Upload
godwin-sutton
View
215
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
INTEGUMENTARY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMSYSTEM
Characteristics and Treatment of Characteristics and Treatment of Common Skin DisordersCommon Skin Disorders
• OPEN BOOK TO PAGE 79 AND KEEP OPEN TO USE AS REFERENCE
ACNEACNE
• Acne vulgaris• Common and chronic disorder of the sebaceous
glands• Secrete excessive oil which is deposited at the
openings of the glands; eventually the oily deposit becomes hard (keratinized), plugging up the opening
• The openings become filled with leukocytes (WBC) which cause the accumulation of pus
• Occurs most often in adolescence and is marked by blackheads, cysts, pimples, and scarring
AlbinismAlbinism
• Absence of melanin (partial or total lack)• Congenital hereditary condition• Total albinos have pale skin that does not tan,
white hair, pink eyes, nystagmus (movements/jerking of the eyes), astigmatism (blurred vision), and photophobia (abnormal sensitivity to light, especially by the eyes)
• All are prone to severe sunburn, actinic dermatitis (rash from sun exposure), and skin cancer
ALOPECIAALOPECIA
• Baldness; permanent hair loss• Genetic predisposition in some males• The normal hair is replaced by a very short
hair which is transparent• Males typically experience more hair loss
than women and at a younger age (women can have it)
• Treatment included medications (topical and oral) and hair transplants
ATHLETE’S FOOTATHLETE’S FOOT
• Contagious fungal infection• Infects the superficial skin layer and leads to
skin eruptions• Characterized by the formation of small blisters
between the fingers and most often the toes; accompanied by cracking and scaling
• Usually contracted in public baths or showers• Treatment involves thorough cleaning and drying
of the affected area along with special anitfungal agents
DERMATITISDERMATITIS
• Inflammation of the skin which may be nonspecific
• Rash: can be a reaction to soap, plants, etc.; considered contact dermatitis
• Treat contact dermatitis by removing the irritant, wash the area, and apply topical ointments to reduce inflammation and itching
• Skin blotches: can be caused by stress
ECZEMAECZEMA
• Acute or chronic noncontagious inflammatory skin disease
• Skin becomes dry, red, itchy, and scaly• Most common type is atopic eczema: an allergic
reaction that usually occurs in the first year of life• Treatment: removal or avoidance of the causative
agent, as well as application of topical medications containing hydrocortisone
• Medication only helps to alleviate the symptoms
IMPETIGOIMPETIGO
• Acute, inflammatory, and contagious skin disease seen in babies and young children
• Caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus organism
• Characterized by the appearance of vesicles that rupture and develop distinct yellow crusts
• Treatment: topical antibacterial cream and oral anitbiotics
PSORIASISPSORIASIS
• Chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the development of dry reddish patches which are covered with a silvery –white scales
• Affects the skin surface over the elbows, knees, shins, scalp, and lower back
• Cause is unknown; onsets may be triggered by stress, trauma, or infection
• Treatment: none definitive at present; moisturizers help keep the skin soft and reduce scales and thus the pain of cracking skin
RINGWORMRINGWORM
• Highly contagious fungal infection marked by raised, itchy, circular patches with crusts
• May occur on the skin, scalp, and underneath the nails
• Treatment: anti fungal drugs
URTICARIA/HIVESURTICARIA/HIVES
• Skin condition recognized by the appearance of intensely itching wheals or welts
• Have an elevated, usually white center, with a surrounding pink area
• Appear in clusters distributed over the entire body surface
• Last 1-2 days• Generally a response to an allergen (such as a
food or drug)• Complete avoidance and elimination of the
causative factor(s) alleviate the problem
BOILSBOILS
• Painful bacterial infection of the hair follicles or sebaceous glands usually caused by the staphylococcus organism
• If it becomes more extensive and is deeply embedded, it is called a carbuncle
• Treatment: antibiotics and an excision and drainage of the affected area
ROSACEAROSACEA
• Common inflammatory disorder characterized by chronic redness and irritation to the face
• Most often affects fair-skinned adults• If s/s worsen, small blood vessels on the nose
and cheeks enlarge and become visible, small red bumps or pustules may appear and spread across the face
• Treatment: avoid triggers that aggravate the condition and use of a topical or oral antibiotic medication
HERPESHERPES• Viral infection that is usually seen as a
blister• Most common types: herpes simplex,
genital herpes, and herpes zoster (shingles)• Involves periods of remission and
exacerbation• HERPES SIMPLEX
– Occurs around the mouth and is known as a fever blister or cold sore
– May be spread through oral contact
HERPESHERPES
• GENITAL HERPES– May appear as a fever blister in the genital
area– Usually spread through sexual contact– Treatment: antiviral medication such as
acyclovir– Can be passed from mother to baby during
vaginal delivery
HERPESHERPES
• HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)– Skin eruptions due to a virus infection of the
nerve endings– Same virus as the one that causes chicken pox– Commonly seen on the chest or abdomen,
accompanied by severe pain known as herpetic neuralgia
– Serious in people who are elderly or debilitated– Treatment consists of medication for pain and
itching and protecting the area
SKIN CANCERSKIN CANCER
• Associated with exposure to UV light • Most common type of cancer in people• Basal cell carcinoma
– Most common and least malignant, usually occurs on the face
– Treatment: surgical removal, radiation, or cryosurgery
• Cryosrugery: destruction of tissue by freezing, using liquid nitrogen
– Full recovery occurs in 99% of the cases
continuedcontinued
• Squamous cell carcinoma– Arises from the epidermis and occurs most
often on the scalp and lower lip– Grows rapidly and metastasizes to the lymph
nodes– Treated by surgical removal or radiation– Chances are good if found early
……..
• Malignant melanoma– Occurs in pigmented cells of the skin called
melanocytes– Metastasize to other areas quickly– May appear as a brown or black irregular
patch which occurs suddenly– A change in a preexisting wart or mole may
also indicate melanoma– Treatment: surgical removal of the melanoma
and the surrounding area and chemotherapy
BURNS (pg 84)BURNS (pg 84)
• Traumatic injury as the result of radiation from the sun (sunburn), a heat lamp, or contact with boiling water, steam, fire, chemicals, or electricity
• When the skin is burned, dehydration and infection may occur
• Referred to as first, second, or third degree depending on the skin layers affected and the symptoms
FIRST DEGREE BURNSFIRST DEGREE BURNS
• Also called superficial burns
• Involve only the epidermis
• Symptoms are redness, swelling, and pain
• Treatment: application on cold water
• Healing occurs within one week
SECOND DEGREE BURNSSECOND DEGREE BURNS
• Also called partial thickness burns
• May involve the epidermis and dermis
• Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, and blistering
• Treatment: may include pain medication and dry sterile dressings applied to open skin areas
• Healing generally occurs within 2 weeks
THIRD DEGREE BURNSTHIRD DEGREE BURNS• Full thickness burns• Involve complete destruction of the epidermis,
dermis, and subcutaneous layers• Symptoms include loss of skin, eschar (blackened
skin), yet possibly no pain (WHY?)• May be a life-threatening situation depending on
the amount of skin damaged, and fluid and plasma lost
• Requires immediate hospitalization• Treatment: prevention of infection, contracture,
and fluid replacement• Skin grafting is done as soon as possible
RULE OF NINESRULE OF NINES
• Measures the percent of the body burned
• The body is divided into 11 areas and each area accounts for 9% of the total body surface.
• For example, each arm is 4.5%; the perineal area accounts for 1%
• SEE FIGURE 5-7 pg 83.