NOWPAP CEARAC Northwest Pacific Action Plan Special Monitoring and Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre 5-5 Ushijimashin-machi, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0856, Japan Tel: +81-76-445-1571, Fax: +81-76-445-1581 Email: webmaster@cearac.nowpap.org Website: http://cearac.nowpap.org/

Integrated Report on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) for the NOWPAP Region

CEARAC Report 2005

First published in 2005 by NOWPAP Special Monitoring & Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Centre

(NOWPAP CEARAC) Established at Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center (NPEC)

5-5 Tower111 6th floor, Ushijimashin-machi, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0856 JAPAN TEL: +81-76-445-1571 FAX: +81+76-445-1581

Website: http://cearac.nowpap.org/ E-mail: webmaster@cearac.nowpap.org

Copyright © NOWPAP CEARAC 2005 ISBN 4-9902809-1-1

Preface

The Special Monitoring & Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre (CEARAC) is one of the four Regional Activity Centres (RACs) to coordinate activities relevant to specific components of the Northwest Action Plan (NOWPAP), which was adopted in September 1994 as a part of the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by People’s Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea, and Russian Federation.

CEARAC was founded in 1999 and is hosted by the Northwest Pacific Region Environmental

Cooperation Center (NPEC), which was established in 1998 in Toyama, Japan, under the auspices of the Ministry of the Environment. One of the main activities of CEARAC includes monitoring and assessment of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) under NOWPAP Working Group 3 (WG3).

As one of the main activities of WG3, the 1st WG3 Meeting (Busan, Republic of Korea, 28-30 October 2003) approved that each of NOWPAP Members (China, Japan, Korea, or Russia) would make a national report on HABs in its own country and CEARAC would create an integrated report based on the national reports from the members. A book of National Reports on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the NOWPAP Region was published in November 2005.

The objectives of Integrate Report on HABs for the NOWPAP Region are to provide and to share information on the status of HAB in the NOWPAP Region, and to address issues to be tackled through CEARAC activities. To this end, common HAB issues in the NOWPAP Region are identified. This report was prepared by CEARAC in cooperation with experts and advisors of WG3. The 3rd NOWPAP Focal Points Meeting (Toyama, Japan, 15-16 September 2005) reviewed the draft and finally approved to publish it. The CEARAC Secretariat hopes that this report shows us broader perspectives of HAB issues in the whole NOWPAP Region.

The CEARAC Secretariat would like to thank the CEARAC Focal Points, the experts of WG3 and their colleagues for great contributions to publish this book of Integrated Report for HABs in the NOWPAP Region.

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NOWPAP Working Group 3

Mr. Jianhui ZHANG Associate Professor, Department of Ecological Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, China Mr. Mingjiang ZHOU Professor, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Dr. Yasuwo FUKUYO Professor, Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Japan Dr. Osamu MATSUDA Professor Emeritus, Hiroshima University, Japan Dr. Sam-Geun LEE Division Director, Fisheries Resources & Marine Environment Division, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI, Korea Dr. Chang-Kyu LEE Senior Scientist, Marine Harmful Organisms Division, Department of Oceanography and Marine Environment, NFRDI, Korea Dr. Vladimir SHULKIN Head of Geochemical Laboratory, Pacific Geographical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Dr. Tatiana ORLOVA Senior Scientist, Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia

Special Advisors of WG3 Dr. Hak-Gyoon KIM Invitation Professor, Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Korea Dr. Songhui LU Associate Professor, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, China Secretariat Special Monitoring & Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre (CEARAC) 5-5 Ushijima Shinmachi, Toyama 930-0856, Japan Tel: +81-76-445-1571 Fax: +81-76-445-1581 URL: http://cearac.nowpap.org/

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Contents 1 Introduction ··················································································································4

1.1 Definitions ···············································································································4 1.2 Natural environment of the NOWPAP Region··························································5

1.2.1 Sea areas ········································································································6 1.2.2 Rivers···············································································································6 1.2.3 Major oceanographic currents in the NOWPAP Region····································7

1.3 Social environment of the NOWPAP Region ···························································8 1.3.1 Demography ····································································································8 1.3.2 Aquaculture······································································································9

2 HAB occurrence ·········································································································10 2.1 Current HAB occurrences in the NOWPAP Region ···············································10

2.1.1 Red tides········································································································10 2.1.2 Toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning···········································17

2.2 Common issues on HABs in the NOWPAP Region ···············································24 2.2.1 Severe fishery damage caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides······················24 2.2.2 Threats of DSP and PSP················································································27

3 Information on HAB monitoring ················································································28 3.1 Monitoring activities in the NOWPAP Region·························································28

3.1.1 Monitoring red tides························································································28 3.1.2 Monitoring of toxin-producing plankton···························································28 3.1.3 Monitoring of shellfish poisoning ····································································28

3.2 Common issues on monitoring activities in the NOWPAP Region ·························29 4 Studies to cope with HABs························································································33

5 Training activities to cope with HABs·······································································35 5.1 Training activities in the NOWPAP Region ····························································35 5.2 Common issues on training activities in the NOWPAP Region ······························35

6 Suggested activities for HABs in the NOWPAP Region···········································37 6.1 National activities to cope with HABs ····································································37 6.2 Suggested future activities for HABs in the NOWPAP Region ·······························38

Appendices ⅰ Abbreviations·············································································································42 ⅱ List of experts of NOWPAP Working Group 3 ····························································43 ⅲ Occurrences of red tides in the NOWPAP Region ·····················································45 ⅳ Red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region ···································································51

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1 Introduction

The aims of this Integrated Report are to describe harmful algal blooms (HABs) problems in the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) Region and to identify the necessary future activities of Special Monitoring ＆ Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre (CEARAC) for tackling these problems. The information included in this report is mainly based on the National Reports submitted by the NOWPAP Members (China, Japan, Korea and Russia) in 2004. Useful supplementary data from other sources are also used in this Integrated Report.

Figure 1 shows the approximate area of the NOWPAP Region. The Integrated Report covers the part of the NOWPAP Region that is surrounded by the four countries and their related areas. The reason for the additional areas is that the sea areas outside of the boundary strongly influence the marine environment of the NOWPAP Region. On the other hand, the Pacific Ocean and the Seto Inland Sea of Japan are not included in this report because Working Group 3 (WG3) activities concentrate on problems relevant to the four countries, not to one country, of the NOWPAP Members.

Figure 1 Area of the NOWPAP Region (http://cearac.nowpap.org/nowpap/coverage.html)

1.1 Definitions

Since each NOWPAP Member has their own definition of a HAB, the first WG3 Meeting in Busan, Korea, in October 2003 agreed on specific definitions, as follows. The group agreed to use the scientific names of phytoplankton (referred to just as plankton after the definitions below) species as used in National Reports. HAB: A proliferation of unicellular phytoplankton, which can cause massive fish or shellfish kills, contaminates seafood with toxins and alters aquatic ecosystems in ways that humans perceive as being harmful. There are two phenomena, the so called Red Tide and Toxin-producing Plankton. Red Tide: Water discoloration by vastly increased unicellular phytoplankton that induces deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and occasionally fishery damage.

The map covers approximately 121 143°E longitude and 33 52°N latitude, without prejudice to the sovereign of any States.

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Toxin-producing Plankton: Phytoplankton species that produce toxins within its cell and contaminate fish and shellfish throughout the food chain.

1.2 Natural environment of the NOWPAP Region

This section provides a brief overview of the natural environment of the NOWPAP Region, focusing on the three major sea areas, major rivers and ocean currents. Figure 2 shows the geographic characteristics of the NOWPAP Region. Compared to Figure 1, Figure 2 includes some outside areas of the boundary of the NOWPAP Region in sea areas B and C. Data from these areas are included in this Report.

Figure 2 Geographic characteristics of the NOWPAP Region

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1.2.1 Sea areas As shown in Figure 2, sea areas A, B and C constitute the major part of the NOWPAP Region’s sea area. Table 1 provides basic information on these sea areas.

Table 1 Basic Information on the three seas in the NOWPAP Region

Sea Area A Sea Area B Sea Area C Surface area (km2) 1,300,000 400,000 7,284 Volume (km3) 1,750,000 17,600 131 Average depth (m) 1,350 44 18 Maximum depth (m) 3,796 100 85 Source: EMECS (2003), Environmental Guidebook on the Enclosed Coastal Seas of the World. Sea Area A is a semi-enclosed sea surrounded by Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Russia. It is connected to the open ocean through several straits. Sea Area A is the largest and deepest sea among the three sea areas. Sea Area B is a semi-enclosed sea bounded by the Chinese mainland on the west, the Korean Peninsula on the east and the East China Sea on the south. The waters of Sea Area B are yellowish due to the large amount of yellow silt that discharges from the large Chinese rivers. The depth of Sea Area B is significantly shallower than that of Sea Area A, having an average depth of only 44 m. Sea Area C is the smallest and most enclosed sea within the NOWPAP Region. It is located to the northwest of Sea Area B, and these two sea areas are connected via a relatively wide strait. Sea Area C is even shallower than Sea Area B, with an average depth of 18 m. Sea Area C functions as an offshore gateway to Beijing.

1.2.2 Rivers

Numerous large and small rivers flow into the three sea areas. Table 2 shows some of the major rivers that flow into the sea areas.

Table 2 Major rivers that flow into the three sea areas

Sea Area River Country Catchment area (km2) Flow rate (m3/s)

A Tumen China, Russia 33,800 287 Nakdong Korea 23,817 794 Tumnin Russia 22,400 252 Ishikari Japan 14,330 400 Shinano Japan 11,900 518

B Yangtze China 1,807,199 29,000 Han Korea 26,018 1,171 Kum Korea 9,810 841

C Yellow China 752,443 1,820 Haihe China 264.617 717 Liaohe China 164,104 302

Sources:Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center: NPEC (2003), The State of the

Environment of the Northwest Pacific Region. River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2002), River Discharges Year Book of Japan. Ministry of Construction and Transportation (1998), Discharge Annual Report in Korea. Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centre:POMRAC (In Press), National Reports on River and Direct Inputs of Contaminants into the Marine and Coastal Environment in the NOWPAP Region.

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Some rivers reach enormous length and width, due to mainly their large catchment areas, and have a significant influence on the NOWPAP Region’s sea areas. Despite their relatively small surface area, sea areas B and C receive large amounts of inflow from some of the largest rivers in China, such as the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Comparing the sea areas above, the rivers in Sea Area A are not as large as those of the other sea areas, due to their relatively small catchment areas.

1.2.3 Major oceanographic currents in the NOWPAP Region

Two strong currents exist in Sea Area A, the Tsushima Warm Current and the Liman Cold Current. The Tsushima Warm Current, a branch of the larger Kuroshio Current, enters Sea Area A from the strait between Japan and Korea and heads toward the northeast. The Liman Cold Current runs along the Eurasian Continent from north to south. The Tsushima Warm Current diverges into three smaller branches upon entering Sea Area A. The first branch runs along the coastline of the Japanese archipelago, and the second runs along the Korean Peninsula and then turns and meanders eastward. The third cuts across the center of Sea Area A. Eventually, the major bodies of these currents flow into the Pacific Ocean or the Sea of Okhotsk through the straits between Hokkaido and Honshu, and Hokkaido and Sakhalin, respectively. According to past records, the Tsushima Warm Current enters Sea Area A and exits into the Pacific Ocean approximately 2 months later. Some of the remaining current continues to travel northward, slowly cooling during its travel. Due to the shallowness of the strait between the Sakhalin and Russian mainland, part of this current turns around and heads south along the Eurasian Continent. Finally, it becomes the Liman Current. The Kuroshio Current also diverges into sea areas B and C as the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Figure 3 is a schematic of the oceanographic currents of the NOWPAP Region.

Figure 3 Major oceanographic currents in the NOWPAP Region

Source: Based on Yoon J.H. (1997), Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish. Oceanogr., 61 (3): 300 303.

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1.3 Social environment of the NOWPAP Region

1.3.1 Demography

The total population in the NOWPAP Region’s catchment areas is approximately 560 million, in which approximately 85% are in the Chinese region. Approximately 34 and 47 million people inhabit the Japanese and Korean regions, respectively. Only 4.3 million people are in the Russian region. The population density is highest in Korea, followed by China and Japan. The population density in Russia is about one and a half to two orders of magnitude less than that of other NOWPAP Members. Figure 4 shows populations sizes and densities in the NOWPAP Region’s catchment areas.

Figure 4 Population sizes and densities in the NOWPAP Region’s catchment areas

Source: NPEC (2003), The State of the Environment of the Northwest Pacific Region.

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1.3.2 Aquaculture

Various types of aquaculture are operated in the NOWPAP Region cultivating fish, shellfish and seaweeds. Figure 5 shows the major aquaculture operating areas in the NOWPAP Region. Aquaculture is widely operated along the coasts of China, Japan and Korea. Aquaculture in Russia is presently operated only in limited areas, but it is expanding. Table 3 shows the types of aquaculture conducted in the NOWPAP Region.

Figure 5 Major aquaculture areas in the NOWPAP Region

Sources:Yoon Y. H. (2001), Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 48 (2): 113 120. Matsuoka K. (2004), Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 51 (1): 38 45. Geological Institute, China Scientific Academy (1999); Chinese national atlas of natural resources.

Table 3 Types of aquaculture conducted in the NOWPAP Region

Location Type of aquaculture

China Coast of Bohai Sea, Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula

Tiger prawns, Scallop, Seaweeds, etc.

Japan North coast of Kyushu Amberjack, Red seabream West coast of Hokkaido Scallop

Korea West and south coast Bastard halibut, Amberjack, Rockfish

Russia South coast of Sakhalin, Peter the Great Bay Scallop, Seaweeds, Mussel, Cucumaria

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2 HAB occurrence

2.1 Current HAB occurrences in the NOWPAP Region

In this chapter, the status of HABs in the NOWPAP Region is summarized. Information on red tides and toxin-producing plankton is presented separately.

2.1.1 Red tides

Table 4 summarizes the status of red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region. The approximate locations of red-tide events are shown in Figure 6 (p. 14). Despite the fact that the HAB monitoring does not cover all coastal areas in the NOWPAP Region (Section 3.1), red-tide events have been continuously recorded along the coastal areas with annual and spatial variations. Intensive fishery and aquaculture areas tend to have many records of red-tide occurrences. To date, 75 red-tide producing plankton species have been recorded in the NOWPAP Region (Table 5). Three flagellate species (Heterosigma akashiwo, Noctiluca scintillans, Prorocentrum minimum) and one diatom species (Skeletonema costatum) have been recorded in the coastal waters of all the NOWPAP Members. All three of these flagellate species have caused extensive damage to local fisheries. Other common and damage-causing species include Gymnodinium mikimotoi, G. sanguineum and Prorocentrum micans (all flagellates). In recent years, Cochlodinium polykrikoides has caused serious damage to fisheries in Japan and Korea. The extent of red tides within the NOWPAP Region is usually limited to less than 100 km2 in the Japanese, Korean and Russian waters. Blooms in the Chinese waters, however, often extend over 100 km2. More than 50% of the recorded blooms between 1990 and 2004 were larger than 100 km2, and approximately 25% of them were larger than 1,000 km2 (Table 4). One of the reasons for the difference in records between China and the other NOWPAP members could be due to their different data sources. In China, bloom size was mostly identified through aerial survey, whereas the other NOWPAP members collected data mainly from sea vessels. Red tides are most frequent from spring to summer in the NOWPAP Region. Figure 7 shows the monthly patterns of red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region. The peak season in China is from June to August. The peak in Japan is in April, June and July. In Korea, there is a prominent peak in August. In Russia, the peak appears in June and July. The dominant red-tide species during the peak months are as follows. All of these plankton species are known to cause damage to fisheries. China: Noctiluca scintillans (June and July) Japan: Noctiluca scintillans (April), Heterosigma akashiwo (June) Gymnodinium mikimotoi (July) Korea: Cochlodinium polykrikoides (August) Russia: Noctiluca scintillans and Heterosigma akashiwo (June) Most red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region last for about 1 week. In rare cases, however, red tides have lasted for 1- 2 months (e.g. a C. polykrikoides bloom lasted for 62 days in Korea in 2003). Several mitigation measures have been developed or are under development to counteract red-tide blooms. Clay spraying is one of the common methods employed in the NOWPAP Region.

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Tabl

e 4

(1)

Sum

mar

y of

reco

rded

red-

tide

even

ts in

the

NO

WPA

P R

egio

n

C

hina

(Boh

ai a

nd Y

ello

w S

ea)

Japa

n (D

ata

from

Kyu

shu

regi

on

unle

ss s

tate

d (1

998

2002

))

Kore

a (1

999

2003

unl

ess

stat

ed)

Rus

sia

(199

220

03 u

nles

s st

ated

)*1

Num

ber o

f eve

nts

84 re

d-tid

e ev

ents

from

199

020

04.

150

red-

tide

even

ts r

ecor

ded,

19

wer

e ha

rmfu

l. 30

4 re

d-tid

e ev

ents

reco

rded

. 23

red

-tide

eve

nts

reco

rded

. All

even

ts

wer

e ha

rmle

ss

and

caus

ed

no

dam

age.

Cau

sativ

e sp

ecie

s S

ee T

able

5

See

Tab

le 5

(inc

lude

s H

onsh

u re

gion

) S

ee T

able

5

See

Tab

le 5

Cel

l den

sity

M

axim

um c

ell d

ensi

ty r

ecor

ded

for

the

follo

win

g m

ajor

red-

tide

spec

ies:

N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns (4

9,00

0 ce

lls/m

l) S

kele

tone

ma

cost

atum

(7

2,00

0 ce

lls/m

l) C

erat

ium

furc

a (1

,250

cel

ls/m

l) G

ymno

dini

um s

p. (3

00,0

00 c

ells

/ml)

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi r

ecor

ded

the

high

est d

ensi

ty a

t 117

,980

cel

ls/m

l. E

ach

year

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

rikoi

des

reco

rded

th

e hi

ghes

t ce

ll de

nsity

. M

axim

um c

ell d

ensi

ty w

as r

ecor

ded

in

2003

at 4

8,00

0 ce

lls/m

l.

Eut

rept

iella

gym

nast

ica

reco

rded

the

hi

ghes

t den

sity

at 3

0,90

0 ce

lls/m

l.

