*.!,3 (-!: #$! #9)! (& %*'2 ($!#(5!'(7

8! 0#,, # 1*3((E +-!$! ,&5! (!!', -#.! 2!1*2!2 (-#( ,1$#0*'6 9*1:1)! (*$!, #'2 94$'*'6 (-!

$499!$ :*!)2, 5&&2>#)(!$*'6 ,5&<!3 #'2 *( -#, 1#46-( &' #5&'6 (-! 9&$!2 #'2 14$*&4,7 D, (-*,fad passes through the nation, the media gamely labels it another “epidemic,” but we know *

+*)) ,&&' 0#,,3 (-&46- ,&5! <*2, +*)) ,!$*&4,):3 !.!' %#(#)):3 2#5#6! (-!*$ )4'6,7 D, +! (-*'<

back on the “Cinnamon Challenge” and other similar fads, we wish there were a way to

)!6*,)#(! #6#*',( *504),*.! ,(40*2*(:7 8-#( +! '& )&'6!$ ,!!3 (-&46-3 *, # )#$6! '459!$ &% <*2,

!')*,(!2 *'(& (-! 2$46 ($#2!7 R))!6#) #1(*.*(: *, '&+ )!,, &$6#'*S!23 5&$! *'2*.*24#)3 ,5#))!$ ,1#)!

It doesn’t define or dominate the playground as it did during drug prohibition.

8! 0#,, 9: # 3(1=0-"E3 #'2 ,!! +&5!' +-& ,411!,,%4)): ,!!< ($!#(5!'( %&$ (-!*$ #22*1(*&', (&

0#*' <*))!$, &$ 1&1#*'! 9!%&$! 9!1&5*'6 5&(-!$,7 R( *, #' #%%*$5*'6 !'.*$&'5!'( +-*1- !'1&4$>

#6!, #)) +&5!' (& #.#*) (-!5,!).!, &% 0$!>'#(#) 1#$!7 K-*, 1&'($#,(, ,(#$<): +*(- (-! 0$!.*&4,6!'!$#(*&'3 ,&5! &% +-&5 +!$! %&$1!2 (& 2!)*.!$ e#'2 &%(!' )&,!f (-!*$ 9#9*!, *' ,-#1<)!,3 '&(

9!1#4,! (-!: 4,!2 1-*)2>!'2#'6!$*'6 2$46, ,41- #, 1*6#$!((!, &$ #)1&-&)3 94( 9!1#4,! (-!: 4,!2

'()4077+& 2$46,7 R))!6#) 2*.!$,*&' ,(*)) &114$,3 #, -#00!', '&+ +*(- P/:1&2&'!3 94( (-!$! *,

.*$(4#)): '& .*&)!'1! %$&5 0$&-*9*(*&'>!$# (4$% 9#(()!, &.!$ 2$46 5#'4%#1(4$! #'2 ,#)!3 #'2 +!

)#+ !'%&$1!$, -#.! $!)*#9)! *'(!))*6!'1! #9&4( (-! ,&4$1! #'2 0#(- &% ,41- 2$46,3 4')*<! 24$*'6

(-! #'#$1-: #'2 1-#&, &% 0$&-*9*(*&'7 K-! #22*1(!2 #'2 (-!*$ %#5*)*!, #'2 %$*!'2, '&+ -#.! (-!

$!,&4$1!, (& +&$< (&6!(-!$ &.!$ (*5!3 # 0$&.!' +#: (& $!241! #22*1(*&'7 @&4'()!,, &.!$2&,!

2!#(-, -#.! 9!!' #.&*2!2 9!1#4,! %$*!'2, '& )&'6!$ %!#$ 1#))*'6 T== *' (-! 1#,! &% # 9#2 2$46

$!#1(*&'7 C&,0*(#), -#.! ,)&+ 2#:,7

8! 2$*.! &'3 *'(& (-! 0&&+) *0-H3 +-!$! (-*'6, #$! $!5#$<#9): 2*%%!$!'(7 8! *55!2*#(!): '&(*1!

