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Integrated Observations of Coastal Water Quality. Robert F. Chen G. Bernard Gardner Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences (EEOS) UMassBoston. What is Water Quality?. Is this water clean or dirty? Threats to humans? Bacterial pathogens, viruses Threats to ecosystem? Nutrients Metals - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Integrated Integrated Observations of Coastal Observations of Coastal
Water QualityWater Quality
Robert F. ChenRobert F. ChenG. Bernard GardnerG. Bernard Gardner
Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences (EEOS)(EEOS)
UMassBostonUMassBoston
What is Water Quality?What is Water Quality? Is this water clean or dirty?Is this water clean or dirty? Threats to humans?Threats to humans?
– Bacterial pathogens, virusesBacterial pathogens, viruses Threats to ecosystem?Threats to ecosystem?
– NutrientsNutrients– MetalsMetals– SedimentsSediments– Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAH, Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAH,
PCB)PCB)– Biologically active compounds (Env. Biologically active compounds (Env.
Endocrine Disruptors, antibiotics, Endocrine Disruptors, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals)pharmaceuticals)
Need indicatorsNeed indicators
RT: 6.83 - 27.43
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26Time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Rel
ativ
e A
bund
ance
10.01
13.10
13.02
9.8914.01
14.28
16.05
11.95 18.1011.5214.88
7.78 19.13
23.7810.50 24.208.64 16.1621.249.15 19.37 21.39 24.30 26.75
NL:1.21E8TIC MS A1670
GCMS Trace of DI Sewage Influent
4-Nonyl-Phenol
Caffeine
Bis-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate
DEET
Bisphenol A
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2003)
Possible IndicatorsPossible Indicators
Rapid ColilertRapid Colilert DNA microarraysDNA microarrays PyrenePyrene CaffeineCaffeine Others?Others? Sensors to give measurements on Sensors to give measurements on
appropriate temporal and spatial scales appropriate temporal and spatial scales (similar to CTDs)(similar to CTDs)
Bacterial Indicators
-71.1 -71.0 -70.9 -70.8Longitude
42.20
42.25
42.30
42.35
42.40
42.45
Latitude
44
199
105
66368
3715
2929
Estimated estrogen concentrations in fM EEQ
Outfall
1537
368 66
199
29
44
105
47
4100
126 174
227
301
Boston Harbor--Nonylphenol
PYRENE
EPA Priority Pollutant
10 - 200 ng l-1 in estuarine waters
5-15% of total PAH in water column
128 nsec fluorescence lifetime in water
Laser-Induced Fluorescence System (Pyrene)
Pyrene (ng/l)
• >1300 pyrene measurements in 5 days
• Maximum downstream of Manhattan
June, 2004
Coastal Waters are COMPLEXCoastal Waters are COMPLEX
Each Estuary/Coastal area is uniqueEach Estuary/Coastal area is unique
Tides (hourly monitoring)Tides (hourly monitoring) Topography (10s of meters)Topography (10s of meters) River flow variations (rain events)River flow variations (rain events) Spills (immediate response)Spills (immediate response) Multiple sources (local understanding)Multiple sources (local understanding)
Kill van Kull, New YorkFort Richmond Sewage Outfall
The “Kills”, June 26, 2005
Urban Oceanography
• Anthropogenic effects are high in areas of limited access– Shallow– Tides– Low bridges– Point sources– Complex mixing
Logistics
Neponset River Station
Modeling NeedsModeling Needs
High resolution temporal coverageHigh resolution temporal coverage High resolution spatial coverageHigh resolution spatial coverage Simple understanding/definition of water Simple understanding/definition of water
quality impactsquality impacts Physical model integrating water flow and Physical model integrating water flow and
water circulationwater circulation Land-based (anthropogenic) forcing (GIS)Land-based (anthropogenic) forcing (GIS)
Ocean Observation Infrastructure
The Integrated Coastal Observation System (ICOS)
• ECOShuttle• Entire Hudson Estuary
investigation about 24 hours-4 deployments– June, 2003– May, June, Sept., 2004
• Pumping System• Adaptive or Continuous
Sampling• TOC/TN• Nutrients
ECOShuttle• SeaBird CTD• SeaPoint Chl, OBS• SeaTech CDOM• Chelsea UV
Aquatracka• Altimeter• Optical Plankton
Counter (Brooke)• Video Plankton
Recorder (SeaScan)• Submersible Pump
Mapping• High Resolution
– ~1 m vertical, <1 km horizontal
– Up to 6 Hz data rates• Synoptic
– ~8 knots speed– Mini-Shuttle capable of
surface mapping
28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1North Latitude