Loca

tion

of

occu

rrenc

e M

ainl

y al

ong

the

coas

t of

Sea

Are

a C

(F

igur

e 6)

M

ainl

y al

ong

the

coas

t of

no

rther

n K

yush

u (F

igur

e 6;

incl

udes

Hon

shu

regi

on)

Alo

ng

the

entir

e co

ast

exce

pt

the

north

east

(F

igur

e 6)

Som

e ar

eas

in P

eter

the

Gre

at B

ay

(Fig

ure

6)

Siz

e of

blo

om

Dat

a fro

m 1

990

2004

<1

0 km

2 : ≒

18%

10

100

km2 : ≒

29%

10

01,

000

km2 : ≒

30%

>1

,000

km

2 : ≒

23%

A

ffect

ed a

rea

gene

rally

lar

ger

in S

ea

Are

a C

than

Sea

Are

a B.

*2

<1 k

m2 : ≒

51%

1

100

km2 : ≒

48%

>1

00 k

m2 : ≒

1%

<1 k

m2 : ≒

56%

1

100

km2 : ≒

19%

>1

00 k

m2 : ≒

24%

La

rge

bloo

ms

wer

e m

ostly

by

C

. po

lykr

ikoi

des.

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

and

Pro

roce

ntru

m

min

imum

blo

oms

exce

eded

1 k

m2 .

Dur

atio

n M

ost r

ed ti

des

last

ed le

ss th

an 1

wee

k.

How

ever

, a

Cer

atiu

m

furc

a bl

oom

la

sted

for

40

days

in 1

998.

Euc

ampi

a zo

diac

us

and

Cha

etoc

eros

so

cial

ie

bloo

ms

last

ed fo

r 20

days

.

Alth

ough

th

ere

wer

e va

riatio

ns,

red-

tide

even

ts te

nded

to la

st a

roun

d 1

wee

k.

18

out

of

150

even

ts

last

ed

mor

e th

an 2

0 da

ys.

Mos

t red

tide

last

ed le

ss th

an 1

0 da

ys,

exce

pt

for

C.

poly

krik

oide

s,

whi

ch

cont

inue

d fo

r 1–2

mon

ths.

N.

scin

tilla

ns

and

Oxy

rrhis

m

arin

a bl

oom

s la

sted

mor

e th

an 2

0 da

ys.

*1

: The

re a

re n

o re

gula

r red

-tide

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

ms

in R

ussi

a. T

he p

rese

nted

dat

a ar

e de

rived

from

ad

hoc

mon

itorin

g or

rese

arch

con

duct

ed b

y th

e IM

B F

EB

RA

S,

199

2–20

02

*2: O

bser

vatio

n w

as m

ainl

y co

nduc

ted

thro

ugh

aeria

l sur

vey.

-11-

Tabl

e 4

(2)

Sum

mar

y of

reco

rded

red-

tide

even

ts in

the

NO

WPA

P R

egio

n

Chi

na (B

ohai

and

Yel

low

Sea

) Ja

pan

(Dat

a fro

m K

yush

u re

gion

un

less

sta

ted

(199

820

02))

Kore

a (1

999

2003

unl

ess

stat

ed)

Rus

sia

(199

220

03 u

nles

s st

ated

)*1

Sea

sona

l pat

tern

M

ost

frequ

ent

in

July

an

d Au

gust

(1

990

2004

). S

ee F

igur

e 7

for d

etai

ls.

Hig

h fre

quen

cy o

f re

d tid

es b

etw

een

Apr

il an

d S

epte

mbe

r. M

ost

frequ

ent

in

June

and

Jul

y.

See

Fig

ure

7 fo

r det

ails

.

Red

tid

es r

ecor

ded

from

Jan

uary

to

Nov

embe

r. M

ost

frequ

ent

in A

ugus

t. S

ee F

igur

e 7

for d

etai

ls.

Mos

tly o

bser

ved

betw

een

Mar

ch a

nd

Sep

tem

ber.

Mos

t fre

quen

t in

June

and

Ju

ly. S

ee F

igur

e 7

for d

etai

ls.

Dam

age

Mas

s m

orta

lity

of f

ish

and

shel

lfish

by

Cer

atiu

m

furc

a,

Exu

viae

lla

cord

ata,

G

ymno

dini

um s

p.,

G. s

angu

ineu

m,

N.

scin

tilla

ns a

nd P

roro

cent

rum

sp.

M

ost s

erio

us d

amag

e re

cord

ed in

198

9 by

G

ymno

dini

um

sp.

in

Boh

ai

Bay

(e

cono

mic

loss

of U

S$

38 m

illio

n).

Mas

s m

orta

lity

of f

ish

and

shel

lfish

by

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo,

H

eter

ocap

sa

circ

ular

isqu

ama,

G.

m

ikim

otoi

, C

. po

lykr

ikoi

des

and

N. s

cint

illans

. M

ost s

erio

us d

amag

e re

cord

ed in

199

9 by

C.

poly

krik

oide

s (e

cono

mic

los

s of

U

S$

7 m

illio

n)

C.

poly

krik

oide

s ha

s ca

used

dam

age

to fi

sher

ies

for

mos

t yea

rs s

ince

199

3.

Eco

nom

ic l

oss

of U

S$

95 m

illio

n in

19

95 a

nd U

S$

19 m

illion

in 2

003.

No

dam

age

reco

rded

.

Miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

Reg

ular

mon

itorin

g (C

hapt

er 3

) P

reve

ntiv

e m

easu

res:

Effl

uent

con

trol

(impl

emen

tatio

n of

B

lue

Sea

Ac

tion

Pla

n); i

mpr

ovem

ent o

f sew

age

syst

em,

publ

ic e

duca

tion

Rea

ctiv

e m

easu

re:

Aer

atio

n of

se

awat

er a

nd f

ish-

pen

sink

ing

in f

ish

farm

s; c

lay

spra

ying

Reg

ular

mon

itorin

g (C

hapt

er 3

) P

reve

ntiv

e m

easu

res:

Effl

uent

con

trol,

impr

ovem

ent o

f sew

age

syst

em, p

ublic

ed

ucat

ion

Rea

ctiv

e m

easu

res:

Cla

y sp

rayi

ng

Reg

ular

mon

itorin

g (C

hapt

er 3

) D

eplo

ymen

t of

Aut

omat

ic H

AB A

larm

S

yste

m in

aqu

acul

ture

farm

s.

Rea

ctiv

e m

easu

res:

C

lay

spra

ying

; E

lect

roly

tic C

lay

Dis

pens

er (E

CD

)

No

miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

empl

oyed

.

-12-

Table 5(1) Red-tide species recorded in the NOWPAP Region

Class Genus and Species China Japan Korea Russia

Bacillariophyceae Asterionella sp. Chaetoceros curvisetum Chaetoceros socialie Chaetoceros sp. Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Coscinodiscus gigas Coscinodiscus sp. Ditylum brightwellii

Eucampia zodiacus

Eucampia sp. Leptocylindrus danicus Leptocylindrus sp. Navicula sp. Neodelphineis pelagica Nitzschia sp. Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia pungens*1 Pseudo-nitzschia sp. Rhizosolenia delicatula Rhizosolenia fragilissima Rhizosolenia setigera Rhizosolenia sp. Skeletonema costatum Skeletonema sp. Thalassiosira decipiens Thalassiosira rotula Thalassiosira sp. Cyanophyceae Microcystis virdis Dinophyceae Alexandrium catenella Alexandrium fraterculus Alexandrium sp. Ceratium furca Ceratium fusus Ceratium sp. Cochlodinium polykrikoides Cochlodinium sp.

Exuviaella cordata

Exuviaella marina Dinophysis ovata

-13-

Table 5(2) Red-tide species recorded in the NOWPAP Region

Class Genus and Species China Japan Korea Russia

Dinophyceae Gonyaulax spinifera Gymnodinium mikimotoi Gymnodinium sanguineum Gymnodinium sp. Gyrodinium sp. Heterocapsa circularisquama Heterocapsa sp. Heterocapsa triquetra Noctiluca scintillans*2 Oxyrrhis marina Prorocentrum balticum Prorocentrum dentatum Prorocentrum micans Prorocentrum minimum Prorocentrum sigmoides Prorocentrum triestinum Prorocentrum sp. Raphidophyceae Chattonella antiqua Chattonella globosa Chattonella marina Fibrocapsa japonica Heterosigma akashiwo*3 Chrysophyceae Dictyocha fibula Eugrenophyceae Eutreptia lanowii Eutreptiella gymnastica Eutreptiella sp. Haptophyceae Phaeocystis sp. Cryptophyceae Chroomonas marina Chroomonas salina

Cryptomonas acuta

Cryptomonas sp. Prasinophyceae Pyramimonas sp. Ciliate Mesodinium rubrum Tontonia sp. *1: Nitzschia pungens is the synonym of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens. In this Report, N. pungens is referred to

as P. pungens. *2: Noctiluca scintillans is the sole species of the genus. Therefore, Noctiluca sp. is included into N. scintillans. *3: Heterosigma akashiwo is the sole species of the genus. Therefore, Heterosigma sp. is included into

H. akashiwo.

-14-

Figure 6 Locations of red tides in the NOWPAP Region in 1999 2002 Note: The number of red-tide events is reflected only over sea areas A, B and C in the NOWPAP

Region.

Number of red tides China 38 Japan 148 Korea 259 Russia 12

-15-

Figure 7 Seasonal patterns of red-tide occurrences in the NOWPAP Region

Note 1: Surveyed periods and sample numbers differ among the NOWPAP Members Note 2: This graph is based on the red-tide events reported in the National Reports (Appendix ii)

-16-

2.1.2 Toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning Table 6 shows the status of toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning in the NOWPAP Region. In this Report, toxin-producing species are separated into paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP-), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP-) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP-) inducing species rather than by their taxonomic classification. A total of 20 toxin-producing plankton species have been recorded in the NOWPAP Region (Table 7). Six species were PSP-inducing species. All PSP species except Gymnodinium catenatum belong to the genus Alexandrium. The most commonly recorded PSP species in the NOWPAP Region was A. tamarense. Nine of the ten DSP species recorded in the NOWPAP Region belong to the genus Dinophysis. The other was Exuviaella marina, which was recorded only in China. Among the Dinophysis species, D. fortii and D. acuminate were recorded in all of the NOWPAP Member seas. Damage from ASP has not yet been recorded in the NOWPAP Region, although ASP-inducing Pseudo-nitzschia species were recorded in Russia and Korea. PSP has been recorded in the Shangdong Peninsula and Lianyungang Area in China (Figure 8). Areas affected by PSP in Japan are concentrated in the western Japan (Kyushu and Chugoku) and Tohoku (Aomori Prefecture) regions, as shown in Figure 9. In Korea, PSP has recently affected shellfish harvesting areas on the southeastern coast. Russia has not been affected by PSP as yet. DSP species have been recorded in the Shangdong Peninsula, Lianyungang Area and Sea Area C in China. In 1998, Dinophysis ovata blooms were recorded over an area of 5,000 km2 in Sea Area C. Areas affected by DSP in Japan are mainly in the Hokkaido, Tohoku and Chugoku regions. In Korea, three Dinophysis species were recorded on the southeastern coast in 2002 and 2003, but it is uncertain whether or not there was any damage by the species. Russia has not been affected by DSP as yet. In Russia, observations of PSP-, DSP- or ASP-inducing species are conducted mainly in the aquaculture areas. Figures 10–12 show the data arising from these observations. Although incidents of shellfish poisoning have not been reported in these aquaculture areas as yet, the presence of toxin-producing plankton has been recorded continuously. In China, more than 600 people have suffered from shellfish poisoning since 1967, in which 30 fatalities have resulted from PSP. In Japan, approximately 900 people have suffered from PSP or DSP since 1976, including several deaths from PSP. In Korea, shellfish harvesting was banned on the southeastern coast in 2002 (April–May) and 2003 (April–June) due to A. tamarense. China, Japan and Korea have implemented policies to prevent and reduce harm to people by toxic shellfish. These countries monitor the toxicity level of shellfish at harvest areas. When the toxicity level exceeds the quarantine limit set by the country, the authorities advise fishery markets to stop shipping or ban the harvest of shellfish until levels fall below the acceptable level.

-17-

Table 6 Status of toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning in the NOWPAP Region

China Japan Korea Russia Main toxin-producing species

Alexandrium catenella, Dinophysis forti, D. acuminata, D. ovata and Exuviaella marina (Table 7)

Alexandrium tamarense, A. catenella, A. tamiyavanichii, Gymnodinium catenatum, Dinophysis forti, D. acuminata, D. caudate, D. intundibrus, D. mitra and D.rotundata (Table 7)

Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis forti, D. acuminata, D. caudate, D. rotundata and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Table 7)

Alexandrium tamarense, A. acatenella, A. pseudogonyaulax, Dinophysis forti, D. acuminata, D. acuta, D. norvegica, D. rotundata, Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. multiseries, P. pseudodelicatissima and P. pungens (Table 7)

Affected species

Information is available only for the southern region of China (outside the NOWPAP Region). PSP: Marine snail (Nussarius succinstus); Clam (Soletellina diphos; Ruditapes phillipenensis; Pinna pectinata); Mussel (Perna viridis)

PSP: Mediterranean blue mussel; Japanese oyster; noble scallop DSP: Mediterranean blue mussel; Japanese scallop

Information N/A No shellfish poisoning reported.

Affected area Shangdong Peninsula, Lianyungang Area and Sea Area C (Figure 8)

Mainly in Hokkaido, Tohoku and Chugoku regions (Figure 9)

Southeast coast (Gosung, Tongyoung, Jinhaeman)

No shellfish poisoning reported. Cell density of potential causative species recorded in certain areas (Figs.10 12)

Damage More than 600 people have suffered from shellfish poisoning since 1967. 30 fatalities from PSP across the nation.

Approximately 900 people have suffered from PSP or DSP since 1976, including several deaths from PSP. No fatalities since 1980.

Stoppage of shellfish harvest in 2002 and 2003 in the southeast coast due to PSP.

No damage recorded.

Mitigation measures

Some State Oceanic Administration (SOA) laboratories and local fishery environmental laboratories conduct monitoring of toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning.

Regular monitoring of main toxin-producing species and toxicity test of harvested shellfish. Shipping is voluntarily stopped if toxicity exceeds the Fishery Agency standard. (Voluntary Control) PSP: 20 cases of voluntary control from 1978 to 1999. Most cases lasted 2 4 months. DSP: 64 cases of voluntary control from 1978 to 1999. Duration of DSP was generally longer than for PSP. Some cases lasted over 5 months.

Regular monitoring of Alexandrium sp. and toxicity test of harvested shellfish. Harvest is stopped when the toxin level exceeds the quarantine limit.

No mitigation measures or monitoring.

-18-

Table 7 Toxin-producing plankton species recorded in the NOWPAP Region

Species name China Japan Korea RussiaPSP Alexandrium acatenella

Alexandrium tamarense Alexandrium catenella Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Gymnodinium catenatum

DSP Dinophysis fortii Dinophysis acuminata Dinophysis acuta Dinophysis caudata Dinophysis infundibrus Dinophysis mitra Dinophysis norvegica Dinophysis ovata Dinophysis rotundata Exuviaella marina

ASP*1 Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschia pungens

*1: Damage from ASP has not yet been recorded in the NOWPAP Region, although ASP inducing Pseudo-nitzschia species were recorded in Russia and Korea according to the National Report. ASP-inducing species probably also exist in China and Japan, but they have not being recorded due to different monitoring methods. ASP in the NOWPAP Region should be investigated in the future.

Figure 8 Areas where shellfish toxicity has been recorded in coastal China

-19-

Figure 9 Areas that experienced voluntary control due to PSP and DSP contamination

in Japan (1978 1999) Source: Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association (JFRCA), ‘Monitoring Report on Shellfish Poison

in Japanese Fishery Products’, 1999 2000.

-20-

Figure 10 Dates of occurrences and maximum cell densities of Alexandrium species

in Russian coastal waters in 1992 2002

-21-

Figure 11 Dates of occurrences and maximum cell densities of Dinophysis species

in Russian coastal waters in 1992 2002

-22-

Figure 12 Dates of occurrences and maximum cell densities of Pseudo-nitzschia species

in Russian coastal waters in 1992 2002

-23-

2.2 Common issues on HABs in the NOWPAP Region

2.2.1 Severe fishery damage caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Red tides have frequently resulted in large mortality of fishery resources and huge economic losses to fisheries in the NOWPAP Region. They often occur in semi-enclosed areas, such as inlets and embayments, where aquaculture is often operated. Although various species are known to cause red tides, C. polykrikoides has caused the most serious damage to the fisheries in Japan and Korea in recent years. For example, in 1999 approximately US$ 7 million worth of fishery damage was recorded in Imari Bay, Kyushu, Japan. Even greater economic losses were recorded in Korea in 1995 and 2003, worth approximately US$ 95 million and US$ 19 million, respectively. The locations of C. polykrikoides blooms in the Japanese and Korean regions are plotted in Figure 13, the data of which are derived from National Reports and recent research papers. To prevent or reduce future damage from C. polykrikoides, various studies have been conducted to understand the ecology of this species. Several studies have focused on the transportation mechanisms of C. polykrikoides. Miyahara et al. (2005) traced the movement of C. polykrikoides blooms that occurred along the Sea Area A coast of the Chugoku region in 2003, by referring to the satellite images of chlorophyll-a concentration (field measurements verified that the high chlorophyll-a concentration in the satellite images was predominantly due to C. polykrikoides). Figure 14 shows how the C. polykrikoides blooms moved along the coast of the Chugoku region. Miyahara et al. concluded that this particular bloom was most likely transported to the coast of the Chugoku region through the Tsushima Warm Current. Kim et al. (2004) studied the impact of water temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth rate of C. polykrikoides. The highest growth rate was recorded when the water temperature was 25 ℃, salinity was 34 ppt and irradiance was >90μmol/m2/s. Such physical parameters might explain the appropriate conditions for the C. polykrikoides blooms recorded in the Japanese (Kyushu) and Korean regions. All C. polykrikoides blooms occurred between August and October in these areas when the water temperature was close to 25 ℃. However, the optimum growth conditions of C. polykrikoides require further investigation through the collection of field data.

-24-

●： Based on the National Reports●： Based on the source mentioned below

Figure 13 Locations of C. polykrikoides blooms in Japan and Korea

Sources: Yoon Y. H. (2001); A summary on the red-tide mechanisms of the harmful dinoflagellate,

Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Korean coastal waters, Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 48 (2): 113 120. Matsuoka K. (2004); Present status in study on a harmful unarmored dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef., Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 51 (1): 38 45.

