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Integration of Energy Storage for E-Textile Applications
Nicholas Hillier
University of Southampton
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
Contents:
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
The why?We want to move towards autonomous and wire free e-textile systems
For this to happen we must consider an e-textile to be a microgrid, analogous to our electricity grid
Waste Energy:Movement, heat,
electromagnetic
Energy
Converter:Tribo, ferro, piezo,
antennas, induction
coils
Energy
Storage:
The missing link
Application:Medical devices,
sensors, transmitters,
IoT
?[1][1]
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
Batteries and Fuel Cells
Electrical to chemical storage via REDOX (reduction and oxidation) reactions.
Reduction and oxidation and the flow of ions between the anode and cathode
allows electrons to flow through the external circuit
[2]
[3]
Capacitors: from electrostatic to super
PseudoEnergy is stored via fast and reversible
redox reactions at the surface
ElectrostaticEnergy is stored via the separation of
charges at the double layer
[4]
[5]
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
E-Textile Energy Storage Forms
1D• Fibres/yarns enclosed in electrolyte and
cladding.
• Intrinsically packaged
• Woven into textiles
• Challenging to up scale
2D• Planar or single layer configurations
• Intrinsic to the textile
• Makes use of the textile structure
• More challenging to package
3D• Multiple layers
• Equivalent to a traditional pouch energy
storage
• Simple production
• Cumbersome
[6]
electrode textile
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
Battery Materials Battery
• Reserve batteries versus
secondary
• Reserve batteries are often
aqueous and activate with the
addition of water
• Secondary battery chemistries
have all been tried but slightly
different (Li4Ti5O12 as an anode
for example)
• Unlocks the potential of metal
air batteries
Fuel Cells• The H2 anode is replaced a
biological anode.
• Enzymes and bio-catalysts (eg:
lactate oxidase)
• Oxygen reduction aided by
another catalyst (eg: bilirubin
oxidase)
• Could be argued that these
harvesters and not storage.
Supercapacitor Materials Electrostatic
Activated carbon, graphene, nanotubes,
carbon aerogels
PseudoConductive polymer (PEDOT, PANI,
Ppy) and metal oxides (MnO2, RuO2)
ElectrolytesPredominantly aqueous (KOH, H3PO4,
H2SO4). Often polymers are adding to
form a hydrogel.
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
State of the Art
[8][7]
• Why do e-textiles need energy storage
• What are the different kinds of energy storage and how do they work
• Typical integration methods for energy storage
• Typical materials for e-textile energy storage
• Current state of the art
• Future perspectives
Future Perspectives
• Complex binary and tertiary electrode structures and
asymmetric devices
• Packaging and interconnections
• Advanced energy systems (moving beyond the singular
device)
• Functional energy storage (self healing, stretchable, etc)
References[1] https://www.e-textiles.ecs.soton.ac.uk
[2] Nishi, Y. (2001), The development of litium ion secondary batteries. Chem Record, 1: 406-
413. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.1024
[3] Mazumder, V., Lee, Y. and Sun, S. (2010), Recent Development of Active Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions. Adv.
Funct. Mater., 20: 1224-1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200902293
[4] A. Davies and A. Yu, "Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene," The
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 1342-1357, 2011/12/01 2011.10.1002/cjce.20586
[5] Majumdar, D., Mandal, M. & Bhattacharya, S.K. Journey from supercapacitors to supercapatteries: recent advancements in
electrochemical energy storage systems. emergent mater. 3, 347–367 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-020-00090-5
[6] Y. Li, S. Yong, N. Hillier, S. Arumugam and S. Beeby, "Screen Printed Flexible Water Activated Battery on Woven Cotton Textile
as a Power Supply for E-Textile Applications," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 206958-206965, 2020, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3038157
[7] Yin, L., Kim, K.N., Lv, J. et al. A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system. Nat
Commun 12, 1542 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21701-7
[8] M. Wagih, N. Hillier, S. Yong, A. S. Weddell and S. Beeby, "RF-Powered Wearable Energy Harvesting and Storage Module Based
on E-Textile Coplanar Waveguide Rectenna and Supercapacitor," in IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2, pp. 302-
314, 2021, doi: 10.1109/OJAP.2021.3059501