Intelegent assignment (sahar abd ali p65295)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING

KKKA 6424

INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat

ASSIGNMENT (1)

PREPARED BY:

1- HAIDER FARHAN P65405

2- MUSTAFA TALIB P60915

3-- SAHAR ABD ALI P65295

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Introduction

Traffic lights

Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal

lights, robots and semaphores. Aresignaling devices positioned at or near road

intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of

traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United, now used in almost

every city of the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by

displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a

universal color code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who

are color blind).

In the typical sequence of color phases:

Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it

is safe to do so

Illumination of the yellow/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the

intersection, if it is safe to do so

Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding

Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some

blue, said to be for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness

Traffic signal is one of the more familiar types of intersection control. Using either a

fixed or adaptive schedule, traffic signals allow certain parts of the intersection to move

while forcing other parts to wait, delivering instructions to drivers through a set of

colorful lights (generally, of the standard red-yellow (amber)-green format). Some

purposes of traffic signals are to (1) improve overall safety, (2) decrease average travel

time through an intersection, and (3) equalize the quality of services for all or most traffic

streams. Traffic signals provide orderly movement of intersection traffic, have the ability

to be flexible for changes in traffic flow, and can assign priority treatment to certain

movements or vehicles, such as emergency services. However, they may increase delay

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(traffic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue

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during the off-peak period and increase the probability of certain accidents, such as rear-

end collisions. Additionally, when improperly configured, driver irritation can become

an issue. Traffic signals are generally a well-accepted form of traffic control for busy

intersections and continue to be deployed. Other intersection control strategies include

signs (stop and yield) and roundabouts. Intersections with high volumes may be grade

separated.

Single aspects

The simplest traffic light comprises either a single or a pair of colored aspects that warns

any user of the shared right of way of a possible conflict or danger.

Flashing Red: Treat as a stop sign. Also can signal the road is closed.

Flashing Yellow: Caution, crossing or road hazard ahead

Flashing Green: Varies among jurisdiction; can give permission to go straight as well as

make a left turn in front of opposing traffic (which is held by a steady red light), or can

indicate the end of a green cycle before the light changes to a solid yellow.

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Case study

Our team which consists of three engineers selected a series of intersection of three,

these three intersections are located on the road which link between Bangi (UKM),

Kajang, Sepakat, and the highway lead to KL as shown in the figure below.

Each one of these intersections are consist of three legs (three phases) and all phases

have two lanes in each intersection.

As a work team after selecting these intersections we conducted the traffic count

survey for one hour for each intersection, and we found that the cycle time of traffic

light for each intersection is (120seconds),(160 sec ),and (180 sec ) ,respectively,and

the all red for each approach ( 2 seconds ), and amber for each approach ( 3 seconds

).

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Intersection-1-

This is the first intersection linking Kajang, Babgi, and (UKM) as shown in the

figure below.

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DATA OF INTERSECTION: 1

Passenger Car Unit Data traffic for one hour

Traffic Flows in

15 Min

KAJANG

Phase -1-

UKM

Phase -2-

BANGI

Phase -3-

Cars/Van 755 846 361

Lori < 5 ton 42 118 37

Lori > 5 ton 13 4 5

Motorcycle 322 215 137

Bus 10 14 5

Mini Bus 12 17 10

so we need the table below

Bil Vehicle Passenger Car Unit

1 Car / van / jeep / mpv 1

2 Lorry < 5 ton 1.75

3 Lorry > 5 ton 2.25

4 Trailer 3

5 Mini Bus 2.5

6 Bus 2.75

7 Motorcycle 0.35

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Phase

Traffic Flows in 1 hour Total

Car Lorry<5ton Lorry>5ton Trailer Mini

Bus

Bus M/cycle (pcu/hr)

1 755 42 13 0 12 10 322 1027

2 846 118 4 0 17 14 215 1216

3 361 37 5 0 10 5 137 524

PCU

UNIT

1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35

L= 3 *(2+3) = 15 sec

110 sec=0.75-Y = 1.5*(15)+5 / 1 -) = 1.5 L + 5 / 10 (CCycle time

Effective green time = 110 – 15 = 95 sec

Phase -1- green time =95* 0.44 =41.8 =42 sec

Phase-2- green time =95*0.37 = 35.15 =36 sec

Phase-3-green time =95*0.18 = 17.1 = 18 sec

Total of green time = 42+36+18 = 96 sec

Total of amber & all red time =3 * (2+3) = 15 sec

Cycle time = 96 + 15 = 111 sec

Phase Number of

Lanes

Saturation

Flow per

Lane

(pcu/hr)

Saturation

Flow

(pcu/hr)

Actual

Flows

(pcu/hr)

Flow /

Saturation

Flow

Ration

Green

Time

Split

1 2 1800 3600 1027 0.33 0.44

2 2 1800 3600 1216 0.28 0.37

3 2 1800 3600 524 0.14 0.18

Total = 0.75=Y

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Intersection-2-

The second intersection links Kajang, UKM, and Sepakat as shown in the figure

below.