(-! *'1$!#,!2 '459!$ &% 5!' &' (-! ,($!!(3 5#': -#.*'6 9!!' $!)!#,!2 #, '&'>violent drug “of

fenders” whose actions are no longer crimes and who were pardoned after $!.*!+7 D, 0#$( &% #

$!,(&$#(*.! ?4,(*1! 0$&6$#53 (-!: $!1!*.! $!5!2*#) ($#*'*'6 (& -!)0 (-!5 $!*'(!6$#(! *'(& (-!*$

,-#((!$!2 1&554'*(:7 K-!*$ 1-*)2$!' +#)< +*(- (-!53 -#00: (& -#.! (-!*$ %#(-!$, 9#1<7 ^&,( '&

(#9):3 (-! ,(#(*,(*1, &' 64' #'2 6#'6 .*&)!'1! -#.! 2$&00!2 #, 2$#5#(*1#)): #, (-!: 2*2 (-! :!#

#)1&-&) 0$&-*9*(*&' !'2!27 P'1! (-!: )&,( 1&'($&) &% (-! *))!6#) 2$46 5#$<!(3 &4$ 5&2!$' 6#'6,

9!1#5! ,-!)), &% (-!*$ %&$5!$ ,!).!,7 P4()#+, #$! '& )&'6!$ (-! $&)! 5&2!), (-!: +!$! 24$*'6 2$46

0$&-*9*(*&'7 8-*)! 0$&,(*(4(*&' $!5#*',3 0*50, -#.! )&,( (-!*$ 4'*O4! #11!,, (& (-! 2$46, (-#( 5#':

&% (-!,! +&5!' #$! 2!0!'2!'( &' #'2 -#.! (-!$!%&$! )&,( 541- &% (-!*$ #9,&)4(! 0&+!$7

M$46 ($!#(5!'( 1)*'*1, )&&< (-! ,#5! #, (-!*$ *'1&',0*14&4, ;4$&0!#' 1&4'(!$0#$(,3 #'2 +&$<

?4,( #, !%%!1(*.!):7 I&5! %&$5!$ 2$46 $4''!$, +&$< *' (-&,! 1)*'*1, &$ *' $!64)#(!2 2$46 2*,0!'

,#$*!,3 ?4,( #, ,&5! %&$5!$ $45 #'2 '459!$, $4''!$, %&4'2 )!6#) !50)&:5!'( *' )*O4&$ ,(&$!,

&$ )&((!$: &4()!(,7 K-!: 0#: (#/!,3 $#*,! %#5*)*!,3 #'2 .&(!7 D'2 )*%! 6&!, &'7




8! #$! &'1! #6#*' 9+"*+ (''0*+)13 &4$ &$*6*'#) '#5!7 8! 1#' 04$,4! (-! $#0*,(, #'2 1-*)2

5&)!,(!$, +-& -#.! 9!!' *6'&$!2 9!1#4,! &% %!2!$#) *'1!'(*.!, (& 1-#,! 2$46 #1(*.*(*!,7 D, +!

2$*.! 2&+' (-! ,($!!(3 <*2, )&&< #( 4, 2*%%!$!'():7 P'1! +! #9#'2&'!2 (-! ,(!#)(- 5&2! &%

4'2!$1&.!$ +&$< $!O4*$!2 9: #' 4'!'%&$1!#9)! 0$&-*9*(*&'3 (-! 1&554'*(: #9#'2&ned its “no

snitching” mentality. We are increasingly on the same team. It is, again, remarkably different.

8! 1&'1)42! &4$ .*$(4#) 2$*.! #( &4$ 54)(*>(-&4,#'2 5*)! )&'6 4()D+)1 #'2 ,-#<! &4$ -!#2, #( (-!

-4'2$!2, &% (-&4,#'2, &% 2!#(-, #'2 0&)*(*1#) *',(#9*)*(: 1#4,!2 9: 0$&-*9*(*&'7 8! 4,!2 (& ,-$46

+-!' +! -!#$2 2$46 +#$$*&$, 9$#66*'6 #9&4( # %*.! (&' 94,(3 <'&+*'6 (-#( (!', &% (&', &% (-#( ,#5!

