Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables for Optimum ROI · operations. It also means maximizing the opportunity we have to lead efforts to establish responsible policies and

Pacific Energy CenterPacific Energy Center851 Howard St.851 Howard St.

San Francisco, CA 94103San Francisco, CA 94103

Integrating Energy Efficiency and Integrating Energy Efficiency and RenewablesRenewables for Optimum ROIfor Optimum ROI

Courtesy of DOE/NREL

Basics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Basics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems for Gridfor Grid--Tied ApplicationsTied Applications

Material in this presentation is protected by Copyright law. Reproduction, display, or distribution in print or electronic formats without written permission of rights holders is prohibited.

Disclaimer: The information in this document is believed to accurately describe the technologies described herein and are meant to clarify and illustrate typical situations, which must be appropriately adapted to individual circumstances. These materials were prepared to be used in conjunction with a free, educational program and are not intended to provide legal advice or establish legal standards of reasonable behavior. Neither Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) nor any of its employees and agents: (1) makes any written or oral warranty, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, those concerning merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose; (2) assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information, apparatus, product, process, method, or policy contained herein; or (3) represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights, including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, or copyrights.

Pete ShoemakerPete ShoemakerPG&E Pacific Energy CenterPG&E Pacific Energy Center

(415) 973(415) [email protected]@pge.com

InstructorsInstructors

Bill HollowayBill HollowayPG&E Energy Training CenterPG&E Energy Training Center

[email protected]@pge.com

Trey Trey MuffetMuffetSustainable SpacesSustainable Spaces

[email protected]@sustainablespaces.com

Courtesy of NASA

PG&EPG&E’’s Climate Change Commitments Climate Change Commitment

“PG&E is committed to leading by example when it comes to climate change. That means more than just minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions from our operations. It also means maximizing the opportunity we have to lead efforts to establish responsible policies and programs to address global climate change.”

— Adopted by PG&E Corporation, May 2006

Why is a utility company trying to get me to use less of their product?

The Big PictureThe Big Picture

How can they make money and stay in business?

30 years ago in California …


Energy use rising rapidly—unsustainable.

30 years ago in California …


Bureaucratic wisdom!Bureaucratic wisdom!

“Decoupling”: separating profits from sales revenue.

9

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

KW

h/pe

rson

US CA Western Europe

Courtesy Art Rosenfeld, California Energy Commission

• Energy efficiency programs have helped keep per capita electricity consumption in California flat since 1976

• PG&E’s programs alone have avoided the release of over 135 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere over the same period

30+ Years of Energy Efficiency Success

Note: 2005 – 2008 are forecast data.

10

PG&E’s Energy Efficiency Mandate

PG&E Annual Energy (GWH) Goals *

744 744829

9441053 1067 1015 1086

11731277

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

• California expects to meet approximately half of demand growth with energy efficiency through 2013

• 2006-2008 energy efficiency budget of ~$1 billion

• 2009 – 2011 energy efficiency budget of ~$1.9 billion (proposed July 2008)

* From CPUC Decision 04-09-060

PG&E Annual Natural Gas (MM Therms) Goals *

9.8 9.812.6

14.917.4

20.3 21.1 22.0 23.025.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

PG&EPG&E’’s Commitments Commitment

• Corporate / Employee values

• State and Federal requirements

• Financial incentives

PG&E Portfolio Solution

Reduce Energy

Use

Renewable Power Supply

ClimateSmart

Partnership

Education

Outreach

1) Reduce consumption as much as possible.

2) Get the “greenest”power you can.3) Offset any

remaining carbon emissions.

PG&E as a Partner and Solutions ProviderPG&E as a Partner and Solutions Provider

California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) “Loading Order”1. Conservation and efficiency

2. Demand response

3. Renewables

4. Conventional generation


Left Funds Investment in the Right

Big Picture: past & currentBig Picture: past & current

PV rebates


Solar Hot Water rebates

Lighting rebates Energy Star

Weatherization rebates

Cool roof rebates

Etc.

Big Picture: future trendBig Picture: future trend

Energy footprint

before


Energy footprint

after

REDUCE IT! You figure out how, and the more you do, the more rebate money you’ll get.

Lowest Lowest costcost

Best Best ROIROI

??