-25-

Figure 14 Movement of C. polykrikoides blooms along the coast of the Chugoku Region

in Sea Area A Note: The movement of C. polykrikoides blooms along the coast of the Chugoku region from September 4th to

7th is clearly seen in green. The spread of primary production on September 16th and 18th is thought to be caused by the typhoon on September 12th.

Source: Miyahara et al. (2005): A harmful bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Dinophyceae) in the coastal area of San-in, western part of the Japan Sea, in September 2003, Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 52(1), 11 18.

-26-

2.2.2 Threats of DSP and PSP Shellfish poisoning is a common threat in the NOWPAP Region. In China, more than 600 people have suffered from shellfish poisoning since 1967, in which 30 cases were fatal. The majority of these fatalities were from PSP. In Japan, approximately 900 people have suffered from DSP and PSP since 1976. In Korea, shipping of shellfish was temporarily suspended in 2002 and 2003 due to PSP. Although there have been no reports of shellfish poisoning incidents in Russia as yet, the presence of various toxin-producing species have been recorded in Russian waters. Shellfish poisoning in Russia could become a major threat in the future, particularly due to the expansion of the aquaculture industry.

-27-

3 Information on HAB monitoring

3.1 Monitoring activities in the NOWPAP Region

Table 8 summarizes the current status of HAB monitoring in the NOWPAP Region. The locations of monitored areas are shown in figures 15 and 16.

3.1.1 Monitoring red tides

Apart from Russia, all NOWPAP Members have a regular red-tide monitoring program, although monitoring efforts and methods vary among members. In China and Japan, red-tide monitoring sites are distributed sporadically over the country, and are usually conducted in areas with high aquaculture activities. In Korea, red-tide monitoring sites are distributed densely over the entire coast. Regular monitoring in Russia has not yet been established, and this is partly due to the small number of aquaculture farms along the Far East coast. However, realizing the recent increases in red-tide events and their potentially negative effects to fisheries, The Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (IMB FEB RAS) has conducted several red-tide (monitoring and) studies on an ad hoc basis. Red-tide monitoring in China, Japan and Korea are mainly conducted by fisheries research organizations. Other national institutes also provide valuable information on red tides, through aerial surveys, satellite data and so on. In the case of a significant red-tide event, various institutes collaborate to conduct trace monitoring and implement effective countermeasures. Korea has a particularly well established inter-organization cooperation scheme for such cases through the NFRDI (National Fisheries Research & Development Institute) HAB Emergency Center.

3.1.2 Monitoring of toxin-producing plankton Monitoring of toxin-producing plankton is conducted in China, Japan and Korea, usually by fisheries research organizations. In Japan, monitoring is conducted in selected shellfish-producing areas. In Japan and Korea, monitoring usually focuses on particular target species. However, each fisheries research organization sets its own target for different species. In Japan, Alexandrium species and Gymnodinium catenatum are usually monitored for PSP, and Dinophysis species are monitored for DSP. In Korea, Alexandrium tamarense is monitored in the southeastern region, near aquaculture farms.

3.1.3 Monitoring of shellfish poisoning

Monitoring of shellfish poisoning is conducted in China, Japan and Korea, usually by fisheries research organizations. In Japan and Korea, this type of monitoring is conducted in shellfish-producing areas. All NOWPAP Members have quarantine limits for harvested shellfish. When the toxin level exceeds the limit, shipping or harvesting of shellfish is stopped until the toxin level returns to acceptable levels. The limit for PSP in China, Korea and Russia is 80μg (STX eq.)/100g of whole meat. Japan applies Mouse Units (MU) for expressing the toxin level. The Japanese standards are 4MU/g for PSP and 0.05MU/g for DSP. Some researchers report that 1MU/g is equivalent to approximately 20μg (STX eq.)/100g.

-28-

3.2 Common issues on monitoring activities in the NOWPAP Region

Although HAB monitoring is conducted by all NOWPAP Members, there is some variation among members in monitoring methods and effort. Such variation has resulted from differences in HAB problems, and the restrictions of personnel, technology and finance. For example, Russia does not have as strong a demand for HAB monitoring as do Japan and Korea, since Russian aquaculture activities are still relatively small. Local variations in monitoring schemes also confound HAB data comparisons within and between regions, and this is particularly apparent in China and Japan. For example, in Japan, the method of HAB monitoring varies with each prefectural fisheries laboratory. This variation occurs because fisheries laboratory conduct HAB monitoring in accordance with indigenous species and their monitoring budget. As a result, a consistent methodology for HAB monitoring has not been established nationwide. Furthermore, monitoring could be stopped if prefectural fisheries laboratories cannot obtain finance for HAB monitoring.

-29-

Tabl

e 8

(1)

Sta

tus

of H

AB m

onito

ring

in th

e N

OW

PAP

Reg

ion

Chi

na

Japa

n K

orea

R

ussi

a R

ed ti

de

(regu

lar

mon

itorin

g)

Maj

or

impl

emen

ting

orga

niza

tion

Bra

nch

offic

e of

S

OA

S

EPA

D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

Fi

sher

y en

viro

nmen

tal

labo

rato

ries

of

loca

l go

vern

men

t

Fish

ery

labo

rato

ries

of

pref

ectu

ral

gove

rnm

ents

Kyu

shu

Fish

erie

s C

oord

inat

ion

Offi

ce

Japa

n C

oast

Gua

rd

NFR

DI

NFR

DI f

ishe

ries

exte

nsio

n se

rvic

e ce

nter

Nat

iona

l Mar

itim

e P

olic

e A

genc

y (N

MPA

)

No

regu

lar g

over

nmen

t m

onito

ring

prog

ram

. H

owev

er, I

MB

FE

B R

AS

co

nduc

t obs

erva

tions

on

ad h

oc b

asis

.

M

etho

d Ve

ssel

m

onito

ring

Sat

ellit

e re

mot

e se

nsin

g A

eria

l mon

itorin

g

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

Te

mpe

ratu

re, s

alin

ity,

chlo

roph

yll-a

, nut

rient

s,

cell

dens

ity m

onito

red

at fi

xed

poin

ts (s

ome

labs

do

not m

onito

r all

of th

ese

para

met

ers)

Wat

er c

olor

(v

isua

l ob

serv

atio

n) a

nd

wat

er

tem

pera

ture

(in

frare

d se

nsor

) m

onito

red

thro

ugh

aeria

l su

rvey

.

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

C

ell d

ensi

ty o

f C.

poly

krik

oide

s.

Pre

caut

ion

and

war

ning

s is

sued

whe

n C

. pol

ykrik

oide

s ce

ll de

nsity

exc

eeds

300

ce

lls/m

l and

1,0

00

cells

/ml,

resp

ectiv

ely.

Aer

ial s

urve

y In

form

atio

n N

/A

Lo

catio

n 4

mon

itorin

g si

tes

in th

e Ye

llow

and

Boh

ai

seas

. See

Fig

ure

15 fo

r loc

atio

n.

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

U

sual

ly li

mite

d to

sm

all

area

s su

ch a

s in

en

clos

ed b

ays.

See

Fi

gure

15

for m

onito

red

site

s.

4 fli

ght r

oute

s ov

er th

e K

yush

u co

asta

l are

a.

Offs

hore

are

as

169

stat

ions

. See

Fi

gure

15

for l

ocat

ion.

In

form

atio

n N

/A

Coa

stal

wat

ers

of

Prim

orye

and

Sou

th

Sak

halin

Isla

nd.

Fr

eque

ncy

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

In

form

atio

n N

/A

Diff

ers

amon

g la

bora

torie

s. M

ainl

y du

ring

sprin

g to

su

mm

er.

68

fligh

ts d

urin

g Ju

ne to

Oct

ober

. In

form

atio

n N

/A

Febr

uary

–Nov

embe

r In

form

atio

n N

/A

Ad

hoc

basi

s

Red

tide

(tr

ace

mon

itorin

g)

Afte

r the

initi

atio

n of

a re

d tid

e,

fishe

ry e

nviro

nmen

tal l

abor

ator

ies

cond

uct p

lank

ton

sam

plin

g an

d,

whe

n ne

cess

ary,

con

tinue

trac

king

. S

OA

also

par

ticip

ates

in tr

acki

ng

whe

n re

quire

d.

Afte

r the

initi

atio

n of

a re

d tid

e, fi

sher

y la

bora

torie

s co

nduc

t pl

ankt

on s

ampl

ing

and,

whe

n ne

cess

ary,

con

tinue

trac

king

.

Afte

r the

initi

atio

n of

a re

d tid

e, th

e H

AB

E

mer

genc

y C

ente

r in

NFR

DI c

olle

cts

rele

vant

in

form

atio

n to

pre

dict

futu

re m

ovem

ent o

f the

re

d tid

e. T

he in

form

atio

n is

then

dis

sem

inat

ed

to fi

sher

men

and

rele

vant

org

aniz

atio

ns.

Trac

e m

onito

ring

not

cond

ucte

d.

Toxi

n-

prod

ucin

g pl

ankt

on

Impl

emen

ting

orga

niza

tion

Som

e S

OA

labo

rato

ries

and

loca

l fis

hery

env

ironm

enta

l lab

orat

orie

s.

Mon

itorin

g ne

twor

k un

der

cons

truct

ion.

Fish

ery

labo

rato

ries

of p

refe

ctur

al g

over

nmen

ts

NFR

DI a

nd R

egio

nal M

ariti

me

Affa

irs a

nd

Fish

erie

s O

ffice

N

o of

ficia

l reg

ular

m

onito

ring

prog

ram

. H

owev

er, I

MB

FE

B R

AS

an

d S

akhN

IRO

con

duct

ob

serv

atio

ns o

n an

ad

hoc

basi

s.

M

etho

d In

form

atio

n N

/A

Cel

l den

sity

of A

lexa

ndriu

m s

peci

es a

nd G

ymno

dini

um c

aten

atum

ar

e us

ually

mon

itore

d fo

r PS

P, a

nd D

inop

hysi

s sp

ecie

s fo

r DS

P.

How

ever

, the

targ

et s

peci

es m

ay d

iffer

am

ong

labo

rato

ries.

Cel

l den

sity

of A

. tam

aren

se is

regu

larly

m

onito

red.

C

ell d

ensi

ty o

f cer

tain

to

xin-

prod

ucin

g pl

ankt

on

stud

ied.

Loca

tion

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

U

sual

ly in

she

llfis

h pr

oduc

tion

area

s. S

ee F

igur

e 16

for m

onito

red

site

s.

Nea

r the

she

llfis

h fa

rms

in th

e so

uthe

ast c

oast

. C

oast

al w

ater

s of

P

rimor

ye a

nd S

outh

S

akha

lin Is

land

.

Freq

uenc

y In

form

atio

n N

/A

Diff

ers

amon

g la

bora

torie

s.

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

A

d ho

c ba

sis

-30-

Tabl

e 8

(2)

Sta

tus

of H

AB m

onito

ring

in th

e N

OW

PAP

Reg

ion

C

hina

Ja

pan

Kor

ea

Rus

sia

She

llfis

h po

ison

ing

Impl

emen

ting

orga

niza

tion

Som

e S

OA

labo

rato

ries

and

loca

l fis

hery

env

ironm

enta

l lab

orat

orie

s.

Mon

itorin

g ne

twor

k un

der

cons

truct

ion.

Fish

ery

labo

rato

ries

of p

refe

ctur

al g

over

nmen

ts

NFR

DI a

nd R

egio

nal M

ariti

me

Affa

irs a

nd

Fish

erie

s O

ffice

M

onito

ring

not c

ondu

cted

.

M

etho

d In

form

atio

n N

/A

Mea

sure

men

t of t

oxin

leve

l in

the

mid

gut g

land

. M

easu

rem

ent o

f tox

in le

vel i

n th

e m

eat o

r m

idgu

t gla

nd.

-

Lo

catio

n In

form

atio

n N

/A

Usu

ally

in s

hellf

ish

prod

uctio

n ar

eas.

See

Fig

ure

16 fo

r mon

itore

d si

tes.

S

hellf

ish

farm

s in

the

wes

tern

and

sou

ther

n co

asta

l are

a. O

ver 1

00 s

tatio

ns. S

ee F

igur

e 16

fo

r mon

itore

d si

tes.

-

Fr

eque

ncy

Varie

s w

ith lo

cal h

arve

st s

easo

n.

At l

east

mon

thly

dur

ing

the

harv

est s

easo

n. F

requ

ency

incr

ease

s to

w

eekl

y if

a hi

gh ri

sk o

f poi

son

is s

uspe

cted

. A

t lea

st m

ore

than

onc

e a

mon

th. F

requ

ency

in

crea

ses

whe

n to

xin

is d

etec

ted

in th

e sh

ellfi

sh.

-

S

hipp

ing

and/

or

harv

est s

topp

age

Stop

page

of h

arve

stin

g an

d sh

ippi

ng w

hen

PS

P to

xin

leve

l ex

ceed

s th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Agr

icul

ture

sta

ndar

d (8

0μg/

100g

of

who

le m

eat).

DS

P to

xin

leve

l m

ust b

e no

n-de

tect

able

.

Volu

ntar

y st

oppa

ge o

f shi

ppin

g w

hen

toxi

n le

vel e

xcee

ds th

e Fi

sher

y A

genc

y st

anda

rd (P

SP

: 4M

U/g

; DS

P: 0

.05M

U/g

). S

hipp

ing

can

reco

mm

ence

whe

n to

xici

ty le

vel r

emai

ns b

elow

the

stan

dard

fo

r 2 w

eeks

.

Stop

page

of h

arve

stin

g w

hen

PS

P to

xin

leve

l ex

ceed

s 80μ

g/10

0g m

eat.

Max

imum

per

mis

sibl

e le

vel.

PS

P: 8

0μg/

100g

w

et m

ollu

sk ti

ssue

. D

SP

: No

dete

ctio

n of

oc

adai

c ac

id.

-31-

Figure 15 Locations of red-tide monitoring organizations and sites in the NOWPAP

Region (including trace monitoring) Note 1: Green plots show the locations of monitoring organizations. For China, only SOA marine red-tide

monitoring organizations are shown. Other Chinese monitoring organizations, such as SEPA (State Environmental Protection Administration) and Department of Agriculture, are not included in this figure.

Note 2: Monitoring sites (red plots) in this figure are based only on National Reports.

Figure 16 Location of toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning monitoring

organizations and sites in the NOWPAP Region Note 1: Green plots show the locations of monitoring organizations. Note 2: The monitoring sites (red plots) in this figure are based only on National Reports. Sites do not

necessarily monitor both toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning.

-32-

4 Studies to cope with HABs

Table 9 shows the main HAB studies conducted in the NOWPAP Region, categorized into the mechanism of HAB occurrences, toxicity analysis, taxonomy and mitigation measures. The bloom mechanisms of harmful species were investigated in relation to various physical, chemical and biological environmental parameters. Target species include Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium sp. and C. polykrikoides. Some studies have focused on the interspecific relationships among plankton, bacteria and virus species as a key to initiate or eradicate the population of harmful plankton species. Toxicity analysis is one of the hot topics in HAB research. The effectiveness of various new assay or bioassay techniques is being tested to improve their detection abilities. The toxicity of various harmful species, including intraspecific variation, is also studied. Recent studies on plankton taxonomy incorporate molecular biology techniques for species identification, intraspecific genetic variation, and so on. Possible new mitigation measures are constantly being researched in the NOWPAP Region. The physical control of HABs through clay spraying is a well studied method and has already been implemented in some areas. However, its environmental impact is still of concern. The use of surfactants has also been considered in some studies. The biological control of HABs has been recently considered as an effective option by some researchers. Biological methods may control HABs by introducing organisms that graze (e.g. zooplankton, other micro algae, etc) or infect (viruses, bacteria) the target plankton species, although the ecological impact needs to be examined carefully. The forecasting of HABs is another major research topic in the NOWPAP Region. The use of satellite remote sensing is considered the most effective tool for forecasting HABs. Neural network techniques and numerical simulation models are also being studied for predicting the occurrence and movement of blooms.

-33-

Tabl

e 9

Maj

or H

AB

stu

dies

con

duct

ed in

the

NO

WPA

P R

egio

n

Cat

egor

y C

hina

Ja

pan

Kor

ea

Rus

sia

Mec

hani

sm

of H

AB

oc

curr

ence

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

nut

rient

leve

l with

H

AB

s R

elat

ions

hip

of z

oopl

ankt

on

com

mun

ity s

truct

ure

with

HA

Bs

Blo

om m

echa

nism

of A

. tam

aren

se

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

mac

ronu

trien

ts w

ith

HA

Bs

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

Ale

xand

rium

sp.

gr

owth

with

bac

teria

R

elat

ions

hip

of A

. tam

aren

se g

row

th

with

Fe

and

Mn

Blo

om m

echa

nism

of P

SP

indu

cing

sp

ecie

s w

ith A

lexa

ndriu

m s

pp. a

nd

Gym

nodi

nium

cat

enat

um

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

bac

teria

/viru

ses

with

re

d-tid

e se

nesc

ence

R

elat

ions

hip

of w

ater

tem

p., s

alin

ity

and

irrad

ianc

e w

ith C

ochl

odin

ium

po

lykr

ikoi

des

grow

th

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

zoo

plan

kton

co

mm

unity

stru

ctur

e w

ith C

. po

lykr

ikoi

des

bloo

ms

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

phy

sico

-che

mic

al

fact

ors

(wat

er te

mp.

, sal

inity

, irr

adia

nce

and

nutri

ents

) with

C.

poly

krik

oide

s bl

oom

s

Blo

om m

echa

nism

of d

iato

m

Cha

etoc

eros

sal

sugi

neus

and

O

xyrr

his

mar

ina

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

nut

rient

leve

l, st

ratif

icat

ion

and

wat

er te

mp.

with

re

cent

incr

ease

of H

AB

s

Toxi

city

an

alys

is

Toxi

city

ana

lysi

s of

HA

Bs

usin

g bi

oass

ays,

HP

LC a

nd L

C-M

S

Toxi

city

ana

lysi

s w

ith h

igh

perfo

rman

ce li

quid

chr

omat

ogra

phy

and

mas

s ch

rom

atog

raph

y E

ffect

iven

ess

of E

LISA

met

hod

Toxi

city

ana

lysi

s of

C. p

olyk

rikoi

des,

A

lexa

ndriu

m s

pp.,

Mic

rocy

stis

spp

. an

d Ps

eudo

-nitz

schi

a sp

p.