2$46 +!$! ,*54)(#'!&4,): %*'2*'6 (-!*$ +#: (-$&46- (-! 9&$2!$7 8! #$! 6$#(*%*!2 (-#( %#$5!$, #$!

'&+ #))&+!2 (& 6$&+ 1$&0,3 *'1)42*'6 0&00*!,3 #, ,#%!): #, (-!: #)+#:, 6$!+ &(-!$ 1$&0,7 D'2 +!

#$! 6$#(*%*!2 (-#( 0!&0)!3 !,0!1*#)): *' (-! K-*$2 8&$)23 -#.! #11!,, (& (-! 0#*' $!)*!% (-#( +! (#<!

%&$ 6$#'(!2 94( +-*1- +#, 2!'*!2 9: 2$46 0$&-*9*(*&'7 D'23 #, +*(- D5!$*1#' ,($!!( 6#'6,3 (-!

1#$(!), #'2 (!$$&$*,(, +-& +!$! !50&+!$!2 #'2 #$5!2 9: 2$46 0$&-*9*(*&' -#.! #( )#,( ,4%%!$!2 (-!

2!#2): 9)&+ +! ($*!2 (& 6*.! (-!5 4',411!,,%4)): %&$ 5&$! (-#' %&$(: :!#$,7

Epilogue

!6#)*S!2 $!64)#(*&' *, '&( # 0#'#1!# #'2 +*)) '&( !'2 &4$ .!$: $!#) 2$46 0$&9)!5,7 A4( *( 1$!>

hhhh #(!, 9$!#(-*'6 $&&5 %&$ 0!$,&'#) $!2!50(*&' #'2 1&554'*(: $!.*(#)*S#(*&'7 R( +*)) 1$*00)!1#$(!), #'2 6#'6,3 $!241! ,($!!( 1$*5! #'2 2!6)#5&$*S! (-! &4()#+ 2$46 2!#)!$7 D'2

&.!$#)) 2$46 #94,! +*)) #)5&,( 1!$(#*'): 2!1)*'! #, (-! #%%)*1(!2 #$! %$!!2 (& 04$,4! (-! )&'6>(!$51&55*(5!'( $!O4*$!2 (& 2!%!#( )&'6>(!$5 #22*1(*&'7

K-! 5!,,#6! (-#( )!6#)*S!2 $!64)#(*&' ,!'2, *, &'! &% -&0! #'2 ,400&$(G &'! 9#,!2 &' #24)(

%$!!2&5 #'2 $!,0&',*9*)*(:7

8! ?&*'!2 )#+ !'%&$1!5!'( (& 0$&(!1( 0!&0)! %$&5 &'! #'&(-!$3 '&( (& 5&'*(&$ +-#( (-!:

choose to ingest. If there is to be something called a “War on Drugs,” *( ,-&4)2 9! # +#$ &'

2$46 "481+7 D'2 (-#( +#$ ,-&4)2 &'): 9! %&46-( #, (-! ,411!,,%4) +#$ &' (&9#11& #22*1(*&' -#,

9!!' %&46-( – +*(- )+/86"-0(&1 ,41- #, !241#(*&'3 (#$6!(!2 (#/#(*&'3 #6! $!,($*1(*&',3 #'2 )*5*(,

&' 049)*1 4,#6!3 +*(- 1)*'*1, 0$&.*2*'6 #' #$$#: &% -!)0 %&$ (-! #22*1(!27

Prohibition is an approach that needs to be replaced, not refined. And, as we’ve come to learn,

(-#( #00$&#1- 2&!, '&( $!O4*$! # )!#0 &% %#*(-7




Endnotes

= J!+ F!,!#$1- @!'(!$ %&$ (-! J!&0)! i (-! J$!,,7 eD0$*) Z3 EU=Hf7 F!($*!.!2 %$&5

-((0caa+++70!&0)!>0$!,,7&$6aEU=HaUZaUZa5#?&$*(:>'&+>,400&$(,>)!6#)*S*'6>5#$*?4#'#

Becker, G. S. & Murphy, K. M. (January 4, 2013). “Have We Lost the War on Drugs?” The