PG&E Cumulative PV InterconnectionsPG&E Cumulative PV Interconnections30,369 g rid tied solar insta lla tions 2006 – 4,345Roughly 50% of a ll g rid tied in US 2007 – 6,593More than 307 MW 2008 – 6,569

2009 – 3,310 (through April)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

# O

f Int

erco

nnec

tions

*As of April 2009

*data source: GIS – all PVs including Non-NEM Installs

18

Class DesignClass Design

Target student:PV salesperson / system designer

Target scenario:Presenting bid to client that contains both EE and PV components.Most cost-effective, most GHG reductions.

19

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Principles of building performance science• Understanding of energy usage, patterns• Basics of usage components:

1. Air conditioning (cooling)2. Lighting3. Refrigeration4. Electronics 5. Water/Space heating

• Comparative costs and ROI calculations• Total package including PV system

20

Building Performance Science

21

HEALTH

Eliminate allergens,

pollutants and sources of respiratory disease

COMFORT

Eliminate drafts and keep constant temperature year‐

round

ENVIRONMENT

Reduce 30‐100% of home’s CO2 emissions by

eliminating waste

FINANCIAL

Save 30‐100% on energy bills while

improving comfort

22

US Carbon Footprint

10% CARS

20% HOMES

23

Products

Car performance

?1

Performance

2

Miles PerGallon 60

24

Home Performance

Products ?1

Performance

Home EnergyRating System

2

85

25

What is Home Performance

• Systems not Products• Building Science • Its about Performance (results)

26

What is Home Performance

Comprehensive Home Performance1. Whole house assessment2. Multi-trades with specific quality standards3. Post work commissioning4. Q/A and Verification

27

Building Science Basics

1. Heat Flow 2. Pressures3. Moisture4. Dew Point

The driving forces behind building problems

28

Key Concept – Building Envelope

29

Simple Concept – Heat Flow

• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles – Hot moves to cold

30

Heat Flow

• Forms of Heat Transfer– Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between objects that are in

contact• touching a hot iron is one form of conduction

– Convection is a mechanism for heat transfer in gases and liquids; it requires air or liquid movement to transfer heat

• a hair dryer moves heat this way

– Radiation is the transfer of heat in the infrared spectrum, and will occur even in the vacuum of space

• how the sun's warmth reaches us

31

Simple Concept - Moisture

• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles

– Hot moves to cold– Wet moves to dry

32

Relative Humidity

33

Dewpoint and Temperature

TempTemp

7272ºº FF

WaterWaterVaporVapor

TempTemp6565ºº FF WaterWater

VaporVaporTempTemp

6060ºº FFWaterWaterVaporVapor TempTemp

5555ºº FF


TempTemp

8585ºº FF


RH: RH:

35%35%

CondensationCondensation

Ability of Air to Carry Moisture

RH: RH:

50%50%

RH: RH:

75%75%

RH: RH:

100%100%

RH: RH:

100%100%

34

Simple Concept - Pressure

• We study and track the transport of Air, Heat and Moisture with these principles

– Hot moves to cold– Wet moves to dry– High pressure moves to low pressure

35

Pressures

Driving Forces:• Stack Effect – the taller the building, the more

pronounced the stack effect.

• Wind Effect – wind creates a positive pressure on the windward side of the building and a negative pressure on the leeward side of the building.

• Mechanical Systems – Fans, HVAC

36

Stack Effect

High Pressure Pushes Plastic Out…

Low Pressure Sucks Plastic in…

37

Home Performance Testing

38

Blower Door

• Measure Air Leakage• Find Infiltration Points

39

Duct Blaster

• Measure Duct Leakage• California Average 30%

Leakage!

40

Air Balancing

Room-By-Room Air Flow

050

100150200250300350400

Studio

DS Bath

Living

Room / K

itchen

Bath 1

Study

Guest B

edroo

m

Hall (m

aster

)

Master

Bedroo

m

Master

Bath

Air

Flow

Vol

ume

(CF

Current Correct Post Improvement

41

Combustion Testing

• Test Combustion Efficiency• Test Flue Systems• Check Carbon Monoxide

42

Infrared Analysis

43

Energy Modeling

• Know what you will save

44

Home Efficiency Roadmap

1. Building Fundamentals– Insulation, Ducts, Air Leakage, Water Conservation, Moisture

Management, Lighting, Appliances, Plug Loads

2. Major Systems– Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Water Heating

3. Renewable Resources– Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Wind, Water Catchment

45

Home Performance with Energy Star

• House as a System Testing– Quantitative Testing– Identify Source of Problems– Fix Underlying Causes– Re-Test to Confirm Solution

