INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT FROM AGES ONE TO THREE

Chapter 13

Objectives:

How do children learn?

Explain children develop concepts?

How do one to three year olds develop in several areas of intellectual activity?

ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence is…

the ability to interpret or understand everyday situations and to use that experience when faced with new situations or problems.

Intelligence is shaped by heredity because…..

Intelligence is shaped by environment because…

Toddlers and preschoolers form their attitudes toward learning that will last a life time.

If curiosity is encouraged, the child develops

a positive attitude toward learning

METHODS OF LEARNING

Through experience and play,

children learn in one of four ways.

Incidental Learning

METHODS OF LEARNING

Trial and Error Learning

METHODS OF LEARNING

Imitation

METHODS OF LEARNING

Directed Learning

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENTAs children learn to think, they begin to organize

information they receive from their senses.

They begin to form concepts.

Concepts develop in one of three ways:

1st they believe labels belong to whole groups not individual objects-----dog

2nd they learn to categorize by shape, color and size---size is the

most difficult to learn

3rd they learn the concept of time.

Begin with before, after and soon.

Much later comes today and tomorrow

THE MIND AT WORK

Intellectual activity is broken down into 7 areas.

All of these areas develop throughout life but are

especially remarkable from years one to three.

ATTENTIONWhat are your senses taking in right now?

see pictures, read words, light in the room, neighbors reaction, smells, room temperature,

people being rude and talking…

You have learned to block a lot of

this out, children cannot do that.

They are easily distracted.

This develops with age. A 3 year old

has a longer attention span than a

1 year old has.

MEMORYWithout memory, there would be no learning.

As children age, their memory gets better.

A one year old afraid of a dog may be afraid of all

animals

A two year old who’s father goes away for a week, will remember when he comes

home.

A three year old remembers simple requests or directions

and can identify colorsMemory increases with age.

PERCEPTION

A newborn learns about the world through

perceptions.

As children gain new information, their brain

begins to organize itself.

Talking to children and using descriptive words will help a child become

more perceptive.

Answering all the “why” questions will help to

improve their perception.

REASONINGThis is basic to the

ability to solve problems and make decisions. It is also

important in recognizing

relationships and forming concepts.

Young toddlers reason through trial and error

while older toddlers are less physical and more mental (shape sorter)

Toddlers learn to make good decisions through practice---give them a

chance!

When giving them choices, keep them limited and simple.

IMAGINATION

This becomes apparent at about 2 years—scientists are

uncertain if babies have imaginations.

Imagination is an important part of learning because it

allows a child to try new things and be different people---in

their imagination.

Children use their imagination to connect what they see and

hear with themselves.Until the age of 5,

children don’t understand the

difference between reality and imagination

CREATIVITY

Imagination is used to produce creativity

The end result is usually a product (painting..)

CURIOSITYCuriosity fuels the

brain and development and learning occurs.

This is what causes children to

wonder WHY!

Children begin to have new

experiences and explore---they are

curious.

NEVER stifle a child’s ability to learn and explore.

READINESS TO LEARN

Children can learn a new skill when they are physically and intellectually ready. This is another term for….

When children are pushed to learn things they are not ready for, they become frustrated and feel like they

are failing.

However, if you do not push children to

learn things they are ready for, they will become “lazy”

and not try.

(shoes)

ENCOURAGING LEARNING FROM ONE TO THREE OBJECTIVES:

HOW CAN PARENTS/CAREGIVERS ENOCUREAGE YOUNG CHILDREN TO LEARN?

HOW DO YOU CHOOSE SAFE, APPROPRIATE TOYS THAT PROMOTE MENTAL, PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL SKILLS?

HOW DOES SPEECH DEVELOP?

WHAT ARE COMMON SPEECH PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES TO SOLVING THEM?

HELPING TO GUIDE LEARNING•GIVE TIME AND ATTENTION

•TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SIMPLE LEANING ACTIVITIES

•ALLOW TIME FOR THINKING

•GIVE ONLY AS MUCH HELP AS THE CHILD NEEDS

•ENCOURAGE CHILDREN TO DRAW THEIR OWN CONCLUSIONS

•SHOW THEN HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

•MAINTAIN A POSITIVE ATTITUDE

•KEEP EXPLAINATIONS SIMPLE AND ON CHILD’S LEVEL

•ALLOW CHILD TO EXPLORE AND DISCOVER

•HELP CHILDREN UNDERSTAND THE WORLD

•TAKE FREQUENT BREAKS

PLAY ACTIVITIES AND TOYS

Toys are an important part of play.

Toys allow children to use their imagination.

Toys encourage development of large and small motor skills.

Toys help children learn to share and cooperate.

EVALUATING TOYS FOR CHILDREN

Is it safe?Flammable?

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Is it well made and durable?

Will it be easy to care for?

Will it encourage the use of

imagination?

Is it colorful?Will it be easy for the

child to handle?

AGE APPROPRIATE TOYS1-2 YEARS

•Learn through exploration•Household

objects•Swings

•Balls•Riding toys

•Dolls•Simple puzzles

2-3 years

•Child imitates adults

•Household toys (play kitchen…)

•Crayons•Books

•Large blocks•sandbox

3-4 years

•Emphasis on small motor skills

•Dressing dolls•Cars/trucks

•Clay/color/paint•Puzzles

•Tricycles

SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

Language abilities grow at a very rapid pace.

Children vary greatly in their timing of speaking skills.

The first 3 years of life are the “window of opportunity” for learning words.

Children’s language development is strongly influenced by how caregivers and older children speak to them.

SPEECH DEVELOPMENTFOR ONE YEAR OLDS

•Speak in a clear, engaging way

•Encourage them to talk back•Talk a lot

FOR TWO YEAR OLDS

•They start combining words

•Make short sentences•Use basic rules of

grammar (pronouns)

FOR THREE YEAR OLDS

•Use more words in sentences (3-6 words)•They tend to add “s” to end of words (foots)

SPEECH DIFFICULTIESSome children are “late talkers”. If a child doesn’t

understand what is being said or speaks very little they should be evaluated by a professional.

Speech language pathologist

It is important for children to be identified and helped as early as

possible.

Some common causes of speech problems are poor hearing, mental retardation, learning disabilities, and

emotional problems.

SPEECH PROBLEMS

Many children have problems with articulation.

It is common for some children to skip syllables of words or leave off endings of words.

As a parent/caregiver, avoid constantly correcting a child’s speech problems. It makes

the child feel more insecure.

Stuttering is a more serious problem. This occurs because their speaking and thinking abilities are

immature. Sometimes their mind goes faster than their mouth.

SPEECH PROBLEMSCause of stuttering is not completely understood.

Many stutter’s need to treatment with a SLP to overcome the problem.

As a parent/caregiver, do not finish the word for the child. You may think you are being kind but

you are not helping the child to speak better.

Children with speech problems need extra love. Ridicule and correction only make the problem

worse.