8#)) I($!!( N&4$'#)7 F!($*!.!2 %$&5 -((0caa5#0*'17&$6a4$)ab%CDW^,Q7

E F!)!#,!7&$67 eEU==f7 F&,5#$*'3 D7 i ;#,(+&&23 ]7 M$46,3 K-! L#+ i C45#' F*6-(,3 D Q4*!(

F!.&)4(*&'c M$46 M!1$*5*'#)*,#(*&' J&)*1*!, *' J$#1(*1! D1$&,, (-! d)&9!7

D$6!'(*'#3 D$5!'*#3 D4,($#)*#3 A!)6*453 A$#S*)3 @-*)!3 @&)459*#3 @S!1- F!049)*13 M!'5#$<3 ;,(&'*#3

d!$5#':3 R(#):3 ^!/*1&3 ]!(-!$)#'2,3 J#$#64#:3 J!$43 J&)#'23 J&$(46#)3 I0#*'3 \'*(!2 I(#(!, #'2 \$464#:

e+-*1- *, *' (-! 0$&1!,, &% 1&50)!(! 5#$*?4#'# )!6#)*S#(*&'f7 R' D$6!'(*'#3 A$#S*)3 @&)459*#3 d!$5#': #'2

I0#*'3 1&4$(, -#.! 2!(!$5*'!2 (-#( *( *, 4'1&',(*(4(*&'#) (& &4()#+ 0!$,&'#) 4,! &$ 0&,,!,,*&'7

H C46-!,3 @7 D7 i I(!.!',3 D7 eN#'4#$:3 EU=Ef7 M$46 #'2 #)1&-&) $!.*!+7 D4,($#)*#' J$&%!,,*&'#

I&1*!(: &' D)1&-&) #'2 P(-!$ M$46,7

jD)) 2#(# !/1!0( @4$$!'( \,! 1-#$( %$&5 R',(*(4(& 2# M$&6# ! 2# K&/*1&2!0!'2!'1*# EUUT7

Z @,!(!3 N&#''!7 eEU=Uf7 b$&5 (-! 5&4'(#*'(&0,c 8-#( (-! +&$)2 1#' )!#$' %$&5 2$46 0&)*1:

1-#'6! *' I+*(S!$)#'27 ]!+ g&$<c P0!' I&1*!(: b&4'2#(*&',7

@*(*S!', P00&,*'6 J$&-*9*(*&'7 eEU=Uf7 I+*,, C!$&*' ^#*'(!'#'1! J$&6$#5, I455#$:7 ;2

A4'2!, D5( bk$ d!,4'2-!*( eC!#)(- ^*'*,($:f7 A!$'3 I+*(S!$)#'27

Dagmar Hedrich et al (April, 2010). “Chapter 11: Drug consumption facilities in Europe and

beyond”. Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges. EMCDDA.

http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/04/majority-now-supports-legalizing-marijuana


http://mapinc.org/url/FfHA7MsQ.



http://release.org/

http://release.org/

http://release.org/

http://release.org/






”The first legally sanctioned DCR was established in Berne, Switzerland in 1986 (Hämmig, 1992). During

(-! =TTU, M@F, +!$! ,!( 40 *' &(-!$ I+*,, 1*(*!,3 (-! ]!(-!$)#'2, #'2 d!$5#':G #'2 %$&5 EUUU (-!:

+!$! ,!( 40 *' I0#*'3 ]&$+#:3 L4/!59&4$63 D4,($#)*# eI:2'!:f #'2 @#'#2# e_#'1&4.!$f eI(l.!$3 =TT=G

`)!!3 =TT=G ;#,(4,3 EUUUG m4$-&)2 !( #)73 EUU=G J#$)*#5!'( &% ]!+ I&4(- 8#)!,3 =TTVG C!#)(- @#'#2#3

EUUEf7 A: (-! 9!6*''*'6 &% EUUT (-!$! +!$! TE &0!$#(*&'#) M@F, *' X= 1*(*!,3 *'1)42*'6 *' =X 1*(*!, *'d!$5#':3 30 cities in the Netherlands and 8 cities in Switzerland.” (p. 305)

Hedrich, Dagmar. (February, 2004). “European report on drug consumption rooms.”