Toxi

city

ana

lysi

s of

diff

eren

t gen

etic

po

pula

tions

of A

. tam

aren

se

Taxo

nom

y Id

entif

icat

ion

of d

inof

lage

llate

s by

a

two

dim

ensi

onal

pro

teom

e re

fere

nce

map

M

olec

ular

iden

tific

atio

n of

diff

eren

t A

lexa

ndriu

m s

pp. s

train

s

Dev

elop

men

t of m

olec

ular

bio

logy

te

chni

ques

to d

istin

guis

h pl

ankt

on

popu

latio

ns

Ultr

astru

ctur

e an

d ph

ylog

eny

of

mic

roal

gae

usin

g m

olec

ular

bio

logy

te

chni

ques

Iden

tific

atio

n of

A. t

amar

ense

su

bpop

ulat

ions

usi

ng m

olec

ular

bi

olog

y te

chni

ques

Miti

gatio

n m

easu

res

Coa

gula

tion

rate

of c

lay

with

HA

B

spec

ies

Mon

itorin

g an

d fo

reca

stin

g of

HA

Bs

by re

mot

e se

nsin

g C

ontro

l of H

AB

s us

ing

yello

w c

lay

and

surfa

ctan

ts

Bio

logi

cal c

ontro

l of H

AB

s us

ing

viru

ses,

bac

teria

, mac

roal

gae

HA

B p

redi

ctio

n w

ith n

eura

l net

wor

k te

chni

que

Ear

ly d

etec

tion

of H

AB

s us

ing

mol

ecul

ar b

iolo

gy te

chni

ques

B

iolo

gica

l con

trol o

f HA

Bs

usin

g ba

cter

ia, p

aras

ites,

cop

epod

s an

d ci

liate

s C

ontro

l of H

ABs

usi

ng y

ello

w c

lay

and

surfa

ctan

ts

Env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

of c

ontro

l ag

ents

R

ed-ti

de d

etec

tion

usin

g sa

tellit

e re

mot

e se

nsin

g

Info

rmat

ion

N/A

-34-

5 Training activities to cope with HABs

5.1 Training activities in the NOWPAP Region

Table 10 shows the types of training courses conducted by the NOWPAP Members. The majority of courses are related to red tides, shellfish monitoring and HAB mitigation, with main participants coming from monitoring organizations, research institutes and universities. China operates some training courses for different trainee groups. Japan has invited local fishermen and aquaculture operators into these training programs, since their participation is vital for HAB monitoring and mitigation. Korea has conducted red-tide training courses for technicians of developing countries, together with various other training courses. There are currently no national HAB training programs in Russia.

5.2 Common issues on training activities in the NOWPAP Region

Each NOWPAP Member has realized the importance of capacity building for improving HAB monitoring (Report of the First Meeting of NOWPAP Working Group 3), and China, Japan and Korea have conducted various training programs. However, these countries have carried out the promotion of concrete techniques for HAB monitoring practice and toxin analysis in their own training programs. Since NOWPAP Members conduct these training programs individually, there could be some differences in the knowledge and techniques of the trainees. Therefore, the sharing of common knowledge, standardization of techniques for HAB monitoring and toxin analysis, and the implementation of common HAB monitoring training program among NOWPAP Members are now being considered.

-35-

Table 10 Types of HAB training courses conducted in the NOWPAP Region

Targeted personnel Host organization Subject China Personnel involved in red tides

and shellfish poisoning in the monitoring centers of SOA

Information N/A Lectures on red-tide monitoring and toxin analysis

Personnel from universities and research institutes involved in red-tide and shellfish poisoning research

Information N/A Lectures on HPLC techniques for PSP and DSP detection

Personnel from universities and research institutes involved in fisheries research

Information N/A Lectures and discussions on disease control in aquaculture farms

Personnel from coastal local governments involved in environmental monitoring, including red tides

Information N/A Lectures on red-tide monitoring, species identification and toxin analysis

Japan Technicians of local government fisheries laboratories

Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association (JFRCA)

Lectures on latest HAB information. Exercises in sampling, sample preservation, species identification, toxin analysis etc.

Local fishermen and aquaculture operators

Local Governments Lectures on HAB mechanisms, mitigation measures, monitoring etc.

Korea Technicians of developing countries

Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

Lectures on red-tide monitoring and mitigation.

Personnel involved in coastal zone management in local government or regional maritime affairs & fisheries

NFRDI Lectures on red-tide monitoring and mitigation. Lectures on HAB mechanisms.

Technicians involved in sanitation and inspection of fishery products. Personnel from private fishery companies

NFRDI Lectures on shellfish poisoning

Personnel involved in red-tide monitoring in regional maritime affairs & fisheries

NFRDI Exercises in sampling, sample preservation, species identification, toxin analysis etc.

-36-

6 Suggested activities for HABs in the NOWPAP Region

6.1 National activities to cope with HABs

According to the National Report on HABs of each country, NOWPAP Members conduct one or more national activities concerning HABs. Table 11 shows the national activities that are currently implemented to cope with HAB problems.

Table 11 Implemented national activities to cope with HABs in the NOWPAP Region

China Japan Korea Russia Regular monitoring

of red tides Use of clay spraying

to control HABs (only in limited areas)

Regular monitoring of red tides, toxin-producing plankton and shellfish poisoning

Operation of HAB database (includes information on past HAB events)

Use of clay spraying to control HABs (only in limited areas)

Regular monitoring of red tides and shellfish poisoning

Dissemination of HAB information to concerned organizations and fishermen through the HAB Emergency Center

Use of clay spraying and electric clay dispensers to control Cochlodinium blooms

Use of automatic HAB alarm system in aquaculture farms for early detection of HABs

No national programs implemented yet apart from HAB related research activities

Monitoring of red tides is currently implemented in Japan, China and Korea. China and Korea have a well established national monitoring scheme through the NFRDI and SOA, respectively, whereas monitoring is not conducted under a national scheme in Japan. Clay spraying is a common red-tide mitigation method employed in China, Japan and Korea. Its use is limited to certain areas and situations because of concerns regarding its negative effects on the environment. Korea has developed an automatic HAB alarm system, which provides early red-tide warnings to fishermen. Slight differences in proposed national activities are inevitable among NOWPAP Members, since each member has their own particular problems and priorities for HABs. For example, Russia’s HAB monitoring system is still in its development stage, in which administrative reform is a priority for future development. On the other hand, Korea already has a well developed HAB monitoring system, based on the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy. In principal, all NOWPAP Members have their own priorities for developing a more effective monitoring system and mitigation measure. The use of satellite remote sensing is considered an effective tool for red-tide monitoring by all NOWPAP Members, and many research activities have focused on this area. Biological control of HABs is another option being studied by some NOWPAP Members.

-37-

6.2 Suggested future activities for HABs in the NOWPAP Region

The National Report on HABs of each country made suggestions for NOWPAP future activities concerning HABs. Table 12 lists the suggested future activities for HABs in the NOWPAP Region.

Table 12 Suggested future activities concerning HABs in the NOWPAP Region

China Japan Korea Russia Development of a

common data and information network for HAB monitoring (C1)

Cooperation and exchange of information with other relevant organizations, such as WESTPAC and PICES (C2)

Action against Cochlodinium blooms through continuation of CCG and the organization of joint programs with WESTPAC/TTR(J1)

Cooperation with other UNEP Action Plans (e.g. East Asia Sea Action Plan) (J2)

Exchange of information with other organizations to avoid unnecessary overlap of activities (J3)

Development of appropriate policies and technologies to control input of land-based nutrients into the seas of the NOWPAP Region (J4)

Action against Cochlodinium blooms through continuation of CCG, and implementation of collaborative research programs within the NOWPAP Members (K1)

Development of appropriate policies and technologies to control inputs of land-based pollutants into the seas of the NOWPAP Region (K2)

Research and analysis on the influence of land-based nutrients and pollutants on HABs in coastal zones. (R1)

Cooperation and

exchange of information with other relevant organizations. such as WESTPAC and PICES (R2)

Continuation of

international training programs (R3)

Note: The suggestions of each country are numbered, which will be referred in Table 13 (e.g. the third suggestion of Japan is abbreviated as J3).

Japan and Korea consider activities for Cochlodinium polykrikoides control to be important. Damage caused by this species to fisheries is severe in these countries. The area of C. polykrikoides occurrence tends to be expanding in the NOWPAP Region. Even though such damage is not currently found in the China and Russia seas of the NOWPAP Region, this species could become a problem in the future. Therefore, NOWPAP Members should treat C. polykrikoides as a common problem and cooperate to conduct activities concerning this species. In 2004, the Cochlodinium Corresponding Group (CCG) started to work cooperatively on the species. This group activity should be encouraged to become more effective and cooperative (Suggestion 1 in Table 13). China, Japan and Russia emphasize the importance of cooperation within the NOWPAP Region, as with other international organizations that are involved in HABs, such as Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)/IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) and North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Valuable information could be exchanged, and activities could be demarcated through the process. Some objectives of this cooperation are to avoid overlapping activities of researches and the exchange of valuable information, enabling WG3 activities on HABs to be more efficient in solving HAB problems (Suggestion 2 in Table 13). China suggests that there should be the development of a common data and information network for HAB monitoring. China has developed the ‘China Harmful Algal Bloom WebPages (www.china-hab.cn)’ and a website of the ‘National Basic Research Priority Project-China Ecology

-38-

and Oceanology of Harmful Algae Blooms’ (embedded in the former website). These information systems are expected to enable prompt responses to HAB occurrences and the accumulation of scientific knowledge about HABs. Japan has constructed the ‘Marine Environmental Watch Project (http://www.nowpap3.go.jp/jsw/eng/index.html)’ and ‘Website of Remote Sensing of the Japanese Coastal Guard (http://www.cearac-project.org/wg4/portalsite/)’ which provides satellite remote sensing images of chlorophyll-a. These data can be useful to investigate HABs. NOWPAP WG3 has developed a ‘HAB Reference Database (http://www.cearac-project.org/wg3/hab-ref-db/)’ and ‘Cochlodinium Homepage (http://www.cearac-project.org//wg3/cochlo-entrance/)’. The former provides a scientific reference on HABs to NOWPAP Members, and the latter introduces Cochlodinium, which is one of the HAB genera of greatest concern in the NOWPAP Region. Further development of such a database and information network for NOWPAP should promote a common and deeper understanding of HABs (Suggestion 3 in Table 13). Japan, Korea and Russia believe that more effective policies and technologies are needed to control the discharge of land-based nutrients (e.g. effluent control and improvement of sewage treatment systems). In order to help policy makers implement new policies and encourage the private sector to invent new technologies, NOWPAP WG3 could provide data on nutrient sources, river water quality or nutrient loads in cooperation with NOWPAP WG1 and WG2, and provide information about preventive measures that the NOWPAP Members have conducted since the 1970s (Suggestion 4 in Table 13). It is desirable that a collaborative monitoring program is developed within the NOWPAP Region to construct a resource of common knowledge about HABs in the region. In reality, however, each country has already long established their own approaches and programs, including using their own definitions of words (e.g. names of species), such that adapting to another program could be difficult. It is really challenging to develop a collaborative monitoring program in the region, but NOWPAP WG3 should make efforts to construct a quasi-collaborative monitoring program with feasible activities to share common information about HABs among the NOWPAP Members. This is not mentioned in National Reports but is an ultimate goal of NOWPAP WG3 (Suggestion 5 in Table 13). Suggestions for future activities about HABs in the NOWPAP Region are summarized in Table 13. Five suggestions are made for WG3 future activities.

Table 13 Summary of suggestions for future activities about HABs in the NOWPAP Region

1. To facilitate research and study of Cochlodinium through CCG activities (J1, K1) 2. To cooperate with other international organizations that are involved in HABs

(C2, J2, J3, R2, R3)

3. To establish a common understanding of HABs through the development of a

database and information network (C1)

4. To help make a policy on the control of land-based nutrient discharges (J4, K2, R1) 5. To seek a collaborative approach for HAB monitoring for the NOWPAP Region Note: The abbreviation inside the parenthesis shows the suggesting country (e.g. J1 means the first

suggestion of Japan). See Table 12 for details.

-39-

When considering the priorities for WG3 over the next few years from the five suggestions above, actions regarding suggestions 1 and 4 highlight the ‘promotion of mitigation’. WG3 developed their knowledge of HABs in the NOWPAP Region, through working on National Reports, the Integrated Report, the HAB Reference Database and CCG activities in the past four years. These commitments meant that WG3 has been unable to prioritise the ‘promotion of mitigation’ listed on the work plan proposed in the FPMs and WG3 Meetings, but it may now be timely to do so. Also, collecting case studies of mitigation measures might be an option for WG3 activities over the next few years. The immediate topic for future cooperative work of CCG is to establish countermeasures against damage by Cochlodinium red tides. The present report describes current mitigation methods to prevent damage caused by such red tides. It should be noted that these mitigations have a very limited effect, and red-tide events continue to increase. It means that the further development of countermeasures is necessary for the conservation, sustainable development and utilization of the NOWPAP coastal region and its environment. The need to establish effective countermeasures against HABs is not limited to Cochlodinium, but also applies to other HAB species. Some NOWPAP Members are already implementing some mitigation measures against HABs, although with varying efforts and methods. Research in this field is an ongoing process by NOWPAP Members. All NOWPAP Members need to have preventive measures to mitigate red-tide occurrences, such as in the control of nutrient discharges. Japan has implemented laws and set standards since 1970 on nutrient control and the water quality of effluents, rivers and sea areas. It is important that NOWPAP Members share information on preventive measures conducted in their areas in order to make better policies on the control of land-based nutrient discharges. In conclusion, one of the primary future activities of WG3 should be the collection and compilation of detailed information related to HAB mitigation measures. This information includes both preventive measures (e.g. water and sediment quality standards, laws and regulation, etc.) and countermeasures (e.g. clay spraying) against red tides or HABs.

-40-

Appendices

ⅰ Abbreviations ⅱ List of experts of NOWPAP Working Group 3 ⅲ Occurrences of red tides in the NOWPAP Region ⅳ Red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region

-41-

ⅰ Abbreviations

CCG: Cochlodinium Corresponding Group

CEARAC: Special Monitoring ＆Coastal Environmental Assessment Regional Activity Centre DSP: Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ECD: Electrolytic Clay Dispenser EKWC: East Korean Warm Current ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay EMECS: International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal FPM: Focal Points Meeting HAB: Harmful algae blooms HPLC: High Performance Liquid Phase Separations IMB FEB RAS: The Institute of Marine Biology Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of

Sciences IOC: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission JFRCA: Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association KOICA: Korea International Cooperation Agency LCC: Liman Cold Current LC-MS: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry NFRDI: National Fisheries Research and Development Institute NOWPAP: Northwest Pacific Action Plan NPEC: Northwest Pacific Region Environmental Cooperation Center PICES: North Pacific Marine Science Organization POMRAC: Pollution Monitoring Regional Activity Centrer PSP: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning SEPA: State Environmental Protection Administration SOA: State Oceanic Administration TTR: Training Through Research TWC: Tsushima Warm Current UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme WESTPAC: IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific WG3: Working Group 3 YWC: Yellow Sea Warm Current

-42-

ⅱ List of experts of NOWPAP Working Group 3

People’s Republic of China Mr. Jianhui ZHANG Associate Professor Department of Ecological Monitoring China National Environmental Monitoring Center No.1 YuHuinanlu, Beisihuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029 Tel: +86-10-84633677 E-mail: zhangjh@cnemc.cn <also Focal Point of CEARAC> Mr. Mingjiang ZHOU Professor Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 7, Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China Tel: +86-532-2898589 Fax: +86-532-2893088 E-mail: mjzhou@ms.qdio.ac.cn Japan Dr. Yasuwo FUKUYO Professor, Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN Tel: +81-3-5841-2782 Fax: +81-3-5841-8040 E-mail: ufukuyo@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp <also Focal Point of CEARAC> Dr. Osamu MATSUDA Professor Emeritus, Hiroshima University Hachihonmatsu-minami 6-8-13, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0144, Japan Tel/Fax：+81-82-428-3846 Email：matsuda036@go3.enjoy.ne.jp

-43-

Republic of Korea Dr. Sam-Geun LEE Division Director, Fisheries Resources & Marine Environment Division, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute National Fisheries Research & Development Institute 707, Eulwang-dong, Jung-gu, Inchon 400-420, Korea Tel: +82-61-690-8951 Fax: +82-61-686-1588 E-mail: sglee@nfrdi.re.kr Dr. Chang-Kyu LEE Senior Scientist, Marine Harmful Organisms Division Department of Oceanography and Marine Environment National Fisheries Research & Development Institute Shirang-ri 408-1, Gijang-gun Gijan-up, Busan 619-902, Korea Tel: +82-51-720-2520 Fax: +82-51-720-2266 E-mail: cklee@nfrdi.re.kr Russian Federation Dr. Vladimir SHULKIN Head of Geochemical Laboratory, Pacific Geographical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7 Radio St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia Tel: +7-4232-320652 Fax: +7-4232-312833 E-mail: shulkin@tig.dvo.ru <also Focal Point of CEARAC> Dr. Tatiana ORLOVA Senior Scientist, Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo St., 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia Tel: +7-4232-317107 Fax: +7-4232-310900 e-mail: torlova@imb.dvo.ru

-44-

ⅲ Occurrences of red tides in the NOWPAP Region

-45-

Yea

r＼M

onth

Jan.

Fe

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Mar

.

1999

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1)

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Yea

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onth

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des i

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-47-

Yea

r＼M

onth

Jul.

Aug

. Se

p.

1999

2000

2001

2002

ⅲ

Occ

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nces

of r

ed ti

des i

n th

e N

OW

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ion(

3)

Cla

ssG

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-48-

Yea

r＼M

onth

Oct

. N

ov.

Dec

.

1999

2000

2001

2002

ⅲ

Occ

urre

nces

of r

ed ti

des i

n th

e N

OW

PAP

Reg

ion(

4)

Cla

ssG

enus

and

Spe

cies

Abb

revi

atio

nC

yano

phyc

eae

Mic

rocy

stis

vir

dis

M.v

.C

rypt

ophy

ceae

Chr

omon

as m

arin

aC

hro.

m.

Chr

omon

as s

alin

aC

hro.

s.C

rypt

omon

as a

cuta

Cry

.a.

Cry

ptom

onas

sp.

Cry

.sp.