30
20
10
Dep
th/m
CDOM/QSU
0.00
1.04
2.09
3.13
4.18
5.22
6.27
CDOM Fluorometer and DensityOn north-south line at 89.85o W : June 25 2000(Ln22)
19.0 19 .5 19.5 20.0
Color contours : CDOM/QSU
Contour lines : kg/m3)
AB
C
-91 -90 -89 -88
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
Ln 3
Ln 20
Ln 7
Ln 11
Ln 14Ln16
Ln 2Ln 26Ln 30
Ln 32
Ln 33
Cruise Track for June 2000 Cruise
Uncontaminated Seawater Pumping System
• All teflon and stainless steel
• 8 l/min flow rate, samples after ~3 min delay
Deployment in Hudson River
Hudson River EstuaryJune, 2004
Hudson
Raritan
Schmutz?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Salinity
SiO
2, N
O3
(uM
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
PO4 (
uM)
SiO2 NO3 PO4
East River
Newark Bay
Nutrients
MiniShuttle
• CTD, CDOM, Chl, DO• All sensors within 4 cm vertically
Involve Stakeholders/Locals In All Involve Stakeholders/Locals In All Aspects of Observation and ModelingAspects of Observation and Modeling
End-users/decision makers/public need to End-users/decision makers/public need to participate in planning so that they can use participate in planning so that they can use productsproducts
Examples:Examples:– San Francisco BaySan Francisco Bay– Neponset RiverNeponset River– Hudson RiverHudson River– Boston Science PartnershipBoston Science Partnership
Pyrene "Sniffing" in San Francisco Bay
Pacific Drydock
Hunter's Pt
Just North of Potrero Pt
Just South of Angel Island
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35salinity
pyre
ne/n
corr
*100
<1 PSUOffshoreOakland Inner HarborSouth BaySacramentoSan JoachinCentral Bay SniffingCentral Bay-Out
Neponset River Flow
Ocean EducationOcean Education
Ocean LiteracyOcean Literacy– Ocean makes the planet habitableOcean makes the planet habitable– Ocean has unique environmentsOcean has unique environments– Ocean and land are linkedOcean and land are linked– Ocean and man are linkedOcean and man are linked
Keep data and model products simpleKeep data and model products simple Partner with existing infrastructure to Partner with existing infrastructure to
maximize impactsmaximize impacts
SummarySummary
Coastal Areas are COMPLEXCoastal Areas are COMPLEX Indicators are needed to make water quality Indicators are needed to make water quality
SIMPLE SIMPLE Model products need to be SIMPLEModel products need to be SIMPLE End-users need to be involved upfront—End-users need to be involved upfront—
they are the resident EXPERTSthey are the resident EXPERTS Educate EVERYONEEducate EVERYONE
Next StepsNext Steps
Biological and chemical sensor developmentBiological and chemical sensor development MooringsMoorings Regular and targeted surveysRegular and targeted surveys Access to data in usable formsAccess to data in usable forms Integration of Bio/Chem data into models Integration of Bio/Chem data into models Integration of Research and EducationIntegration of Research and Education
Hudson River Estuary
Raritan
Hackensack
Newark Bay
Manhattan
Staten Island
ICOS Van
Integrated System
• Physical (T, S, Meteorology, LISST, dye)
• Chemical (DO, CDOM, AC-9)
• Biological (Chlorophyll, OPC, VPR)
28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1North Latitude
30
20
10
Dep
th/m
CDOM/QSU
0.00
1.04
2.09
3.13
4.18
5.22
6.27
CDOM Fluorometer and DensityOn north-south line at 89.85o W : June 25 2000(Ln22)
19.0 19.5
20.0
Color contours : CDOM/QSU
Contour lines : kg/m3)
AB
C
September, 2004
Acknowledgements
• Steven Rudnick, Francesco Peri, Liannea Litz, Zhen Wang, Huang Wei
• LaTTE• National Science
Foundation• Office of Naval
Research
Educational Opportunities
Educational Outreach• Aquaria and Museums• Watershed Integrated Sciences
Partnership (WISP)• New England Center for Ocean Science
Education Excellence (NE-COSEE) • Work with Teachers• Classroom Activities
Granite Ave. Bridge
Gulliver’s Creek
Pyrene Determination - GCMS vs LIF
R2 = 0.8849
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Fluorescence ng/l
GC
MS
ng/l
Boston Harbor Samples - June 11, 1997 + November 11, 1997
Boston Harbor - June 1997 pyrene levels
Seawater with 500 ng/l pyrene
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
340 390 440 490 540
Wavelength- nm
Rel
ativ
e Fl
uore
scen
ce
00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.5
0 nsec
32 nsec
nsec delayed signal is an order of magnitude less intense than the non-delayed signal.
Fig. 2. Boston Harbor Surface Water spiked with pyrene. Note that the 32
Schmutz