;4$&0!#' ^&'*(&$*'6 @!'($! %&$ M$46, #'2 M$46 D22*1(*&'7 L4/!59&4$6c P%%*1! %&$ P%%*1*#)

J49)*1#(*&', &% (-! ;4$&0!#' @&554'*(*!,7

“The liberalisation of drug laws in Zurich has led to a massive fall in the number of new heroin users,

#11&$2*'6 (& # ,(42: 049)*,-!2 :!,(!$2#:7 ]&+ A$*(#*'3 +-*1- -#, (-! -*6-!,( '459!$ &% 2$46 2!#(-, *'

;4$&0!3 *, 9!*'6 4$6!2 (& % ollow suit.” Source: Jeremy Laurance, “Heroin: The solution?” Health Editor, The

Independent (UK), 02 June 2006;“The incidence of regular heroin use in the canton of Zurich started with

#9&4( VU '!+ 4,!$, *' =TWY3 *'1$!#,!2 (& VYU *' =TTU3 #'2 2!1)*'!2 (& =YU *' EUUE3 #'2 +#, (-4, $!241!2 9:82%.” <(C)*+B Carlos Nordt, Rudolf Stohler, “Incidence of heroin use in Zurich, Switzerland: a treatment

case register analysis,” Lancet 2006; 367: 1830>HZ3 J,:1-*#($*1 \'*.!$,*(: C&,0*(#)3 ^*)*(n$,($#,,!3 m4$*1-3

I+*(S!$)#'2 e1&$$!,0&'2!'1! (& @#$)&, ]&$2( 1'&$2(o9)*74'*S-71-f

Y Rees, D. I., Hansen, B. & Anderson, D. M. “Medical Marijuana Laws and Teen Marijuana Use,”

8&$<*'6 0#0!$7 J49)*,-!2 9: (-! R',(*(4(! %&$ (-! I(42: &% L#9&$ eRmDf3 # 0$*.#(!3 '&'>0$&%*(

*'2!0!'2!'( $!,!#$1- *',(*(4(! 9#,!2 *' A&''3 d!$5#':7

I!! #),&3 ,(42: 049)*,-!2 9: (-! D5!$*1#' N&4$'#) &% J49)*1 C!#)(- #'2 1&'241(!2 9: $!,!#$1-!$, #( (-!

University of Florida’s College of Medicine, which culled data from the national Youth Risk Behavior

I4$.!: egFAIf #, $!0&$(!2 *' g&4(- K&2#:3 N4): =E3 EU=H3 N#5!, I+*%(

X F!,4)(, %$&5 (-! EU== ]#(*&'#) I4$.!: &' M$46 \,! #'2 C!#)(- e]IM\Cfc I455#$: &% ]#>

tional Findings.” (2011). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and

^!'(#) C!#)(- I!$.*1!, D25*'*,($#(*&'7 @!'(!$ %&$ A!-#.*&$#) C!#)(- I(#(*,(*1, #'2 Q4#)*(:7

-((0caa5#0*'17&$6a4$)aA,`,VD4S

Acknowledgements

^#': (-#'<, #$! 24! (& (-! %&))&+*'6 *'2*.*24#), +-& 0$&.*2!2 *'.#)4#9)! #,,*,(#'1! *' (-!

1$!#(*&' &% (-*, $!0&$(c K&5 D'6!))3 M#$9: A!1<3 F&9*' A)#1<+&&23 `$*,(*' M#)!:3 ]!*)) b$#'<)*'3Bill Fried, Antoinette O’Neil, Mike Smithson, and Lauren Traitz. Gra0-*1 M!,*6' 9: ^#$: N#'!

A&$2!'7

mailto:[email protected]



http://mapinc.org/url/BsKs8Auz






Law Enforcement Against Prohibition

VWHU d!&$6! D.! I4*(! HUU

I*).!$ I0$*'63 ^M EUT=U

eWV=f HTH>XTVY

*'%&o)!#0711

After Prohibition




Documents

After Prohibition