Din

ophy

ceae

Alex

andr

ium

cat

enel

laA

.c.

Alex

andr

ium

frat

ercu

lus

A.f.

Alex

andr

ium

sp.

A.s

p.C

erat

ium

furc

aC

.f.C

erat

ium

fusu

sC

.fusu

sC

erat

ium

sp.

C.s

p.C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

esC

.p.

Coc

hlod

iniu

m s

p.C

och.

sp.

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oiG

.m.

Gym

nodi

nium

san

guin

eum

G.s

.G

ymno

dini

um s

p.G

ym. s

p.G

yrod

iniu

m s

p.G

yro.

sp.

Het

eroc

apsa

cir

cula

risq

uam

aH

.c.

Het

eroc

apsa

triq

uetr

aH

.t.H

eter

ocap

sa s

p.H

eter

oc.s

p.N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

.s.

Noc

tiluc

a sp

.N

oc.s

p.O

xyrr

his

mar

ina

O.m

.Pr

oroc

entr

um b

altic

umP.

b.Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

P.d.

Pror

ocen

trum

mic

ans

P.m

ic.

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

P.m

.Pr

oroc

entr

um s

igm

oide

sP.

s.Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

P.t.

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

Pro.

sp.

Chr

ysop

hyce

aeD

icty

ocha

fibu

laD

.f.H

apto

phyc

eae

Phae

ocys

tis s

p.Ph

aeo.

sp.

Hap

toph

ycea

eH

apto

.B

acill

ario

phyc

eae

Aste

rion

ella

ｓｐ

.A

ste.

sp.

Cha

etoc

eros

cur

vise

tum

Ch.

c.C

haet

ocer

os

pse

udoc

urvi

setu

mC

h.ps

.

Cha

etoc

eros

soc

ialis

Ch.

s.C

haet

ocer

os s

p.C

haet

o. s

p.C

osci

nodi

scus

gig

asC

os.g

.C

osci

nodi

scus

sp.

Cos

.sp.

Dity

lum

bri

ghtw

ellii

Dity

.b.

Euca

mpi

a zo

diac

usEu

c.z.

Lept

ocyl

indr

us d

anic

usL.

d.Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

sp.

Lept

o.sp

.N

avic

ula

sp.

Nav

.sp.

Neo

delp

hine

is p

elag

ica

Neo

.p.

Nitz

schi

a pu

ngen

sN

.p.

Nitz

schi

a sp

.N

it.sp

.N

itzsc

hia

spp

.N

itz.s

pp.

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do-n

itzsc

hia

pung

ens

Pse.

p.Ps

eudo

-nitz

schi

a sp

.Ps

e.sp

.Rh

izos

olen

ia d

elic

atul

aR

.d.

Rhiz

osol

enia

frag

iliss

ima

R.f.

Rhiz

osol

enia

sp.

Rhi

zo.s

p.Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umS.

c.Sk

elet

onem

a sp

.S.

sp.

Thal

assi

osir

a de

cipi

ens

T.d.

Thal

assi

osir

a ro

tula

T.r.

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.Th

ala.

sp.

Rap

hido

phyc

eae

Cha

ttone

lla a

ntiq

uaC

.a.

Cha

ttone

lla g

lobo

saC

.g.

Cha

ttone

lla m

arin

aC

.m.

Fibr

ocap

sa ja

poni

caF.

j.H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

oH

.a.

Het

eros

igm

a sp

.H

.sp

Eugl

enop

hyce

aeEu

trep

tia la

now

iiE.

l.Eu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

E.g.

Eutr

eptie

lla s

p.E.

spPr

asin

ophy

ceae

Pyra

mim

onas

sp.

Pyra

.sp.

Cili

ate

Mes

odin

ium

rub

rum

M.r.

Tont

onia

sp.

Ton.

sp.

-49-

-50-

ⅳ Red-tide events in the NOWPAP Region

-51-

ⅳ　

Red

tide

eve

nts i

n C

hina

(B

Sea

Are

a an

d C

Sea

Are

a)

(1)

Loca

tion

Dur

atio

nC

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity

App

roxi

mat

eA

rea

suffe

red

Type

of H

AB

Miti

gatio

nA

ctiv

it yD

amag

e

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)dd

/mm

/yy-

dd/m

m/y

y(c

ells

/L)

(km

2 )R

ed ti

de o

r Tox

ican

def

fect

iven

ess

Fish

ery

reso

urce

sH

uman

hea

lth

1H

uan g

hua,

Heb

ei19

89G

ymno

dini

um sp

No

data

1,30

0H

AB

No

data

38 m

illio

n do

llar

No

data

2La

izho

u B

a y18

/6/1

990

No

data

No

data

1/3

Bay

are

aR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta3

Jiao

zhou

Ba y

26/6

/199

0N

o da

taN

o da

ta80

,000

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

4B

aida

ihe ,

Heb

ei28

/6/1

990-

4/7/

1990

No

data

No

data

110

No

data

No

data

No

data

No

data

5La

izho

u B

a yJu

ne, 1

990

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

6La

izho

u B

a y19

-20/

8/19

90N

o da

taN

o da

ta10

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

7La

izho

u B

a y26

/8/1

990

No

data

No

data

1,20

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta8

Laiz

houB

a y30

/8/1

990

No

data

No

data

1,00

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta9

Nor

th L

aizh

ouB

a y1/

9/19

90N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

taR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

10C

hang

hai

coun

ty,

Liao

ning

1990

No

data

No

data

No

data

HA

BN

o da

ta2.

5 m

illio

ndo

llar d

ue to

deat

h sc

allo

psN

o da

ta

11Sh

rimp

pond

, Dal

ian

May

to J

uly,

199

1Ex

uvia

ella

cor

data

7.5ⅹ

107

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

Loss

of s

hrim

pN

o da

ta12

Liao

dong

Bay

4/7/

1991

-12/

7/19

91N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns4.

9ⅹ10

710

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta13

Jiao

zhou

Bay

Apr

il, 1

992

No

data

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

14Ea

st Q

ingd

ao12

/5/1

992

No

data

No

data

1,20

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta15

Jiao

zhou

Ba y

Aug

ust,

1992

No

data

No

data

1,00

0R

ed ti

de

No

data

No

data

No

data

16D

alia

n B

a y11

/8/1

993

No

data

No

data

40R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta17

Laiz

hou

Bay

6/6/

1995

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

2.16ⅹ

107

90R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta18

Liao

dong

Bay

20/8

/199

5N

o da

taN

o da

ta10

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta19

Pen g

lai,

Laiz

hou

Bay

13-1

4/4/

1997

No

data

No

data

1R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta20

Boh

ai B

a y28

/6/1

997

No

data

No

data

3R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta21

Jiao

zhou

Bay

3-8/

7/19

98Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um4.

5ⅹ10

610

Red

tide

N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

22Y

anta

i, La

izho

u B

ayA

ugus

t, 19

98N

o da

taN

o da

ta10

0H

AB

No

data

4 m

illio

n do

llar

Fish

ery

loss

es

23B

ohai

Sea

16/8

/199

8-19

/9/1

998

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca，

Din

ophy

sis o

vata

1.25ⅹ

106

5,00

0to

xic

No

data

15 m

illio

ndo

llar F

ishe

rylo

sses

DSP

det

ecte

d

24Y

anta

i , B

ohai

15/8

/199

8-10

/9/1

998

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

uine

umN

o da

ta17

0H

AB

No

data

Shel

lfish

dea

thN

o da

ta25

Laiz

hou

Ba y

2/9/

1998

No

data

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

26Li

aodo

n g B

ay18

/9/1

998

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

27Li

aodo

n g B

ay29

/9/1

998

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

28B

ohai

Ba y

1/10

/199

8N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

taR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

29B

ohai

Bay

3/10

/199

8G

onya

ulax

spin

ifera

.,C

erat

ium

furc

aN

o da

ta80

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

30B

ohai

Ba y

9/10

/199

8N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

taR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta31

Jiao

zhou

Bay

8-15

/6/1

999

Euca

mpi

a zo

odia

cus

2.3ⅹ

106

No

Dat

aRe

d tid

eN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta32

Boh

ai B

ay2-

4/7/

1999

No

data

No

data

1,50

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta33

Dal

ian

Bay

July

, 199

9Ex

uvia

ella

mar

ina

8.1ⅹ

106

No

data

HA

BN

o da

taN

o da

taD

SP d

etec

ted

34B

ohai

Sea

13-2

1/7/

1999

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

6,30

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta35

Dal

ian

Ba y

17-2

1/7/

1999

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

100

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

36Pe

n gla

i, Sh

ando

ng17

/7/1

999

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

680

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

37So

uth

Dal

ian

18/7

/199

9N

o da

t aN

o da

ta30

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

38Ji

aozh

ou B

ay23

/7/1

999

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

26R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

Even

t N

o.

-52-

ⅳ　

Red

tide

eve

nts i

n C

hina

(B

Sea

Are

a an

d C

Sea

Are

a)

(2)

Loca

tion

Dur

atio

nC

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity

App

roxi

mat

eA

rea

suffe

red

Type

of H

AB

Miti

gatio

nA

ctiv

it yD

amag

e

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)dd

/mm

/yy-

dd/m

m/y

y(c

ells

/L)

(km

2 )R

ed ti

de o

r Tox

ican

def

fect

iven

ess

Fish

ery

reso

urce

sH

uman

hea

lth

Even

t N

o. 39X

iaom

aiIs

land

,Q

ingd

ao26

/7/1

999

No

data

No

data

60R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

40Sh

idao

, Sha

ngdo

ng6/

8/19

99N

o da

taN

o da

ta16

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta41

Cen

tral B

ohai

Sea

25/9

/199

9N

o da

t aN

o da

ta30

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

42Li

aodo

n g B

ay, B

ohai

9-15

/7/2

000

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

350

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

43Li

aodo

ng B

ayJu

l-00

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

No

data

No

data

HA

BN

o da

taD

eath

of

jelly

fish

No

data

44B

ohai

Ba y

23/7

/200

0N

o da

taN

o da

ta1,

040

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

45N

orth

Wen

tuoz

hiIs

land

, Boh

ai13

/8/2

000

No

data

No

data

217

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

46C

hang

xin

Isla

nd,

Boh

ai S

ea13

/8/1

/200

0N

o da

taN

o da

ta44

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

47Zh

uan g

he, Y

ello

w S

ea2/

8/20

00N

o da

taN

o da

ta82

7H

AB

No

data

15 m

illio

nN

o da

ta48

Sout

heas

t Qik

ou20

-21/

7/20

00N

o da

taN

o da

ta18

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta49

Bei

daih

e , T

ianj

ing

23/7

/200

0N

o da

taN

o da

ta3

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

50Ta

n ggu

, Tia

njin

g25

/7/2

000

No

data

No

data

134

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

51Ji

aozh

ou B

a y20

-23/

7/20

00N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

o da

ta2

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

52D

ando

ng,

Nor

thY

ello

w S

ea24

/5/2

001

No

data

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

53B

ohai

Ba y

26/5

/200

1N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

taR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta54

Boh

ai B

a y19

/6/2

001

No

data

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

55Ji

aozh

ou B

a y11

-12/

6/20

01N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

o da

ta5

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

56Th

e C

oast

of J

ian g

su20

/6/2

001

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

No

data

1,00

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta57

Jiao

zhou

Ba y

7-12

/7/2

001

Mes

odin

ium

rubr

umN

o da

ta20

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

58Y

ingk

ou, L

iaod

ong

15-1

6/7/

2001

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

360

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

59B

ayuq

uan,

Liao

dong

Ba y

12-2

3/8/

2001

Lept

ocyl

indr

us d

anic

usN

o da

ta77

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

60Y

aluj

iang

Estu

ary,

Nor

th Y

ello

w S

ea24

/8/2

001-

14/9

/200

1Eu

cam

pia

zood

iacu

s,C

haet

ocer

usso

cial

isN

o da

ta1,

100

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

61Li

ao R

iver

Est

uar y

25-2

6/8/

2001

Nav

icul

a sp

.N

o da

ta13

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

62B

ayuq

uan,

Liao

dong

Ba y

27-3

0/8/

2001

Mes

odin

ium

rubr

um,E

ucam

pia

zood

iacu

sN

o da

ta10

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

63Q

ingh

uang

dao

Bay

,B

ohai

Sea

3-4/

6/20

02N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

o da

ta1

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

64Ji

ngta

ngH

abou

r,B

ohai

Ba y

16-1

7/6/

2002

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

15R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

65Ji

ngta

ngH

abou

r,B

ohai

Ba y

27/6

/200

2G

ymno

dini

umsp

.,N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns,

No

data

1R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

66Q

ingh

uang

dao

Bay

,B

ohai

Sea

25/7

/200

2C

hatto

nella

mar

ina

No

data

8H

AB

No

data

No

data

No

data

67La

izho

u B

a y10

/8/2

002

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

20H

AB

No

data

0.6

mill

ion

No

data

68La

izho

u B

a y15

/8/2

002

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

No

data

30H

AB

No

data

1 m

illio

n do

llar

No

data

69Ea

st L

iaod

ong

Bay

28/5

/200

3N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

o da

ta10

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

70D

ando

ngw

ater

s,Y

ello

w S

eaJu

n-03

No

data

No

data

30R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

-53-

ⅳ　

Red

tide

eve

nts i

n C

hina

(B

Sea

Are

a an

d C

Sea

Are

a)

(3)

Loca

tion

Dur

atio

nC

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity

App

roxi

mat

eA

rea

suffe

red

Type

of H

AB

Miti

gatio

nA

ctiv

it yD

amag

e

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)dd

/mm

/yy-

dd/m

m/y

y(c

ells

/L)

(km

2 )R

ed ti

de o

r Tox

ican

def

fect

iven

ess

Fish

ery

reso

urce

sH

uman

hea

lth

Even

t N

o. 71D

alia

n B

a yJu

l-03

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

No

data

15H

AB

No

data

No

data

No

data

72Ji

aozh

ou B

a yJu

l-03

Cos

cino

disc

us a

ster

omph

alus

No

data

200

Red

tide

N

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

73Q

ingh

uang

dao,

Eas t

Boh

ai S

ea25

-26/

4/20

03-

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

70R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

74Li

aodo

n g B

ay28

/5/2

003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

10R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

75Q

ingh

uang

dao,

Eas t

Boh

ai S

ea28

/5/2

003-

4/6/

2003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

8R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

76Li

aodo

n g B

ay28

/5/2

003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

140

HA

BN

o da

taFi

sh k

ills

No

data

77Q

ingh

uang

dao,

Eas t

Boh

ai S

ea12

/6/2

003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

0R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

78Lu

anhe

,Q

ingh

uang

dao,

Eas

t21

/6/2

003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

12R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

79Q

ingh

uang

dao,

Eas t

Boh

ai S

ea25

-27/

6/20

03N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsN

o da

ta1

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

80D

a gu

Har

bour

,1-

8/7/

2003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

100

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

81B

ohai

Ba y

12-1

3/8/

2003

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

No

data

2R

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta82

Laiz

hou

Ba y

2003

Gon

yaul

ax sp

inife

raN

o da

taN

o da

taR

ed ti

deN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta83

Jiao

zhou

Ba y

9-28

/2/2

004

Rhiz

osol

enia

sp.

No

data

No

data

Red

tide

No

data

No

data

No

data

84Y

ello

w R

iver

Est

uar y

11-1

8/6/

2004

Phae

ocys

tis s

p.N

o da

ta1,

850

HA

BN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta85

Cen

tral B

ohai

Ba y

12-1

8/6/

2004

Ker

ania

mik

imot

oiN

o da

ta3,

200

HA

BN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

86Ji

ngsh

itan，

Dal

ian，

Yel

low

Sea

6/9/

2004

Cha

ttone

lla a

ntiq

uaN

o da

taN

o da

taH

AB

No

data

No

data

No

data

87Ji

ngsh

itan，

Dal

ian，

Yel

low

Sea

25/9

/200

4Al

exan

driu

m c

aten

ella

No

data

No

data

HA

BN

o da

taN

o da

taN

o da

ta

-54-

ⅳ

Red

tide

eve

nts

in Ja

pan

(nor

ther

n K

yush

u co

asta

l wat

ers)

(1)

Loca

tion

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)C

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity 　（

cells

/L）

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤⑥

⑦⑧

①②

③④

⑤⑥

⑦⑧

NS-

01re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a27

/01/

98-

02/0

2/98

7Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um3,

600

NS-

02re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o07

/04/

98-

25/0

4/98

19G

ymno

dini

um s

angu

ineu

m58

8N

S-08

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

16/0

5/98

-21

/05/

986

Pror

ocen

trum

mic

ans

13,0

00FO

-03

Not

her

01/0

6/98

-05

/06/

985

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

10,0

00Y

G-0

1N

othe

r03

/06/

98-

16/0

6/98

14H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o7,

650

FO-0

4N

Fuku

okaw

an15

/06/

98-

17/0

6/98

3Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um25

,950

SA-0

4N

othe

r22

/06/

98-

03/0

7/98

12H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o79

,070

SA-0

5N

othe

r24

/06/

98-

26/0

6/98

3Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m4,

420

1,26

0SA

-06

NIm

ariw

an24

/06/

98-

29/0

6/98

6Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

5,19

0FO

-06

NFu

kuok

awan

13/0

7/98

-16

/07/

984

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

7 ,20

0Y

G-0

2N

othe

r11

/08/

98-

20/0

8/98

10C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es18

,000

NS-

16re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a17

/08/

98-

21/0

8/98

5C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es10

3Y

G-0

3N

othe

r19

/08/

98-

02/0

9/98

15sim

ilar H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

12,7

80N

S-17

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

25/0

8/98

-26

/08/

982

unkn

own

119

FO-0

8N

Fuku

okaw

an27

/08/

98-

28/0

8/98

2Th

alas

sios

ira

sp.