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Traffic Flows in

15 Min

KAJANG

Phase-1-

Ukm

Phase-2-

SEPAKAT

Phase-3-

Cars/Van 808 918 338

Lori < 5 ton 46 135 46

Lori > 5 ton 17 5 11


Bus 11 14 1

Mini Bus 14 20 4





4 Trailer 3

5 Mini Bus 2.5

6 Bus 2.75

7 Motorcycle 0.35

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L = 3 * (2+3) = 15 sec

Cycle time (C0)=1.5L+5 /1-Y=1.5*15+5/1-0.82=155 sec

Effective green time = 155- 15 = 140 sec

Phase-1- green time =140* 0.37 =51.8 =52 sec

Phase-2- green time=140 *0.45 = 63sec

Phase-3-green time=140 *0.17=23.8 = 24 sec

Total of green time = 52+63+24 = 139 sec

Total of amber & all red = 3*(2+3) =15 sec

Cycle time = 139 +15 = 154 sec

Phase



Bus


1 808 46 17 0 14 11 351 1115

2 918 135 5 0 20 14 238 1336

3 338 46 11 0 4 1 117 498

PCU

UNIT

1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35

Phase Number of

Lanes

Saturation

Flow per

Lane

(pcu/hr)

Saturation

Flow

(pcu/hr)

Actual

Flows

(pcu/hr)

Flow /

Saturation

Flow

Ration

Green

Time Split

1 2 1800 3600 1115 0.31 0.37

2 2 1800 3600 1336 0.37 0.45

3 2 1800 3600 498 0.14 0.17

Total = 0.82=Y

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Intersection-3-

This is the third intersection which links Kajang, UKM, and the highway as

shown in the figure below.

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Traffic Flows in

15 Min

KAJANG

Phase-1-

Ukm

Phase-2-

HIGHWAY

Phase-3-

Cars/Van 768 956 585

Lori < 5 ton 42 137 24

Lori > 5 ton 11 5 9


Bus 11 14 3

Mini Bus 14 22 0





4 Trailer 3

5 Mini Bus 2.5

6 Bus 2.75

7 Motorcycle 0.35

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Phase



Bus


1 768 42 11 0 16 12 333 1056

2 940 134 4 0 22 14 205 1348

3 585 24 9 0 0 3 34 667

PCU

UNIT

1 1.75 2.25 3 2.5 2.75 0.35

L = 3 * (2+3) = 15 sec

175=0.84-Y=1.5*15+5/1-) = 1.5L+5/10Cycle time (C

Effective green time =175 – 15 = 160 sec

Phase-1- green time = 160 * 0.34=54.4 =55 sec

Phase-2- green time = 160 * 0.44 =70.4 = 71 sec

Phase-3- green time = 160 * 0.21 =33.6 = 34 sec

Total time green = 55 + 71 + 34 = 160 sec

Total of amber& all red =3 *(2+3) =15 sec

Cycle time = 160 + 15 = 175 sec

Phase Number of

Lanes

Saturation

Flow per

Lane

(pcu/hr)

Saturation

Flow

(pcu/hr)

Actual

Flows

(pcu/hr)

Flow /

Saturation

Flow

Ration

Green

Time

Split

1 2 1800 3600 1056 0.29 0.34

2 2 1800 3600 1348 0.37 0.44

3 2 1800 3600 667 0.18 0.21

Total = 0.84= Y

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Summary of results for cycle time ( C₀ ) and effective green time ( Ge)

Intersection Cycle time C₀ (sec) Effective Green time Ge (sec)

1 111 95

2 154 140

3 175 160

Calculation of cycle time:

After calculation of cycle time with Webster method, the highest cycle

time was for intersection 3 and it was equal to175 seconds. So adjust all

intersection using Cycle Time 175 second

Intersection 1:

Cycle time = 175 sec

Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) x3=15 sec

Total green time = 175-15=160sec

Phase 1 green time = 160* 0.44=70.4sec =71 sec

Phase 2 green time =160 *0.37=59.2sec=60sec

Phase 3 green time = 160*0.18=28.8sec=29sec

Intersection 2:

Cycle time = 175 sec

Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) x3= 15sec

Total green time = 175-15 =160sec

Phase 1 green time =160*0.37=59.2sec=60sec

Phase 2 green time =160*0.45= 72sec

Phase 3 green time = 160*0.17=27.2sec =28sec

phase Green

time

1 71

2 60

3 29

total 160

phase Green

time

1 60

2 72

3 28

total 160

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Intersection 3:

Cycle time =175 sec

Total of amber and all red time = (3+2) x3=15 sec

Total green time = 175-15= 160 sec

Phase 1 green time = 55sec

Phase 2 green time = 71sec

Phase 3 green time = 34 sec

Calculation of offset time :

Offset time : L/S - ( Qh+ loss)

Where

Q = Number of vehicles queued per lane, vehicle.

h = Discharge Headway of queued vehicle in seconds/vehicle.

Typical value of h is 2 seconds / vehicle.

S = Average Speed in metre in second

L = Distance between intersectios in metre

Loss1 = Loss Time associated with vehicles starting from rest at the

first downstream signal (2 seconds can be used as a default).

1-offset1 S= 10 m/s

L1= 1600 m

Q1= 12 veh

h=2 sec per veh

loss =2 sec

Offset1 =1600/10-(12x2+2) =134sec

phase Green

time

1 55

2 71

3 34

total 160

RELATIVE OFFSET= 134 , ABSOLUTE OFFSET=134

OFFSET===

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2-offset2

S= 10 m/s

L2= 250m

Q2= 14veh

h=2 sec per veh

loss =2 sec

Offset 2 =250/10-(14x2+2) =-5sec

3-Offset3= 0

RELATIVE OFFSET =-5, ABSOLUTE OFFSET =129

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14cars 12cars

ntersection1

3 2 1

OFFSET=129

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phase Green

time

1 60

2 72

3 28

total 160

Offset2 -5

phase Green

time

1 71

2 60

3 29

total 160

Offset1 134

phase Green

time

1 55

2 71

3 34

total 160

Offset3 0

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Intelegent assignment (sahar abd ali p65295)