46

Understanding Energy Usage

47

Two utility energy sources

Gas Electricity

Space heatingWater heatingCooking

LightsAppliancesCoolingSome heating

Building Energy UsageBuilding Energy Usage

48

Gas Electricity

BTU: British Thermal UnitEnergy required to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree F.Therm = 100,000 BTUs

Energy MetricsEnergy Metrics

WattEnergy of 1 amp current flowing across 1 ohm resistanceKilowatt = x 1000 Megawatt = x 1,000,000

= Watt = 3.4 BTUBTU = .29 WattsKilowatt = 3,413 BTU

Kilowatt = .034 ThermsTherm = 29.3 Kilowatts

No time factorUsage is total embodied heat

Time factorUsage is power over time (kWh)

49

Rate Schedules – “Tariffs”Price lists for energy

Constantly changing

TariffsTariffs

Residential CommercialElectric: E-1, E-6, E-8, etc.Gas: G-1, GL-1, GM, etc.

Electric: A-1, A-6, A-10, etc.Gas: G-NR1, G-NR2, etc.

50

TariffsTariffs

All rate schedules on PG&E website

www.pge.com

51

Types of Tariffs: ElectricTypes of Tariffs: Electric

Tiered (Residential)• The more you use, the

more you pay• Starting point is “Baseline”

amount• Specific to climate zone.

52


E-1 tiered rate as of 5/14/09.

53

Types of TariffsTypes of Tariffs

PG&E monthly electric bill for a large home user:

1,698.00

= $ 41.96= $ 14.31= $ 57.37= $ 113.63= $ 218.48

$ 445.75

Used 1,698 Kwh costing $ 445.75

5 rate tiers12345

54


Seasonal (Commercial)• Different costs in summer and winter• Depends on seasonal demand• Gas and electric opposite cycles

55


Time of Use (TOU)• Both residential and commercial• Depends on when energy is used• Peak, part-peak, and off-peak times

56

Types of Tariffs: GasTypes of Tariffs: Gas

Gas tariffs updated monthly• Reflects market price for natural gas• 2-tiered for residential (baseline + above)• Some seasonal charges for commercial

57

Bill AnalysisBill Analysis

Use to determine baseload and seasonal variationsCan often infer specific appliance usage

Process:• Get at least full year data• Check for unusual situations (shut down, vacation)• Take 3 lowest months, toss out the smallest,

average other two• Same process for highest months

58

Bill Analysis: GasBill Analysis: Gas

Home #1: Single family home, California coast1800 sf, 3 people.Gas water heater, space heater, stove & oven.

Sample year

Source: PG&E

59


24 3031

3 lowest: 24, 31, 30 – avg. 30.53 highest: 76, 76, 71 – avg. 73.5

7671 76

60


Estimate other usage from PG&E analyzer.

Total oven & stove = 29 + 17 = 46/year = 4/month

Lowest total = 30 – 4 = 26 - 5 (some heating year round) = about 20 therms/month for hot water

61


Home #1 Gas Yearly Estimate:Exact total (usage history) = 558 thermsEst. hot water = 240 thermsEst. Stove & Oven = 46 thermsEst. heating (remainder) = 272 therms

Corresponds to statewide averages.

62

Bill Analysis: ElectricBill Analysis: Electric

Home #2: Single family home, Central Valley2200 sf, 4 people.Electric air conditioning.

Source: PG&E

Opposite cycle from gas usage.

63

Energy Efficiency Measures

Air ConditioningAir Conditioning

Heat Pump technology

Heat pump: a device that moves heat from one place to another.

An air conditioner is simply a heat pump in reverse.

Courtesy AJ Madison


Evaporation

Heat absorbed

Condensation

Heat released

refrigerant

Heat pumped

Inside Outside


Evaporation: changing from liquid to gas—requires/absorbs heat energy.

Condensation: changing from gas to liquid—releases heat energy.

Phase Change: from one state of matter to another—embodies significant energy.

Refrigerant: substance which undergoes phase change easily and transfers heat.

