Upload
estella-miller
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Integrating Concepts in Biology
PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 19:Emergent Properties at the Population Level
byA. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and
Chris Paradise
Sampling and marking of Calotes nigrilabris lizards in the Sri Lanka cloud forest
Table 19.1
Sampling periods
Average time between
samplings
# of marked females
# of marked males
# of marked
juveniles
19 28 days 154 142 75
Population demographics of Calotes nigrilabris lizards in the Sri Lanka cloud forest
Table 19.2
Sampling periods
Density (#/ha +
s.d.)
Sampling periods
% males (+ s.d.)
% females (+ s.d.)
% juveniles (+ s.d.)
17 220 + 32 19 46 + 8 39 + 6 14 + 5
The size of the population at each sampling is estimated by
= the estimated population size, ni = the number of lizards caught on the ith sampling (here
i can be 2-18 – size cannot be estimated for first or last sampling), and
= the estimated proportion of the lizard population caught on day i.
Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density
Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density
Recognize 4 groups in any mark-recapture population:1. animals caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once
after (Wi),
2. animals not caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (Xi),
3. animals caught on sampling i and not caught before and/or after (Yi),
and 4. animals not caught on sampling i and not caught before and/or after
(Zi).
Model assumes (Wi / Xi ) ≈ (Yi / Zi ).
Model assumes (Wi / Xi ) ≈ (ni / (Ni - ni))
(ni / (Ni - ni)) = ratio of # caught and # not caught
To estimate :
Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density
• Rearrange to
• If (Wi / Xi ) = (ni / (Ni - ni)), then (Xi / Wi ) = ((Ni - ni)/ni).
• Simplify (Xi / Wi ) = ((Ni - ni)/ni) to (Xi / Wi ) = ((Ni / ni) – 1)
• (Xi / Wi ) = ((Ni / ni) – 1) ((Xi + Wi )/ Wi ) = (Ni / ni).
• Putting together with , & = Wi / (Xi + Wi )
• The proportion of the population caught on day i is estimated by knowing how many animals were caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (Wi), and how many animals were not caught on sampling i and caught at least once before and once after (Xi).
Unofficial BME 19.1: using a mark-recapture model to estimate population density
• Only caught animals are used to estimate the population size
• Once is known, plug back in to to estimate
Persistence of Brazilian water hyacinth subpopulations in northeastern Brazil
Table 19.3
1982 1987 1988 1989subpopulations surveyed for
size 30 58 85 79
subpopulations from previous survey -- 29 52 77
subpopulations present -- 4 39 41subpopulations absent -- 25 13 36annual probability of
persistence -- 0.69 0.75 0.53
total patches surveyed for % occupancy 720 1244
number (and %) of patches occupied 207
(28.8%)179
(14.4%)
Extinction and colonization rates of small mammals in Chile
Table 19.4
species
El Cobre creek El Grillo creek
north south north south
E C E C E C E C
leaf-eared mouse 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.50
fat-tailed opossum 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.58 0.71 0.50 0.41 0.42
degu 0.23 0.29 1.00 0.00 0.24 0.33 1.00 0.04
field mouse 0.32 0.23 0.41 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.27
pygmy rice rat 0.68 0.26 0.88 0.14 0.46 0.18 0.77 0.14
Relationship between extinction and colonization rates and population density for small mammals in Chile
Figure 19.6
Demographic statistics for female pumpkinseed sunfish in Canadian lakes
Table 19.5
lake
mean age at maturity (yrs)
mean GBM ratio
mean length at maturity (mm)
Little Round 2.4 + 0.16 7.7 + 0.6 65 + 4
Warrens 2.9 + 0.19 9.3 + 0.9 74 + 4
Beloporine 3.0 + 0.15 7.4 + 0.7 89 + 3
Black 3.1 + 0.17 6.9 + 0.5 84 + 4
Vance 3.4 + 0.20 7.5 + 1.1 95 + 4
Adult and juvenile survival probabilities and the survival probability ratio
Table 19.6
lake adult survival probability
juvenile survival probability A:J ratio
Little Round 0.22 0.008 27.5
Warrens 0.19 0.018 10.6
Beloporine 0.67 0.016 41.9
Black 0.47 0.004 117.5
Vance 0.48 0.009 53.3
Distances between neighboring sagebrush and effects of distance on communication between neighbors
Figure 19.12
Differences in foraging rates and load types in female wasps
Table 19.7
Type of female
Foraging rate (loads/hr observed)
% of each load type in total recorded loads
% pulp % water % food
Queen (n = 1) 0.11 75 25 --
Other foundresses (n = 3) 0.95 + 0.27 37.0 +
14.137.0 + 21.3
26.0 + 8.7
Offspring (n = 14) 0.79 + 0.36 20.6 + 13.2
46.9 + 20.3
40.6 + 27.4
Seasonal changes in composition of Polistes fuscatus individuals emerging from one nest
Figure 19.17
Relationship between colony size and number of foundresses for two species of paper wasp
Figure 19.18