7 ,42

0FO

-09

NFu

kuok

awan

09/0

9/98

-10

/09/

982

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

etc

.un

know

nN

S-22

NIm

ariw

an21

/10/

98-

24/1

0/98

4Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um2,

500

NS-

98-2

9re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o17

/12/

98-

04/0

1/99

19M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m4,

750

NS-

98-3

0re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a28

/12/

98-

06/0

1/99

10M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m69

9N

S-01

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

05/0

1/99

-09

/01/

995

Mes

odin

ium

rub

rum

882

YG

-01

Not

her

10/0

3/99

-12

/03/

993

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

2,99

0SA

-01

Not

her

04/0

4/99

-20

/04/

9917

Gym

nodi

nium

san

guin

eum

2,42

0N

S-02

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

19/0

4/99

-26

/04/

998

Gym

nodi

nium

san

guin

eum

2,25

6Y

G-0

2N

othe

r20

/04/

99-

21/0

4/99

2N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns45

0Y

G-0

3N

othe

r20

/04/

99-

21/0

4/99

2N

octil

ca s

p.-

YG

-04

Not

her

26/0

4/99

-27

/04/

992

Noc

tilca

sp.

-FO

-02

NFu

kuok

awan

10/0

5/99

-12

/05/

993

Rhiz

osol

enia

sp.

3 ,36

0Y

G-0

5N

othe

r12

/05/

99-

14/0

5/99

3N

octil

ca s

p.3 ,

699

FO-0

3N

Fuku

okaw

an31

/05/

99-

02/0

6/99

3Le

ptcy

lindr

us d

anic

usPr

oroc

entr

um m

inim

um29

,899

5,29

9SA

-02

Not

her

07/0

6/99

-05

/07/

9929

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m29

,810

52,8

20FO

-04

Not

her

08/0

6/99

-10

/06/

993

Hap

toph

ycea

e22

,399

FO-0

5N

Fuku

okaw

an09

/06/

99-

14/0

6/99

6Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umPr

oroc

entr

um m

inim

umLe

ptcy

lindr

us s

p.83

,799

2,25

06,

599

SA-0

3N

othe

r20

/06/

99-

26/0

7/99

37Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

71,7

65Y

G-0

6N

othe

r21

/06/

99-

22/0

6/99

2H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o7,

720

NS-

09N

Imar

iwan

01/0

7/99

-21

/07/

9921

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

18,6

99FO

-09

NFu

kuok

awan

05/0

7/99

-08

/07/

994

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.C

haet

ocer

os s

p.9,

299

4,59

92,

250

SA-0

4N

Imar

iwan

05/0

7/99

-29

/07/

9925

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Pseu

dnitz

chia

sp.

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m18

,670

1,38

078

,499

SA-0

6N

othe

r22

/07/

99-

30/0

7/99

9Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

2,05

0FO

-11

NFu

kuok

awan

22/0

7/99

-22

/08/

9932

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mG

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

9,68

040

NS-

11N

Imar

iwan

25/0

7/99

-06

/08/

9913

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi4,

950

SA-0

7N

Imar

iwan

03/0

8/99

-09

/08/

997

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi3,

740

SA-0

8N

othe

r03

/08/

99-

09/0

8/99

7G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

11,0

40SA

-09

Not

her

05/0

8/99

-09

/08/

995

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi1,

940

NS-

13N

Imar

iwan

07/0

8/99

-12

/08/

996

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

11,0

60FO

-13

Not

her

09/0

8/99

-18

/08/

9910

Het

eroc

apsa

cir

cula

risq

uam

a7,

040

SA-1

0N

Imar

iwan

10/0

8/99

-16

/08/

997

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

3,36

0SA

-12

NIm

ariw

an16

/08/

99-

27/0

9/99

43H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

4,05

0N

S-24

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

06/0

9/99

-17

/09/

9912

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi11

,670

FO-1

6N

Fuku

okaw

an07

/09/

99-

13/0

9/99

7Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um49

,970

NS-

32re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a09

/12/

99-

21/1

2/99

13M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m3,

990

YG

-01

Not

her

05/0

4/00

1N

octil

ca s

p.53

0FO

-02

Not

her

23/0

5/00

-26

/05/

004

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

9,17

0FO

-04

Not

her

01/0

6/00

-06

/06/

006

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

28,0

60FO

-05

NFu

kuok

awan

02/0

6/00

-06

/06/

005

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

6,09

0FO

-06

NFu

kuok

awan

13/0

6/00

-19

/06/

007

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Lept

ocyl

indr

us s

p.38

,340

18,6

00SA

-03

Not

her

15/0

6/00

-19

/06/

005

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

54,0

00SA

-04

Not

her

18/0

6/00

-26

/06/

009

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

7,96

0SA

-05

Not

her

26/0

6/00

-30

/06/

005

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mM

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m2,

840

500

SA-0

6N

Imar

iwan

27/0

6/00

-27

/07/

0031

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi10

,040

FO-0

7N

Fuku

okaw

an30

/06/

00-

31/0

7/00

32Fi

broc

apsa

japo

nica

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mPr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squ

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi69

415

,500

885,

700

10,9

0096

57Y

G-0

2N

othe

r06

/07/

00-

03/0

8/00

29G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

14,8

00SA

-07

Not

her

10/0

7/00

-19

/07/

0010

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi12

,060

NS-

09N

othe

r11

/07/

00-

12/0

7/00

2G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

20,6

00FO

-09

Not

her

11/0

7/00

-31

/07/

0021

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi4,

710

NS-

10N

Imar

iwan

13/0

7/00

-22

/07/

0010

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi17

,560

NS-

12re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o26

/07/

00-

17/0

8/00

23G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

37,3

00FO

-10

NFu

kuok

awan

04/0

8/00

-11

/08/

008

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.C

haet

ocer

os s

p.N

eode

lphi

neis

pel

agic

a8,

800

6,86

05,

900

6,61

0SA

-10

NIm

ariw

an18

/08/

00-

11/0

9/00

25H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

310

NS-

19re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a21

/08/

00-

24/0

8/00

4C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es2,

325

FO-1

3N

Fuku

okaw

an23

/08/

00-

01/0

9/00

10Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umTh

alas

sios

ira

sp.

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

Neo

delp

hine

is p

elag

ica

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oiH

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

8,22

09,

400

3,77

08,

260

2,20

023

0FO

-14

NFu

kuok

awan

08/0

9/00

-12

/09/

005

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.C

haet

ocer

os s

p.16

,870

9,36

04,

380

NS-

21re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a18

/09/

00-

25/0

9/00

8N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns1,

476

SA-1

1N

Imar

iwan

27/0

9/00

-29

/09/

003

Pror

ocen

trum

sig

moi

des

2,29

0N

S-23

NIm

ariw

an28

/09/

00-

04/1

0/00

7Pr

oroc

entr

um s

igm

oide

s1,

500

FO-1

5N

Fuku

okaw

an07

/11/

00-

11/1

1/00

5Th

alas

sios

ira

sp.

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Aste

rion

ella

ｓｐ

.2,

410

19,1

002,

320

Even

tN

o.C

ontin

uous

days

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

S

ourc

e : K

yush

u Fi

sher

y C

oord

inat

ion

Off

ice,

“Si

tuat

ion

of R

ed T

ide

in th

e Se

as su

rrou

ndin

g K

yush

u Is

land

, 199

9-20

03.

-55-

ⅳ

Red

tide

eve

nts

in Ja

pan

(nor

ther

n K

yush

u co

asta

l wat

ers)

(2)

Loca

tion

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)C

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity 　（

cells

/L）

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤⑥

⑦⑧

①②

③④

⑤⑥

⑦⑧

Even

tN

o.C

ontin

uous

days

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

NS-

27re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a08

/11/

00-

15/1

1/00

8N

itzsc

hia

spp.

3 ,58

5SA

-01

NIm

ariw

an21

/01/

01-

25/0

1/01

5G

ymno

dini

um s

angu

ineu

m33

4Y

G-0

1N

othe

r20

/03/

01-

23/0

4/01

35N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns2,

700

FO-0

1N

othe

r21

/03/

01-

22/0

3/01

2N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns75

FO-0

3N

othe

r06

/04/

01-

09/0

4/01

4N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns1,

160

NS-

03re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o07

/04/

01-

11/0

4/01

5N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns5,

420

NS-

04N

Imar

iwan

10/0

4/01

-13

/04/

014

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

731

NS-

05re

mot

e Is

land

Iki

17/0

4/01

-20

/04/

014

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

249

NS-

06re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o17

/04/

01-

18/0

4/01

2N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

nsun

know

nFO

-04

Not

her

17/0

4/01

-20

/04/

014

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

1,22

0N

S-07

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

18/0

4/01

-19

/04/

012

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

1,96

8N

S-08

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

18/0

4/01

-19

/04/

012

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

650

SA-0

2N

othe

r18

/04/

01-

12/0

5/01

25N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns38

0N

S-09

rem

ote

Isla

ndIk

i27

/04/

01-

01/0

5/01

5N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns46

7FO

-05

NFu

kuok

awan

06/0

5/01

-14

/05/

019

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

6,45

0SA

-03

Not

her

07/0

5/01

-11

/05/

015

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

19,7

60N

S-12

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

22/0

5/01

-23

/05/

012

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

672

YG

-02

Not

her

28/0

5/01

-31

/05/

014

Eutr

eptie

lla g

ymna

stic

a2,

025

NS-

14N

Imar

iwan

30/0

5/01

-31

/05/

012

Tont

onia

sp.

27FO

-09

Not

her

05/0

6/01

-11

/06/

017

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

9,53

0Y

G-0

3N

othe

r15

/06/

011

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo

69,0

00N

S-19

NIm

ariw

an20

/06/

01-

26/0

6/01

7M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m1,

240

FO-1

0N

Fuku

okaw

an26

/06/

01-

06/0

7/01

11Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

sp.

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

1,63

610

,800

YG

-04

Not

her

27/0

6/01

-10

/07/

0114

Cha

ttone

lla a

ntiq

ua1,

350

NS-

21N

Imar

iwan

28/0

6/01

-08

/07/

0111

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi2,

250

FO-1

2N

Fuku

okaw

an09

/07/

01-

23/0

7/01

15Pr

oroc

entr

um m

inim

um25

,000

NS-

25re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o19

/07/

01-

24/0

7/01

6H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o27

,780

YG

-05

Not

her

03/0

8/01

1Py

ram

imon

as s

p.17

,900

YG

-06

Not

her

06/0

8/01

1G

yrod

iniu

m s

p.5 ,

000

NS-

32re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a06

/09/

01-

07/0

9/01

2M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m2,

275

FO-1

5N

Fuku

okaw

an03

/10/

01-

11/1

0/01

9H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o3,

650

FO-1

6N

othe

r01

/11/

011

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

571

NS-

40re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a19

/11/

01-

23/1

1/01

5M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m10

5FO

-18

Not

her

21/1

1/01

-22

/11/

012

Mes

odin

ium

rub

rum

Gym

nodi

nium

san

guin

eum

2,63

011

1N

S-41

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

03/1

2/01

-05

/12/

013

Mes

odin

ium

rub

rum

5,98

3N

S-42

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

10/1

2/01

1M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m91

1N

S-02

NIm

ariw

an14

/01/

02-

17/0

1/02

4M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m2,

010

YG

-01

Not

her

13/0

3/02

-22

/04/

0241

Noc

tilca

sp.

unkn

own

FO-0

2N

othe

r14

/03/

021

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

132

NS-

04re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o01

/04/

02-

02/0

4/02

2N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns46

2N

S-06

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

23/0

4/02

1N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns18

8N

S-07

rem

ote

Isla

ndIk

i24

/04/

02-

26/0

4/02

3N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns15

0N

S-10

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

25/0

4/02

-07

/05/

0213

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

490

FO-0

3N

Fuku

okaw

an07

/05/

02-

17/0

5/02

11G

ymno

dini

um s

angu

ineu

m3,

500

FO-0

5N

othe

r10

/05/

02-

13/0

5/02

4H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o32

,000

YG

-02

Not

her

14/0

5/02

1H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o5,

000

NS-

12re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o17

/05/

02-

22/0

5/02

6H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o20

,520

YG

-03

Not

her

29/0

5/02

-05

/06/

028

Alex

andr

ium

cat

enel

la4,

000

YG

-04

Not

her

06/0

6/02

1H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o10

,400

NS-

14re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o10

/06/

02-

15/0

6/02

6H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o1,

110

FO-0

7N

Fuku

okaw

an04

/07/

02-

11/0

7/02

8H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

135

SA-0

6N

othe

r05

/07/

02-

13/0

7/02

9G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

117,

980

FO-0

8N

Fuku

okaw

an11

/07/

02-

11/0

8/02

32Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi2,

000

15FO

-09

Not

her

11/0

7/02

-02

/08/

0223

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi2,

000

SA-0

7N

Imar

iwan

19/0

7/02

-22

/07/

024

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi6,

660

NS-

17N

Imar

iwan

22/0

7/02

1G

ymno

dini

um m

ikim

otoi

4,48

0N

S-20

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

22/0

7/02

-24

/07/

023

Mes

odin

ium

rub

rum

1,60

0SA

-08

Not

her

26/0

7/02

-28

/07/

023

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi64

8SA

-09

NIm

ariw

an26

/07/

02-

27/0

7/02

2H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

1,84

0N

S-23

Not

her

30/0

7/02

-31

/07/

022

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

121

FO-1

0N

Fuku

okaw

an12

/08/

02-

21/0

8/02

10H

eter

ocap

sa c

ircu

lari

squa

ma

770

NS-

26re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o24

/08/

02-

27/0

8/02

4C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es22

1N

S-27

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

05/0

9/02

-13

/09/

029

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

109

NS-

28re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a06

/09/

02-

12/0

9/02

7C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es79

8SA

-12

Not

her

09/0

9/02

-14

/09/

026

Gym

nodi

nium

mik

imot

oi19

4N

S-29

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

10/0

9/02

-13

/09/

024

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

358

FO-1

2N

Fuku

okaw

an19

/09/

02-

24/0

9/02

6C

erat

ium

furc

a35

0SA

-13

Not

her

19/0

9/02

-03

/10/

0215

Rhiz

osol

enia

del

icat

ula

33,6

70Y

G-0

5N

othe

r24

/09/

02-

01/1

0/02

8C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es2,

600

NS-

33N

othe

r09

/11/

02-

14/1

1/02

6M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m2,

390

FO-1

5N

Fuku

okaw

an02

/11/

02G

ymno

dini

um s

angu

ineu

m7,

000

YG

-06

Not

her

28/1

1/02

1M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m1,

950

NS-

36re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o29

/11/

02-

01/1

2/02

3M

esod

iniu

m r

ubru

m7,

100

SA-1

7N

othe

r09

/12/

02-

28/1

2/02

20G

ymno

dini

um s

angu

ineu

m47

8Y

G-0

7N

othe

r21

/12/

021

Gym

nodi

nium

san

guin

eum

204

S

ourc

e : K

yush

u Fi

sher

y C

oord

inat

ion

Off

ice,

“Si

tuat

ion

of R

ed T

ide

in th

e Se

as su

rrou

ndin

g K

yush

u Is

land

, 199

9-20

03.

-56-

ⅳ

Red

tide

eve

nts

in Ja

pan

(nor

ther

n K

yush

u co

asta

l wat

ers)

(3)

Loca

tion

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

Hum

an h

ealth

NS-

01re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a27

/01/

98-

02/0

2/98

0.75

NS-

02re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o07

/04/

98-

25/0

4/98

0.5

NS-

08re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a16

/05/

98-

21/0

5/98

0.00

2FO

-03

Not

her

01/0

6/98

-05

/06/

985

YG

-01

Not

her

03/0

6/98

-16

/06/

980.

06Ja

ckm

acke

rel,

Am

berja

cks

died

unkn

own

20～

30FO

-04

NFu

kuok

awan

15/0

6/98

-17

/06/

9871

.1SA

-04

Not

her

22/0

6/98

-03

/07/

98un

know

nSA

-05

Not

her

24/0

6/98

-26

/06/

98un

know

nSA

-06

NIm

ariw

an24

/06/

98-

29/0

6/98

unkn

own

FO-0

6N

Fuku

okaw

an13

/07/

98-

16/0

7/98

41.5

YG

-02

Not

her

11/0

8/98

-20

/08/

980.

65Fi

shes

died

unkn

own

unkn

own

NS-

16re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a17

/08/

98-

21/0

8/98

1A

mbe

rjack

sdi

ed34

0 kg

1,12

2Y

G-0

3N

othe

r19

/08/

98-

02/0

9/98

0.65

NS-

17re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a25

/08/

98-

26/0

8/98

0.01

5FO

-08

NFu

kuok

awan

27/0

8/98

-28

/08/

9840

.6FO

-09

NFu

kuok

awan

09/0

9/98

-10

/09/

9849

NS-

22N

Imar

iwan

21/1

0/98

-24

/10/

983

NS-

98-2

9rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

17/1

2/98

-04

/01/

990.

995

NS-

98-3

0rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

28/1

2/98

-06

/01/

990.

035

NS-

01re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o05

/01/

99-

09/0

1/99

0.28

5Y

G-0

1N

othe

r10

/03/

99-

12/0

3/99

-Sq

uids,

Oct

opus

, fish

esdi

ed13

kg

30SA

-01

Not

her

04/0

4/99

-20

/04/

99-

NS-

02re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a19

/04/

99-

26/0

4/99

2.51

YG

-02

Not

her

20/0

4/99

-21

/04/

99-

YG

-03

Not

her

20/0

4/99

-21

/04/

990.

992

YG

-04

Not

her

26/0

4/99

-27

/04/

99-

FO-0

2N

Fuku

okaw

an10

/05/

99-

12/0

5/99

75Y

G-0

5N

othe

r12

/05/

99-

14/0

5/99

-FO

-03

NFu

kuok

awan

31/0

5/99

-02

/06/

9930

SA-0

2N

othe

r07

/06/

99-

05/0

7/99

-FO

-04

Not

her

08/0

6/99

-10

/06/

991

FO-0

5N

Fuku

okaw

an09

/06/

99-

14/0

6/99

35SA

-03

Not

her

20/0

6/99

-26

/07/

99-

YG

-06

Not

her

21/0

6/99

-22

/06/

99-

NS-

09N

Imar

iwan

01/0

7/99

-21

/07/

994

FO-0

9N

Fuku

okaw

an05

/07/

99-

08/0

7/99

47SA

-04

NIm

ariw

an05

/07/

99-

29/0

7/99

-SA

-06

Not

her

22/0

7/99

-30

/07/

99-

FO-1

1N

Fuku

okaw

an22

/07/

99-

22/0

8/99

62N

S-11

NIm

ariw

an25

/07/

99-

06/0

8/99

6SA

-07

NIm

ariw

an03

/08/

99-

09/0

8/99

-SA

-08

Not

her

03/0

8/99

-09

/08/

99-

SA-0

9N

othe

r05

/08/

99-

09/0

8/99

-N

S-13

NIm

ariw

an07

/08/

99-

12/0

8/99

5Se

a br

eam

Yel

low

tail

Puff

y fis

hH

orse

mac

kere

ldi

eddi

eddi

eddi

ed36

0,00

0 in

ds.1

90,0

00 in

ds.1

50, 0

00in

ds.