Expansion Valve: facilitates evaporation

Compressor: facilitates condensation


Evaporation

Heat absorbed

Condensation

Heat released

Compressor

Heat pumped

Inside Outside

Expansion Valve


Central Air Conditioning: Compressor outside, one big coil (evaporator) inside with ducting.

Courtesy Kool Koncepts

Evaporator (coil) and condenser can be together or separated.

Compressor


Window unit: Evaporator and condenser in same location.

Courtesy AJ Madison

Mini-split: One compressor, multiple small coils in house, no ducting.


Packaged Unit: Commercial systems.

Source: Magik Air

Air Conditioning: SpecsAir Conditioning: Specs

Cooling Capacity• Rated in TONS• Equivalent to a ton of ice• 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/hr

Typical sizes• Window: under 1 Ton (<12,000 BTU/hr)• Central (home) : 1 – 3 Tons (12,000 – 36,000 BTU/hr)• Commercial: over 3 Tons (> 36,000 BTU/hr)

Air Conditioning: SpecsAir Conditioning: Specs

Efficiency• SEER rating

• Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio• BTU of cooling / watt-hour of electricity• Higher SEER = more efficiency

• Old systems typically around 7 - 10, newer ones up to 15

Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case Study

Lowest Hanging Fruit:Large home in Central Valley

Courtesy NREL


Lowest Hanging Fruit:Large home in Central Valley2800 square feet (10 rooms)4 peopleCentral ACNo pool or hot tub

Courtesy NREL


Estimated energy usage from PG&E Analyzer.

AC = $530/yr

= 3,000 kWh/yr


Action: Replace old central AC with new high-efficiency model.

SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency RatingMeasures BTUs of cooling/watt

SEER history (approximate ratings):• Pre 1960 = 6.1• 1975 – 1983 = 7.2• 1992 and after = minimum of 10• Present = up to 15

Air Conditioning: Case StudyAir Conditioning: Case StudyOld SEER = 8New SEER = 14Efficiency increase = 6 Percentage increase = 6/14 = 43%Savings = 45% x $530 = $238/yrTotal cost of replacement = $3,000Payback = 3000/238 = 12.6 yrs.

More attractive in PV package?

Lighting

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Color

•Additive Color Mixing

Luminous Flux

•Total amount of light emitted

•All directions•Unit is lumen (lm)•Used to rate the output of lamps

Examples: a wax candle generates 13 lumens; a 100 watt bulb generates 1,200 lumens.

Chromaticity (Color Temperature)

•Expression of “coolness” or “warmness” of light source appearance

•Measured in Kelvin (K)•The higher the chromaticity, the cooler the source appears

10000K

7500K

5000K

3500K

3000K

2500K

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

•Measure of how well a light source renders colors when compared to a reference source

•Reference source depends on chromaticity< 5000K: Incandescent> 5000K: Daylight

• 0-100 point scale

Types of light measurements

• Total amount (lumens)• “Warmness” or “Coolness”

(Chromaticity) • Color Rendering Index – CRI

Lighting Equipment

• Lamp: produces light

• Ballast: supplies electrical input to certain lamps

• Control: controls when and how lamps operate

Courtesy USA.gov

Measuring Lamp Performance

• Light Output• Power• Efficacy• Lamp Life

(lumens)(Watts)(lumens/Watt)(hours)

Luminous Efficacy•A measure of a lamp’s effectiveness in converting electrical energy into light

•A lamp’s luminous efficacy is measured in lumens per Watt– An automobile’s efficacy is measured miles per gallon

LumensWatt

Energy efficiency measurement of lighting

Efficacy =

Lamps

• Incandescent• Fluorescent• High Intensity Discharge (HID)• Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Incandescent – Operation

• Tungsten filament heated to incandescence

• Significant amount of infrared (heat) is produced along with visible light

Envelope

Inert Gas

Tungsten Filament

Supports

Fuse

Base

Incandescent – Summary• Advantages:

– High color performance– Immediate “on”– Easy/inexpensive to dim– Point source– Low initial cost

• Best Uses– Glitter, sparkle effects– Accent or focal lighting– Creation of warm ambiance

• Design Issues:– Lowest efficacy

(10-20 lm/W)– Short lamp life

(750 - 2,000 h)– Heat– High operating cost– High maintenance costs– High long-term costs

Incansescent: Tungsten Halogen • Premium incandescent source• Line voltage or low voltage• Advantages:

– Higher efficacy (15-25 lm/W)– Whiter light– Longer lamp life

(2,000 – 4,000 h)– Compact size

• Disadvantages:– More costly

Envelope

Tungsten Filament

Halogen Gas, Inert Gas

Supports

Fuse, Lead in Wires

Base

Fluorescent - Operation• Mercury vapor arc

stream emits UV energy• Phosphors convert UV

energy into visible light

Base Pins

Glass Tube

Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas

Phosphor Coating (inside tube)

Electrode

Electrode

Fluorescent – Summary• Advantages:

– High efficacy (up to 100 lm/W)– Long life (up to 30,000 h)– Low initial cost– High CRI– High frequency operation– Excellent lumen maintenance

• Design Issues:– Thermally sensitive– Requires ballast– Special ballast required

for dimming– Not a point source

• Best Uses– Workhorse for general lighting

•Commercial, Residential, Industrial– Creating uniform wash of light across an architectural

surface

Compact Fluorescent - Operation

• Operate like fluorescent lamps

• Have curved tubes, curved arc streams, which are inherently less efficient that straight arc lamps

Curved Glass Tube

Phosphor Coating

Mercury Vapor, Rare Gas

Base Pins

Compact Fluorescent – Summary• Advantages:

– Compact size– High efficacy

(up to 60 lm/W)– High CRI– Long life (up to 12,000 h)– High frequency operation– Excellent lumen maintenance

• Design Issues:– Position sensitive– Thermally sensitive– Requires ballast– Special ballast required to

dim– Higher initial cost than

incandescent

•Best Uses– Workhorse for general lighting

–Residential, Commercial– Sconces, pendant, or ceiling mounted decorative luminaires

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

• Electric arc between electrodes• Tube filled with both gas and salts• Heats materials to form a plasma• Like fluorescents, requires ballast

Courtesy NREL

High Pressure Sodium – Operation

• Pressure builds inside arc tube

• Sodium vapor inside arc tube emits visible light

Base

Arc Tube Mount Structure

Electrode

Ceramic Arc Tube

Xenon Fill Gas, Sodium, Mercury Vapor

Outer Bulb

High Pressure Sodium - Summary• Advantages:

– High efficacy (>140 lm/W)– Long life (24,000 h)– Universal burning position– Wide range of wattages– Good lumen maintenance– Good restrike time (among HIDs)

• Design Issues:– Warm/restrike up time– Poor color– Cycling– Expensive to dim, with limited

performance– Strobe effects

•Best uses– Street lighting– Applications where color is not important

Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Operation

• Produce light by electroluminescence• Solid state light source• Semiconductor chip

Hard Plastic

Phosphor coating (optional)

Semi-Conductor

Anvil

Base Pins

Image license: GNU Free Documentation License.

LED - Summary• Advantages:

– Long lamp life (up to 50,000 h)

– Color efficient– Dimmable– Instant on– Many colors, including white

• Design Issues:– Low efficacy white light

source (40 - 60 lm/W)

– Expensive first cost– Heat dissipation– Low lumens per lamp– Lamp lumen

depreciation

Best Uses:– Colored light and special effects lighting– Situations where maintenance is difficult or costly– Signage

Lamps: Efficacy

• Incandescent: 15 – 25 lumens/watt• Fluorescent: 70 – 100 lm/w• HID: 80 – 140 lm/w• LED: 40 – 60 lm/w

Lamp Comparison Matrix

YNY75MC70%50,00040ProjectionWhite LEDs

NNN80WM75%100,00080AreaInduction Lamps

NNN21W90%24,000110PointHigh Pressure Sodium

NNS92WM85%20,00090PointCeramicMetal Halide

NNS70WM85%20,000100PointPulse StartMetal Halide

YNS86WMC86%12,00070AreaCompactFluorescent

YNY86WMC95%25,00095LinearFluorescent

NYY100W100%3,00020PointHalogenIncandescent

NYY100W95%1,00015PointIncandescent

Temperature Sensitive2

Voltage Sensitive2Dimmable2CRIColor

Temp.1LLDLamp Life(rated hours)

Efficacy(lm/W)

SourceTypeLamp Family

1 - W (Warm), M (Mid-range), C (Cool)

2 - Y (Yes), S (Special Cases), N (No)

Note: Values are representative of lamp family performance

Ballasts

•Required for all discharge lamps– Fluorescent– High Intensity Discharge

•What does a ballast do?– Supplies sufficient voltage to start the lamp– Regulates (limits) the arc current – Heats lamp electrodes, in some cases

Ballasts: Magnetic vs. Electronic

Magnetic• 120 switches per second• Audible hum• Visible flicker• Inefficient• Heavy

Electronic• 10,000+ switches per second• No hum• Invisible flicker• 20%+ more efficient• Light

Courtesy USA.gov

A Control System Overview

Input

Receiver

Processor

Actuator

Output

Operator

People, Schedule, Daylight

Wall Stations, Occupancy Sensors, Time Clock, Photocell

Computer, Processor, Logic Controller

Dimmers, Relays/Breakers

Ballasts, Transformers

Lamps

Component Examples

Lighting Control Hardware - Receivers• Wall Stations

– Switch– Multi-scene dimmers

• Occupancy Sensors– Infrared (eyes)– Ultra sonic (ears)– Dual technology (eyes and ears)

• Time Clock– Astronomical– Standard

• Photocell– Open loop– Closed loop

PG&E Pacific Energy Center 2007

Lighting: Case Study & NumbersLowest Hanging Fruit: Commercial Office Building

Courtesy NREL

Office Energy Survey

Cooling18%

Ventilation11%

Water Heating1%

Cooking0%

Refrigeration4%

Interior Lighting29%

Office Equipment21%

Exterior Lighting5%

Miscellaneous7%

Heating2%

Motors1%

Air Compressors1%

Heating92.5%

Cooking0.1%

Miscellaneous0.1% Process

0.4%

Water Heating6.9%

Electric Natural Gas

Lighting: Case Study

Courtesy NREL

What have they got now?Fluorescent tube lighting.

Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Lamps and Ballasts

Courtesy USA.gov

Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Lamps: the code will tell you.

Example lamp code: F40T12/CWFF = fluorescent= fluorescent

4040 = = 4040 lamp wattslamp watts

TT = tubular bulb shape= tubular bulb shape

1212 = 12/8= 12/8”” diameter (1.5diameter (1.5””))

// = separator= separator

CW = CRI of 62 with apparent color temperature = 4100CW = CRI of 62 with apparent color temperature = 4100ººKelvin (equals F40T12/641)Kelvin (equals F40T12/641)

Courtesy USA.gov

Chart courtesy Steve Mesh

Lighting: Case StudyWhat have they got now?Ballasts: Magnetic or Electronic?Flicker checker will tell you.

Magnetic Electronic

Courtesy USA.gov

Lighting: T12s with Magnetic BallastsWhat do you do?Replace with T8s and electronic ballasts

New lamp code: F32T8/841FF = fluorescent= fluorescent

3232 = = 3232 lamp wattslamp watts

TT = tubular bulb shape= tubular bulb shape

88 = 8/8= 8/8”” diameter (1diameter (1””))

// = separator= separator

88 = CRI in the 80s (somewhere between 80 and 90)= CRI in the 80s (somewhere between 80 and 90)

4141 = apparent color temperature = 4100= apparent color temperature = 4100ºº KelvinKelvin

Lighting: BallastsWhat type ballast?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.

Actual Wattage (AW) = 86.5

More than 2 x 40 watt bulbs. Ballast inefficiency.

Lighting: BallastsWhat type ballast?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.

Actual Wattage (AW) = 56

Less than 2 x 32 watt bulbs. Ballast efficiency.

Lighting: SavingsHow much % savings?Lookup in manufacturers’ sheets.AW before = 86.5AW after = 56Savings of 86.5 – 56 = 30.5 watts% savings = 30.5 / 86 = 35%

At what cost?Current estimate $50 per fixture (lamps + ballast)

Lighting: Cost estimates

http://www.pge.com/mybusiness/energysavingsrebates/rebatesincentives/ref/lighting/

Lighting: Cost estimates

Lamps: 48” length about $2.00 eachBallasts: about $15 - $25 eachLabor: about $30 / fixturePG&E rebate: $4.25/lamp = $8.50 fixture4.00 + 20.00 + 30.00 – 8.50 = est. $45

How many fixtures?Either count or estimate from square footage.

Lighting: Estimate # of FixturesMeasure center to center of fixtures.

10 feet

10 feet 1 fixture per 100 sq. ft.