30, 0

00in

ds.

30, 0

00in

ds.

340,

000

220,

000

180,

000

20,0

00FO

-13

Not

her

09/0

8/99

-18

/08/

991

Aba

lone

died

5,10

0 in

ds.

74SA

-10

NIm

ariw

an10

/08/

99-

16/0

8/99

15SA

-12

NIm

ariw

an16

/08/

99-

27/0

9/99

-N

S-24

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

06/0

9/99

-17

/09/

990.

4FO

-16

NFu

kuok

awan

07/0

9/99

-13

/09/

9940

NS-

32re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a09

/12/

99-

21/1

2/99

0.07

YG

-01

Not

her

05/0

4/00

0.1

FO-0

2N

othe

r23

/05/

00-

26/0

5/00

unde

r 1Se

a br

eam

, Jac

kmac

kere

ldi

edun

know

nun

know

nFO

-04

Not

her

01/0

6/00

-06

/06/

00un

know

nFO

-05

NFu

kuok

awan

02/0

6/00

-06

/06/

0065

FO-0

6N

Fuku

okaw

an13

/06/

00-

19/0

6/00

60SA

-03

Not

her

15/0

6/00

-19

/06/

000.

005

SA-0

4N

othe

r18

/06/

00-

26/0

6/00

0.3

Am

berja

cks

died

400

inds

.40

0SA

-05

Not

her

26/0

6/00

-30

/06/

000.

125

SA-0

6N

Imar

iwan

27/0

6/00

-27

/07/

004

FO-0

7N

Fuku

okaw

an30

/06/

00-

31/0

7/00

40Y

G-0

2N

othe

r06

/07/

00-

03/0

8/00

unkn

own

Fish

es, A

balo

neT

urba

nA

balo

neT

urba

nT

urba

ndi

eddi

eddi

eddi

eddi

edun

know

n30

inds

800k

g20

00kg

unkn

own

SA-0

7N

othe

r10

/07/

00-

19/0

7/00

2N

S-09

Not

her

11/0

7/00

-12

/07/

000.

01FO

-09

Not

her

11/0

7/00

-31

/07/

00un

know

nA

balo

ne, T

urba

ndi

edun

know

nun

know

nN

S-10

NIm

ariw

an13

/07/

00-

22/0

7/00

16Pu

ffy

fish

died

8,00

0 in

ds.

1,60

0N

S-12

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

26/0

7/00

-17

/08/

002

Tur

ban

di

ed40

0 kg

120

inds

.34

013

4FO

-10

NFu

kuok

awan

04/0

8/00

-11

/08/

0070

SA-1

0N

Imar

iwan

18/0

8/00

-11

/09/

00un

know

nN

S-19

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

21/0

8/00

-24

/08/

000.

2FO

-13

NFu

kuok

awan

23/0

8/00

-01

/09/

0035

FO-1

4N

Fuku

okaw

an08

/09/

00-

12/0

9/00

unkn

own

NS-

21re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a18

/09/

00-

25/0

9/00

0.00

05SA

-11

NIm

ariw

an27

/09/

00-

29/0

9/00

12N

S-23

NIm

ariw

an28

/09/

00-

04/1

0/00

3FO

-15

NFu

kuok

awan

07/1

1/00

-11

/11/

00un

know

n

Even

tN

o.

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

Con

tent

sQ

uant

ityEc

onom

ic lo

ss(th

ousa

nd y

en)

App

roxi

mat

eA

rea

suff

ered

(km

×km

)

Fish

/she

llfish

spe

cies

S

ourc

e : K

yush

u Fi

sher

y C

oord

inat

ion

Off

ice,

“Si

tuat

ion

of R

ed T

ide

in th

e Se

as su

rrou

ndin

g K

yush

u Is

land

, 199

9-20

03.

-57-

ⅳ

Red

tide

eve

nts

in Ja

pan

(nor

ther

n K

yush

u co

asta

l wat

ers)

(4)

Loca

tion

(nam

e of

the

sea

area

)

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

Hum

an h

ealth

Even

tN

o.

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

Con

tent

sQ

uant

ityEc

onom

ic lo

ss(th

ousa

nd y

en)

App

roxi

mat

eA

rea

suff

ered

(km

×km

)

Fish

/she

llfish

spe

cies

NS-

27re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a08

/11/

00-

15/1

1/00

14SA

-01

NIm

ariw

an21

/01/

01-

25/0

1/01

unkn

own

YG

-01

Not

her

20/0

3/01

-23

/04/

01un

know

nFO

-01

Not

her

21/0

3/01

-22

/03/

010.

4FO

-03

Not

her

06/0

4/01

-09

/04/

014

NS-

03re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o07

/04/

01-

11/0

4/01

2N

S-04

NIm

ariw

an10

/04/

01-

13/0

4/01

0.1

NS-

05re

mot

e Is

land

Iki

17/0

4/01

-20

/04/

010.

3N

S-06

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

17/0

4/01

-18

/04/

0158

.7FO

-04

Not

her

17/0

4/01

-20

/04/

0160

NS-

07re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a18

/04/

01-

19/0

4/01

0.00

25N

S-08

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

18/0

4/01

-19

/04/

010.

01SA

-02

Not

her

18/0

4/01

-12

/05/

010.

08N

S-09

rem

ote

Isla

ndIk

i27

/04/

01-

01/0

5/01

unkn

own

FO-0

5N

Fuku

okaw

an06

/05/

01-

14/0

5/01

70SA

-03

Not

her

07/0

5/01

-11

/05/

010.

4N

S-12

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

22/0

5/01

-23

/05/

01un

know

nY

G-0

2N

othe

r28

/05/

01-

31/0

5/01

unkn

own

NS-

14N

Imar

iwan

30/0

5/01

-31

/05/

010.

2FO

-09

Not

her

05/0

6/01

-11

/06/

010.

001

YG

-03

Not

her

15/0

6/01

unkn

own

NS-

19N

Imar

iwan

20/0

6/01

-26

/06/

010.

4FO

-10

NFu

kuok

awan

26/0

6/01

-06

/07/

0170

YG

-04

Not

her

27/0

6/01

-10

/07/

01un

know

nN

S-21

NIm

ariw

an28

/06/

01-

08/0

7/01

0.1

FO-1

2N

Fuku

okaw

an09

/07/

01-

23/0

7/01

80N

S-25

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

19/0

7/01

-24

/07/

01un

know

nY

G-0

5N

othe

r03

/08/

01un

know

nY

G-0

6N

othe

r06

/08/

010.

02N

S-32

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

06/0

9/01

-07

/09/

010.

12FO

-15

NFu

kuok

awan

03/1

0/01

-11

/10/

01約

10Pu

ffy

fish

Am

berja

cks

Yel

low

tail

Fish

esdi

eddi

eddi

ed22

6 kg

6 kg

3 kg

230

79

FO-1

6N

othe

r01

/11/

01un

der 1

NS-

40re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a19

/11/

01-

23/1

1/01

unkn

own

FO-1

8N

othe

r21

/11/

01-

22/1

1/01

unde

r 1N

S-41

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

03/1

2/01

-05

/12/

010.

15N

S-42

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

10/1

2/01

0.07

NS-

02N

Imar

iwan

14/0

1/02

-17

/01/

020.

5Y

G-0

1N

othe

r13

/03/

02-

22/0

4/02

185

FO-0

2N

othe

r14

/03/

024

NS-

04re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o01

/04/

02-

02/0

4/02

2.4

NS-

06re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o23

/04/

02un

know

nN

S-07

rem

ote

Isla

ndIk

i24

/04/

02-

26/0

4/02

unkn

own

NS-

10re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o25

/04/

02-

07/0

5/02

unkn

own

FO-0

3N

Fuku

okaw

an07

/05/

02-

17/0

5/02

70FO

-05

Not

her

10/0

5/02

-13

/05/

021

YG

-02

Not

her

14/0

5/02

0.00

1N

S-12

rem

ote

Isla

ndG

oto

17/0

5/02

-22

/05/

020.

4Y

G-0

3N

othe

r29

/05/

02-

05/0

6/02

unkn

own

YG

-04

Not

her

06/0

6/02

unkn

own

NS-

14re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o10

/06/

02-

15/0

6/02

unkn

own

FO-0

7N

Fuku

okaw

an04

/07/

02-

11/0

7/02

70SA

-06

Not

her

05/0

7/02

-13

/07/

020.

3A

balo

neT

urba

ndi

eddi

ed56

kg

130

kgun

know

nun

know

nFO

-08

NFu

kuok

awan

11/0

7/02

-11

/08/

0270

FO-0

9N

othe

r11

/07/

02-

02/0

8/02

1A

balo

nedi

edun

know

nun

know

nSA

-07

NIm

ariw

an19

/07/

02-

22/0

7/02

5A

mbe

rjack

sdi

ed20

0 in

dsun

know

nN

S-17

NIm

ariw

an22

/07/

020.

015

NS-

20re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o22

/07/

02-

24/0

7/02

0.00

25SA

-08

Not

her

26/0

7/02

-28

/07/

020.

005

SA-0

9N

Imar

iwan

26/0

7/02

-27

/07/

020.

06Pe

arl s

hell

died

5, 0

00 in

ds.

unkn

own

NS-

23N

othe

r30

/07/

02-

31/0

7/02

0.00

1FO

-10

NFu

kuok

awan

12/0

8/02

-21

/08/

0270

NS-

26re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o24

/08/

02-

27/0

8/02

unkn

own

Am

berja

cks

Hor

se m

acke

rel

died

died

9,28

0 in

ds.

620

inds

.29

,044

1,24

0N

S-27

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

05/0

9/02

-13

/09/

020.

005

NS-

28re

mot

e Is

land

Tsu

shim

a06

/09/

02-

12/0

9/02

0.35

SA-1

2N

othe

r09

/09/

02-

14/0

9/02

0.00

5N

S-29

rem

ote

Isla

ndT

sush

ima

10/0

9/02

-13

/09/

020.

0006

FO-1

2N

Fuku

okaw

an19

/09/

02-

24/0

9/02

70SA

-13

Not

her

19/0

9/02

-03

/10/

026.

5Y

G-0

5N

othe

r24

/09/

02-

01/1

0/02

unkn

own

Yel

low

tail

died

2,00

0 in

ds.

15,0

00N

S-33

Not

her

09/1

1/02

-14

/11/

020.

02FO

-15

NFu

kuok

awan

02/1

1/04

70Y

G-0

6N

othe

r28

/11/

020.

001

NS-

36re

mot

e Is

land

Got

o29

/11/

02-

01/1

2/02

0.07

SA-1

7N

othe

r09

/12/

02-

28/1

2/02

4.16

YG

-07

Not

her

21/1

2/02

0.00

5

S

ourc

e : K

yush

u Fi

sher

y C

oord

inat

ion

Off

ice,

“Si

tuat

ion

of R

ed T

ide

in th

e Se

as su

rrou

ndin

g K

yush

u Is

land

, 199

9-20

03.

-58-

ⅳ R

ed ti

de e

vent

s in

Kor

ea (

1)Lo

catio

n (n

ame

of th

e se

a ar

ea)

Cau

sativ

e sp

ecie

sM

ax. c

ell d

ensi

ty　（ce

lls/L）

Dam

age

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

Fish

erie

s res

ourc

eH

uman

hea

lth

1To

ngyo

ung

buks

inm

an01

-01-

99-

Het

eroc

apsa

triq

uetr

a5,

200,

000

2Sa

chun

han

gcho

ndon

g23

-01-

99-

Eutr

eptie

lla sp

.3,

000,

000

3To

ngyo

ung

hans

anm

an28

-01-

99-

Gym

nodi

nium

sp.

780,

000

4To

ngyo

ung

kwan

gdom

youn

19-0

4-99

-N

octil

uca

sp.

830,

000

5M

asan

man

sanh

o23

-04-

99-

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

19,8

00,0

006

Geo

je il

unm

youn

26-0

4-99

-N

octil

uca

sp.

5,45

0,00

07

Mas

an n

anpo

26-0

4-99

-Eu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

31,0

00,0

008

Jinh

aem

an h

aeng

am28

-04-

99-

Eutr

eptie

lla g

ymna

stic

a16

,500

,000

1,26

09

Gun

san

naeh

ang

01-0

5-99

-M

esod

iniu

m ru

brum

800,

000

10Ji

nhae

man

hae

ngam

06-0

5-99

-G

ymno

dini

um sa

ngui

neum

1,32

0,00

011

Uls

an13

-05-

99-

Rhiz

osol

enia

sp.

2,00

0,00

010

,000

,000

12To

n gyo

ung,

bub

song

man

, buk

sin

15-0

5-99

-H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

Pror

o.m

inim

umEu

trept

iella

gym

nast

ica

4,50

0,00

01,

800,

000

1,20

0,00

013

Mas

anm

an24

-05-

99-

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

uine

um3,

960,

000

14To

ngyo

ung

won

moo

nman

24-0

5-99

-M

esod

iniu

m ru

brum

6,50

0,00

015

Tong

youn

g bu

ksin

man

28-0

5-99

-Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

uine

um7,

300,

000

1,46

0,00

016

kuns

an02

-06-

99-

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo12

,000

,000

17m

asan

man

haen

gam

man

04-0

6-99

-Pr

oroc

entr

um sp

.H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

12,5

00,0

0015

,000

,000

18N

amha

egun

08-0

6-99

-C

erat

ium

furc

a6,

000,

000

19Y

eosu

gam

akm

ang

09-0

6-99

-H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

16,7

00,0

0020

Poha

ng y

oung

ilman

18-0

6-99

-Pr

oroc

entr

um sp

.C

erat

ium

furc

aH

eter

osig

ma

sp.

650,

000

400,

000

920,

000

21To

ngyo

ung

kwan

gdom

youn

18-0

6-99

-Pr

oroc

entr

um sp

.6,

600,

000

22G

eoje

do19

-06-

99-

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

Gym

nodi

nium

sp.

330,

000

760,

000

23To

ngyo

ung

buks

inm

an21

-06-

99-

Pror

ocen

trum

trie

stin

um5,

600,

000

24N

amha

e ka

ngjin

man

21-0

6-99

-Pr

oroc

entr

um sp

.1,

350,

000

25Pu

san

kadu

kdo

28-0

6-99

-Pr

oroc

entr

um sp

.C

osci

nodi

scus

gig

asTh

alas

sios

ira

deci

pien

s15

,000

,000

1,00

0,00

010

0,00

026

Wan

do28

-06-

99-

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo13

,000

,000

27ku

nsan

29-0

6-99

-H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

Het

eroc

apsa

triq

uetr

a18

,000

,000

2,00

0,00

028

Poha

ng y

oung

ilman

01-0

7-99

-Pr

oro.

triq

uetr

aH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

600,

000

1,50

0,00

01,

600,

000

1,50

0,00

029

Junn

am y

oung

06-0

7-99

-N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns1,

100,

000

30To

ngyo

ung

buks

inm

an06

-07-

99-

Lept

ocyl

indr

us d

anic

us2,

500,

000

31Y

eosu

do

lsan

06-0

7-99

-Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umTh

alas

sios

ira

sp.

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

2,00

0,00

05,

600,

000

250,

000

1,70

0,00

032

Nam

haed

o ka

ngjin

man

07-0

7-99

-C

haet

ocer

os sp

.1,

600,

000

33Ju

nnam

08

-07-

99-

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

Cos

cino

disc

us g

igas

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

1,50

0,00

02,

000,

000

1,40

0,00

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a80

0,00

015

2G

eoje

do19

-09-

00N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns45

0,00

015

3N

amha

e20

-09-

00Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um30

,000

,000

154

Uls

an21

-09-

00Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

16,0

00,0

0053

,000

155

Miin

man

22-0

9-00

Thal

assi

osir

a sp

.M

esod

iniu

m ru

brum

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

10,4

50,0

007,

700,

000

6,30

0,00

015

6U

lsan

26-0

9-00

Thal

assi

osir

a de

cipi

ens

2,28

0,00

015

7U

lsan

29-0

9-00

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

248,

000

158

Geo

jedo

05-1

0-00

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

uine

um30

0,00

0C

lay

disp

ersi

on15

9G

eoje

do08

-10-

00C

erat

ium

furc

a35

0,00

016

0H

wad

o11

-10-

00G

ym.sa

ngun

ieum

850,

000

161

Tong

youn

g27

-11-

00Pr

oro.

Mic

ans

6,20

0,00

016

2To

ngyo

ung

2001

/1/2

6Pr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

s70

0,00

016

3Po

hang

2001

/3/1

9C

rypt

omon

as a

cuta

158,

400

164

Poha

ng20

01/4

/7Eu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

1,60

0,00

016

5M

asan

man

2001

/4/2

0Ps

eudo

nits

chia

pun

gens

Thal

assi

osir

a ro

tula

Eutr

eptie

lla g

ymna

stic

aH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

1,25

093

0000

4350

4000

0016

6M

asan

man

2001

/5/2

8H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

12,3

50,0

0016

7Pu

san

2001

/5/2

8H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

2,80

0,00

016

8U

lsan

2001

/5/2

8H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

2,00

0,00

016

9Po

hang

2001

/5/2

9H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

11,6

00,0

0017

0O

nsan

man

2001

/6/1

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo7,

200,

000

171

Tong

youn

g20

01/6

/1Pr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

s1,

500,

000

172

Poha

ng20

01/6

/4C

rypt

omon

as sp

.##

####

###

173

Uls

an20

01/6

/8Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umPr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

s30

0,00

010

0000

017

4Po

hang

2001

/6/8

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo30

,000

,000

175

Uls

an20

01/6

/8Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

1,00

0,00

017

6Po

hang

2001

/6/1

3Eu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

40,0

00,0

0017

7To

ngyo

ung

2001

/6/2

1H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

2,20

0,00

017

8To

ngyo

ung

2001

/6/2

2Pr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

sPr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

900,

000

1100

000

179

Jind

ongm

an20

01/6

/22

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo90

0,00

018

0Y

eosu

2001

/6/2

7Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um3,

600,

000

5000

000

181

Mas

an20

01/7

/3Th

alas

sios

ira

deci

pien

sH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

8,90

0,00

094

0000

182

Pusa

n20

01/7

/3Pr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

sSk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um1,

200,

000

9000

000

183

Uls

an20

01/7

/3H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

1,20

0,00

018

4Ji

nhae

man

2001

/7/3

Thal

assi

osir

a de

cipi

ens

8,90

0,00

018

5Bo

ryou

ng20

01/7

/6M

esod

iniu

m ru

brum

12,5

00,0

0018

6Su

chun

2001

/7/9

Mes

odin

ium

rubr

umD

icty

ocha

fibu

laC

ratiu

m sp

.N

itzsc

hia

pung

ens

1,50

0,00

025

0000

4000

0030

0000

187

Mas

anJi

nhae

man

2001

/7/1

2Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

Pror

ocen

trum

mic

ans

1,24

0,00

052

0000

188

Geo

je20

01/7

/12

Cra

tium

sp.

1,00

0,00

018

9Ji

nhae

man

2001

/7/1

8C

erat

ium

furc

a1,

500,

000

190

Kad

ukdo

2001

/7/1

8Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Nitz

schi

a pu

ngen

sC

haot

ocer

os s

p.4,

800,

000

2000

000

2000

000

3000

000

191

Kw

angy

angm

an20

01/7

/18

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo5,

000,

000

192

Dol

sand

o20

01/7

/20

Cha

otoc

eros

sp.

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

2,00

0,00

065

0000

019

3Pu

san

2001

/7/2

3C

erat

ium

furc

aPr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

350,

000

5000

0019

4O

nsan

man

2001

/7/2

4Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

Cha

otoc

eros

sp.

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

5,40

0,00

033

0000

030

000

195

Uls

an20

01/7

/24

Pror

ocen

trum

trie

stin

umLe

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

1,00

0,00

078

0000

019

6Pu

san

2001

/7/3

0C

haot

ocer

os s

p.Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.2,

000,

000

1000

0019

7Pu

san

2001

/7/3

0Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

100,

000

198

Pusa

n20

01/7

/30

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

1,50

0,00

019

9To

ngyo

ung

2001

/7/3

0Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

1,20

0,00

020

0U

lsan

2001

/8/2

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

woC

erat

ium

furc

a3,

000,

000

5000

020

1O

nsan

man

2001

/8/2

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo8,

000,

000

202

Mas

an20

01/8

/4Pr

oroc

entr

um m

ican

sPr

oroc

entr

um s

p.6,

300,

000

6500

000

203

Pusa

n20

01/8

/8Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umPs

eudo

nits

chia

pun

gens

1,40

0,00

020

0000

204

Ons

anm

an20

01/8

/10

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

13,0

00,0

0020

5Po

hang

2001

/8/1

4Eu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

woPr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

4,00

0,00

020

0000

030

0000

020

6Ju

nnam

2001

/8/1

420

01/9

/923

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

600,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

207

Yeo

su20

01/8

/14

2001

/9/8

23C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es9,

500,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

208

Nam

hae

2001

/8/1

520

01/9

/818

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

500,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

209

Tong

youn

g20

01/8

/16

2001

/9/1

631

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

900,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

210

Ulju

2001

/8/1

7Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

100,

000

finfis

h di

ed21

1Ju

nnam

(장흥

)20

01/8

/17

2001

/9/1

126

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

410,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

212

Pusa

n20

01/8

/18

Pror

ocen

trum

trie

stin

umSk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umPs

eudo

nits

chia

pun

gens

100,

000

1500

0050

000

213

Pusa

n20

01/8

/22

Cha

etoc

eros

sp.

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Pseu

doni

tsch

ia p

unge

ns30

0,00

080

000

5000

0fin

fish

died

214

Geo

je20

01/8

/23

2001

/9/1

217

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

680,

000

Cla

y di

sper

sifin

fish

died

215

Pusa

n20

01/8

/24

2001

/9/1

220

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

900,

000

finfis

h di

ed21

6U

lsan

2001

/8/2

520

01/9

/12

19C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es75

0,00

0fin

fish

died

217

Poha

ng20

01/8

/30

2001

/9/1

214

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

1,50

0,00

0fin

fish

died

218

Don

ghae

2001

/9/5

2001

/9/2

417

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

1,70

0,00

0fin

fish

died

219

Geo

je20

01/9

/28

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

unie

um4,

780,

000

-61-

ⅳ R

ed ti

de e

vent

s in

Kor

ea (

4)Lo

catio

n (n

ame

of th

e se

a ar

ea)

Cau

sativ

e sp

ecie

sM

ax. c

ell d

ensi

ty　（ce

lls/L）

Dam

age

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

Fish

erie

s res

ourc

eH

uman

hea

lth

miti

gatio

nac

tivity

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s

Even

tN

o.

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

Con

tinuo

usda

ys

220

Geo

je##

####

##Al

exan

driu

m s

p.4,

780,

000

221

Geo

je##

####

##Al

exan

driu

m s

p.6,

200,

000

222

Poha

ng20

02/2

/14

Het

eroc

apsa

triq

uetr

a9,

000,

000

223

Poha

ng20

02/2

/15

Cry

ptom

onas

acu

ta3

80,0

00,0

0022

4M

asan

man

Jinh

aem

an20

02/5

/17

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo+

8,00

0,00

022

5D

angh

angm

an20

02/5

/21

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo0

5,10

0,00

022

6Ji

ndon

gman

2002

/5/2

2H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

11,2

00,0

0022

7K

aduk

do20

02/5

/23

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo2,

600,

000

228

Poha

ng20

02/5

/24

Cry

ptom

onas

acu

ta32

,000

,000

229

Pusa

n20

02/5

/24

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo3,

000,

000

230

kuns

an20

02/6

/4Le

ptoc

ylin

drus

dan

icus

Chr

oom

onas

salin

a30

,000

,000

231

Mas

anm

an20

02/6

/15

Thal

assi

osir

a de

cipi

ens

Eutr

eptie

lla g

ymna

stic

a2,

100,

000

232

Uls

anO

nsan

man

2002

/6/1

7Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

Pror

ocen

trum

trie

stin

um]

5,00

0,00

023

3U

lsan

2002

/6/2

0Pr

oroc

entr

um tr

iest

inum

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

1,00

0,00

030

0000

023

4M

asan

man

2002

/6/2

7Eu

cam

phia

zodi

acus

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

1,50

0,00

060

0000

235

Mas

anm

an20

02/7

/10

Lept

ocyl

indr

us d

anic

usRh

izos

olen

ia fr

agili

ssim

a1,

500,

000

1201

5000

023

6W

onm

unm

an20

02/7

/11

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo24

,000

237

Kam

akm

an20

02/7

/11

Nitz

schi

a pu

ngen

sC

haot

ocer

os s

p.51

0,00

035

0000

238

Dol

sand

o20

02/7

/11

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Thal

assi

osir

a de

cipi

ens

1,30

0,00

085

0000

239

Mas

anm

an20

02/7

/18

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

woPr

oroc

entr

um s

p.Th

alas

sios

ira

deci

pien

s5,

500,

000

3500

0055

0000

240

Mas

anm

anH

anga

mm

an20

02/7

/24

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

3,20

0,00

024

1Pu

san

2002

/7/2

4C

haot

ocer

os s

p.20

,000

,000

242

Geo

je20

02/7

/30

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

850,

000

243

Kyo

ungn

am20

02/8

/5Ak

ashi

wo sa

ngui

nea

2,20

0,00

024

4G

eoje

2002

/8/7

Akas

hiwo

sang

uine

a9,

700,

000

245

Pusa

n20

02/8

/16

2002

/9/9

25G

ymno

dini

um. s

p.C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es1,

100,

000

246

Janh

eung

2002

/8/1

7Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.28

0,00

024

7G

eoje

2002

/8/1

820

02/9

/11

25Al

exan

driu

m s

p.C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es4,

200,

000

clay

dis

pers

iofin

fish

died

248

Tong

youn

g20

02/8

/18

2002

/9/1

225

Pror

ocen

trum

sp.

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

2,30

0,00

0cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

finfis

h di

ed24

9Sa

chun

20

02/8

/18

2002

/8/2

47

Cer

atiu

m fu

rca

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

600,

000

3000

00cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

n25

0G

osun

g20

02/8

/19

2002

/8/3

113

Gym

nodi

nium

sang

unie

umC

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es80

0,00

0cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

n25

1Ji

ndon

gman

2002

/8/1

9Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.2,

500,

000

252

Man

sanm

an

Han

gam

man

2002

/8/1

9Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.Th

alas

sios

ira

deci

pien

sSk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umEu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

4,50

0,00

080

0000

2350

000

1500

0025

3N

amha

e20

02/8

/19

2002

/9/2

335

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

15,0

00,0

00cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

finfis

h di

ed25

4Po

hang

2002

/9/2

0C

haet

ocer

os sp

.G

ymno

dini

um sa

ngun

ieum

12,0

00,0

0050

0000

025

5Pu

san

2002

/8/2

1Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um10

,000

,000

256

Gos

ung

2002

/8/2

3Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.1,

200,

000

257

Nam

hae

2002

/8/2

8C

erat

ium

furc

a30

0,00

0cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

finfis

h di

ed25

8Ju

nnam

2002

/8/2

8N

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns3,

400,

000

259

Jinh

aeH

anga

mm

an20

02/8

/29

Nitz

schi

a pu

ngen

sRh

izos

olen

ia fr

agili

ssim

aSk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um8,

700,

000

1800

000

8700

000

260

Mas

anH

anga

mm

an20

02/9

/5Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.7,

500,

000

261

Nam

hae

2002

/9/7

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

25,0

00,0

0026

2N

amha

e20

02/9

/9Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um15

,000

,000

263

Mas

anm

anJi

nhae

man

2002

/9/1

0Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

umTh

alas

sios

ira

deci

pien

s3,

500,

000

6200

000

264

Geo

je20

02/1

0/2

Alex

andr

ium

sp.

1,80

0,00

026

5Po

hang

2003

/2/7

Cry

ptom

onas

acu

ta4,

000,

000

266

Mas

anm

an20

03/4

/28

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

32,0

00,0

0026

7M

asan

man

2003

/5/1

4H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

32,5

00,0

0026

8M

asan

man

Han

gam

man

2003

/5/1

4Rh

izos

olen

ia se

tiger

aPs

eudo

nits

chia

pun

gens

4,05

3,00

023

9400

026

9M

asan

man

2003

/5/1

9Eu

cam

phia

zodi

acus

16,6

50,0

0027

0M

asan

man

Han

gam

man

2003

/5/2

3H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

27,8

00,0

0027

1M

asan

man

Han

gam

man

2003

/6/1

0Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.3,

600,

000

272

Tong

youn

g20

03/6

/12

Akas

hiwo

sang

uine

a50

0,00

027

3Pu

san

2003

/6/1

3Pr

oroc

entr

um s

p.5,

500,

000

274

Kaj

odo

2003

/6/2

1Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m2,

300,

000

2100

000

275

Nam

hae

Sach

un20

03/6

/23

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mPr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

4,50

0,00

035

0000

0027

6G

osun

gJa

ranm

an20

03/6

/30

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

mH

eter

ocap

sa tr

ique

tra

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m5,

100,

000

6000

0012

0000

0027

7K

angj

inm

an20

03/7

/5Pr

oroc

entr

um d

enta

tum

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

45,0

00,0

0027

8To

ngyo

ung

2003

/7/8

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m##

####

###

279

Yeo

jam

an20

03/7

/8H

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiwo

20,0

00,0

0028

0C

hung

nam

2003

/7/9

Pror

ocen

trum

mic

ans

10,0

00,0

0028

1G

osun

g20

03/7

/11

Akas

hiwo

sang

uine

a4,

500,

000

282

Poha

ng20

03/7

/11

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo50

,000

,000

283

Uls

an20

03/8

/5C

haet

ocer

os sp

.13

,000

,000

284

Yeo

su20

03/8

/13

2003

/10/

647

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

9,50

0,00

0cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

finfis

h di

ed28

5N

amha

e20

03/8

/13

2003

/10/

756

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

23,0

00,0

0020

,000

,000

clay

dis

pers

iofin

fish

died

286

Wan

do20

03/8

/14

2003

/10/

653

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

16,0

00,0

00cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

abal

one

died

(mas

s mor

talit

y)28

7To

ngyo

ung

2003

/8/1

420

03/1

0/5

52C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es24

,000

,000

clay

dis

pers

iofin

fish

died

288

Geo

je20

03/8

/24

2003

/10/

637

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

7,20

0,00

0cl

ay d

ispe

rsio

finfis

h di

ed28

9N

amha

e20

03/8

/25

Skel

eton

ema

cost

atum

40,0

00,0

0029

0U

lsan

2003

/8/2

720

03/1

0/8

42C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es20

,000

,000

291

Poha

ng20

03/8

/27

2003

/10/

842

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

16,0

00,0

0029

2Pu

san

2003

/8/2

820

03/1

0/8

41C

ochl

odin

ium

pol

ykri

koid

es12

,400

,000

-62-

ⅳ R

ed ti

de e

vent

s in

Kor

ea (

5)Lo

catio

n (n

ame

of th

e se

a ar

ea)

Cau

sativ

e sp

ecie

sM

ax. c

ell d

ensi

ty　（ce

lls/L）

Dam

age

Loca

tion

1Lo

catio

n 2

①②

③④

⑤①

②③

④⑤

Fish

erie

s res

ourc

eH

uman

hea

lth

miti

gatio

nac

tivity

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s

Even

tN

o.

Dur

atio

n

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

Con

tinuo

usda

ys

293

Ulji

n20

03/8

/30

2003

/10/

130

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

26,0

00,0

00fin

fish

died

294

Don

ghae

2003

/9/5

2003

/10/

533

Coc

hlod

iniu

m p

olyk

riko

ides

23,0

00,0

0029

5Bo

ryou

ng20

03/9

/16

Het

eros

igm

a ak

ashi

wo27

,000

,000

296

Geo

je20

03/9

/15

Pror

ocen

trum

den

tatu

m15

,600

,000

297

Mas

anm

an20

03/9

/17

Pror

ocen

trum

min

imum

30,0

00,0

0029

8M

asan

man

2003

/9/2

2Sk

elet

onem

a co

stat

um6,

150,

000

-63-

ⅳ R

ed ti

de e

vent

s in

Rus

sia

Even

tN

o.Lo

catio

n(n

ame

of th

e se

a ar

ea)

Latit

udeN

Long

itude

ED

urat

ion

dd/m

m/y

y-dd

/mm

/yy

App

roxi

mat

eare

asu

ffere

d (k

m2 )

Type

of H

AB

(Red

tide

or

Toxi

c)C

ausa

tive

spec

ies

Max

. cel

l den

sity

cells

/lM

itiga

tiona

ctiv

ity a

ndef

fect

iven

ess

Dam

age

Fish

ery

reso

urce

s /H

uman

hea

lth

1Pe

ter t

he G

reat

Bay

43 1

1 7

132

16 6

15/0

6/19

92<1

Red

tide

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

450,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

2A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

25/0

6/19

92<

1R

ed ti

dPs

eudo

-nitz

schi

apu

ngen

s/m

ultis

erie

s35

,000

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

3A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

15/0

7/19

92<

1R

ed ti

dePr

oroc

entr

um m

inim

um8,

000,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

4Pe

ter t

he G

reat

Bay

43 1

1 7

132

16 6

05/0

6/19

93<1

Red

tide

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

500,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

5A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

31/0

7/19

93<

1R

ed ti

dSc

elet

onem

a co

stat

um17

,400

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

6Pe

ter t

he G

reat

Bay

43 1

1 7

132

16 6

25/0

5/19

94<

1R

ed ti

deN

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns55

0,00

0no

dat

ano

dat

a

7Pe

ter t

he G

reat

Bay

43 1

1 7

132

16 6

10/0

6/19

95<

1R

ed ti

deN

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns40

0,00

0no

dat

ano

dat

a

8A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

12/0

6/19

95<

1R

ed ti

deH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o5,

000,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

9A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

29/0

7/19

96<

1R

ed ti

dSc

elet

onem

a co

stat

um12

,700

,000

no d

ata

10A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

15/0

7/19

97<

1R

ed ti

deSc

elet

onem

a co

stat

um3,

000,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

11A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

03/1

1/19

97<

1R

ed ti

dPs

eudo

-nitz

schi

aca

llian

tha/

pseu

dode

licat

iss

ima

2,70

0,00

0no

dat

ano

dat

a

12R

ynda

Bay

43 2

513

1 78

711

/09/

2000

<1R

ed ti

dePs

eudo

-nitz

schi

a pu

ngen

s1,

690,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

13R

ynda

Bay

43 2

513

1 78

715

/08/

2000

<1R

ed ti

deD

itylu

m b

rigt

hwel

lii1,

400,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

14G

olde

n H

orn

Bay

43 1

0 67

131

88 2

12/0

3/20

01<

1R

ed ti

deEu

trep

tia la

now

ii15

,600

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

15G

olde

n H

orn

Bay

43 1

0 67

131

88 2

10/0

4/20

01<

1R

ed ti

deEu

trep

tiella

gym

nast

ica

30,9

00,0

00no

dat

ano

dat

a

16G

olde

n H

orn

Bay

43 1

0 67

131

88 2

10/0

9/20

01<

1R

ed ti

deC

hatto

nella

glo

bosa

6,00

0,00

0no

dat

ano

dat

a

17R

ynda

Bay

43 2

513

1 78

715

/05/

2002

5R

ed ti

deN

octil

uca

scin

tilla

ns70

0,00

0no

dat

ano

dat

a

18A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

09/0

7/20

02 -

25/0

7/20

02<

1R

ed ti

deO

xyrr

his m

arin

a20

,000

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

19A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

01/0

8/20

02-

06/0

8/20

02<

1R

ed ti

dePr

oroc

entr

um m

inim

um11

,940

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

20A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

03/0

9/20

02<

1R

ed ti

deH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o7,

000,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

21V

osto

k B

ay42

88

713

2 72

905

/05/

2003

< 1

Red

tide

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

970,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

22A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

11/0

5/20

03 -

17/0

6/20

032

Red

tide

Noc

tiluc

a sc

intil

lans

800,

000

no d

ata

no d

ata

23A

mur

skii

Bay

43 1

5 3

131

90 2

17/0

6/20

03<

1R

ed ti

deH

eter

osig

ma

akas

hiw

o25

,000

,000

no d

ata

no d

ata

-64-

Photo by (c)Tomo.Yun, http://www.yunphoto.net