Lighting: Case StudyAverage office building size

Lighting: Case StudyElectric Rate Schedule

Lighting: Case StudyAverage office building size7,000 square feet / 1 fixture per 100 sq. ft. =70 fixtures x $50 cost each = $3500 retrofit cost30% reduction in lighting energy use

4.0 x .3 = 1.2 kWh/sf x 7,000 sf/yr = 8,400 kWh/yr savings

8,400 x $.18/kWh = $1,512/yr = 2.5 yr payback

Lighting: Case StudySummary

• Replace T12 lamps with T8 lamps• Replace magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts• No change in light quality• Improvement in flicker, noise• $3500 cost, 2.5 year payback• Reduction in electric load

124

RefrigerationRefrigeration

Residential:Large efficiency gains over the years.Simple replacement of old modelRebates often available.

Courtesy NREL

125

RefrigerationRefrigeration

Commercial:Can replace entire unitCan just replace motorsMay even just cover open display cases

126

Refrigeration: Case StudyRefrigeration: Case Study

Lowest Hanging Fruit:Grocery store

Source: ElCivics.com

127

Grocery Store

Ventilation6%

Refrigeration58%

Motors0%

Miscellaneous3%

Exterior Lighting2%

Office Equipment1%

Interior Lighting20%

Cooling5%

Water Heating0%

Cooking5%

Water Heating30%

Heating42%

Cooking28%

Electric Natural Gas

128

Plug LoadsPlug Loads

Appliances that draw power 24/7Never off even when they’re “off”Large increase—growing problem

129

VAMPIRE LOADS

130

VAMPIRE LOADS

• TV <1 to 50+ w) Cable Box (20+ w)• ANYTHING WITH A REMOTE (1 to 5 w)• BATTERY CHARGERS (1 or 2 watts)• MODEM (5+ w)• ROUTER (5+ w) (2+ INTERNET CONNECTIONS)

• FISH TANK PUMP (2 to 3 w 10 gal tank)• HANDS FREE PHONE BASE (3+ w)• PLUGGED IN CLOCKS (<1 to 5 watts)

(MICROWAVE/STOVE/CLOCK RADIOS/VCR/ETC)

131

VAMPIRE LOADS

• TV: 30w X 2 = 60w• Cable Box: 20w X 2 = 40w• Remotes: 3w x 5 = 15w• Modem: 7w• Router: 7w• Fish Tank Pump: 3w• Phone: 3w• Clocks: 3w X 5 = 15w

Total = 150 watts x 8760 hrs/yr = 1,300 kWh/yrAt $.18/kwh (avg.) = $234/yr.

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Plug LoadsPlug Loads

Solutions:• Power strips• “Smart” strips (master/slave)• Timers• Turn things off when not in use

133

HeatingHeating

Courtesy NREL

Water heating and space heating

134

HeatingHeatingSpace heaters (furnaces)• Rated in BTU (heat generating capacity)• Small 50K• Typical home 80 – 100K• Commercial 100K and above

Water Heaters• Rated in gallons of tank size• Home 40 – 80 gal.• Commercial 100 gal. and above• Tankless rated in BTU, typically <200K Btu for

residential

135

Efficiency• AFUE rating

• Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency• Percent of total heat generated that enters

ducts, or water• Higher AFUE = more efficiency

• Old systems typically around 60 - 65, newer ones up to 95

• Current minimum 78 (most sold are 80)

HeatingHeating

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Energy Efficiency with Renewables

Examples by building type:

1. Residence

2. Commercial office

3. Grocery Store

EE + PV CombinationsEE + PV Combinations

Process:1. Size PV system with no EE2. Estimate EE measures in priority

order3. Track reductions in PV system size4. Compare costs, paybacks


Use multiple-page spreadsheet.Will be made available.



Separate worksheets for EE components


Both residential and commercial


Summary and graph of savings

Pete ShoemakerPete ShoemakerPG&E Pacific Energy CenterPG&E Pacific Energy Center

(415) 973(415) [email protected]@pge.com

InstructorsInstructors

Bill HollowayBill HollowayPG&E Energy Training CenterPG&E Energy Training Center

[email protected]@pge.com

Trey Trey MuffetMuffetSustainable SpacesSustainable Spaces

[email protected]@sustainablespaces.com

Documents

Integrating Energy Efficiency and Renewables for Optimum ROI · operations. It also means maximizing the opportunity we have to lead efforts to establish responsible policies and