INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY FROM GOA.pdf

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE

MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY

FROM GOA

By

J. DSouza and G.N.Nayak*DEPARTMENT OF MARINE SCIENCES

GOA UNIVERSITY

[email protected] OR [email protected]

SAARC WORKSHOP ON

COASTAL AND MARINE RISK MITIGATION PLAN FOR SOUTH ASIA,

GOA, 27 28 March 2008

UNIQUENESS OF THE COAST

PROTECTION FROM STORMS AND HURRICANES

CLIMATE STABILIZATION

TREASURES UNIQUE ECOSYSTEMS

HARBOURS RICH DIVERSITY

PROVIDES VARIED RESOURCES

COASTAL ISSUES & PROBLEMS

NATURALSea Level Rise

Sedimentation

DisastersTsunamis

Earthquakes

Flooding

Cyclones

MAN MADEPollution

Biodiversity Threats

Urbanization

Soil Erosion

Salinity Ingress

Population Stress

Sewage Disposal

Resource Exploitation

Over Urbanization

1,3

1

2

2,5, 6,11

5,8

8

7

13

4

11,9

9

12

1

1.Population Pressure

2. Mangroves and Coral Reef Eco-systems

3. Municipal Sewage / Waste water disposal

4. Industrial effluents/ Solid waste disposal

5. Natural disasters

6. Impact of Aquaculture

7. Coastal Erosion

8. Impact of ports

9. Coastal mining

10. Coastal constructions

11.Ingress of seawater

12.Impact of power plants

13. Impact of tourism

ISSUES IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF INDIAN COAST

ARE THE COASTS SAFE ?

ARE THE COASTS SAFE .. ?

ARE THE COASTS SAFE ..

ARE THE COASTS SAFE .. ?

CRZ VIOLATION GOA STATE

DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURES GOA STATE

Construction

Erosion

Pollution

PROBLEMS

Sand Mining

COAST NEEDS SPACE:

TO DISSIPATE TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

TO REDUCE RISK FROM DISASTERS

TO PROTECT PROPERTIES, POPULATION AND RESOURCES

TO STABILISE THE ADJOINING LAND

TO FACILITATE COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS TO FUNCTION

TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENTS TO CHANGING CONDITIONS

THEREFORE WE NEED AN ICZM

WHY MANAGE THE COAST ?

DATA BASE

Knowledge of the

Coastal Environment

GIS & Remote Sensing

Tools / techniques

Spatial

A-Spatial data

Collating and integrating

EVALUATION

INTERPRETATION

INFORMATION

ICZM - FRAME WORK

METHODOLOGY - ICZM

DATA USEDPrimary Data

IRS-ID- Pan Data (5.8 m)

IRS-IC & ID-LISS III (23.5 m)

Aerial Photographs

Secondary DataSOI (1:50,000, 1:25,000)

Tertiary DataAncillary Data, Reports

and Maps

TOOLS/TECHNIQUES

Satellite InterpretationDIGITAL ERDAS IMAGINE

8.4

VISUAL-Basic visual Interpretation tools

GISARCVIEW GIS 3.2

GPSLEIKA Geo systems GS-5

ESRI ARC PAD 6.0

COASTAL LANDFORMS

SPIT &

BAR

COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

DENUDATIONAL STRUCTURAL MARINE FLUVIAL OTHERSAEOLIAN

DISSECTED

TABLE LAND

COASTAL

PLAINS

ISLANDS

ETCHED

PEDIPLAINS

LOW CUT TERRACES

STRUCTURAL

RIDGES

LATERITE

MESAS

LINEAMENT

ESTUARY

BEACH

TIDAL

FLAT

MUD

FLAT

STRAND

LINE

CLIFF

PALEO

CHANNEL

TIDAL RIVER

CHANNEL SPIT

POINT BAR

VALLEY FILL

DUNE

BEACH

RIGDE

SALT PANS

MANGROVES

ESTUARY

ISLAND

EXPOSED

ROCKS

INDEX

ORIGIN

LANDFORMS

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

COASTAL LANDFORMS

STABALISED DUNE

BEACH RIDGE

ESTUARINE ISLAND

COASTAL EROSION

KERIM BEACH ANJUNA BEACH

SHORELINE CHANGES

Source: IRS-1C,LISS III and Topo sheet 1964

Shoreline 1964

Shoreline 1996

NNot to Scale

TISWADI TALUKA (1964-1996)

SHORELINE CHANGESSALCETE TALUKA (1964-1996)

NNot to Scale

Shoreline 1964

Shoreline 1996

Shore line Change - Observations (32 years)

General :

All along the coast of Goa, from north to south, there is large

variation in depositional and erosional processes.

Specific:

ESTUARIES:

The present study reveals that all along the estuarine

systems, there is net deposition.

COASTS:

Deposition is specifically observed at : Morjim, Baga,

Campal, Miramar, Mobor.

Erosion is specifically observed at : Kerim, Anjuna, Velsao

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

ROCKY SHORESISLANDSESTUARIES WETLANDSSANDY SHORES

SPIT

BAR

OCEANESTUARINE VEGETATED BEACH

NON VEGETATED BEACH

HABITATED NON-HABITATED

DUNES

BEACH RIDGE

DUNESWATER SPREAD AREA

BAY

CLIFFS

ROCKY COAST

BAR

BEACH

SPIT

VEGETATED

NONVEGETATED

MANGROVES

SWAMPY

MARSHES

+

WATER

LOGGED

OTHERS

(MAN-MADE WETLANDS)

SALINE FRESH

PONDS

MINING PITS

RESERVOIRS

KHAZANS

SALT PANS

AQUACULTURE

TANKS

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMCLASSIFICATION SCHEME

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

Coral reefs

Mangroves

Estuaries

Goa has a variety of natural coastal ecosystems that are delicate, fragile

and rich in biodiversity.

NNot to Scale

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSTISWADI TALUKA

MAN-MADE

SALINE

KHAZAN

3%

WETLANDS

NON-VEGETATED

SWAMPY /MARSHY

12%

WETLANDS

VEGETATED

MANGROVES

10%

ESTUARIES

WATER SPREAD AREA

66%

ROCKY

ROCKY COAST

3%

ROCKY

CLIFF

0%

BEACHES

NON-VEGETATED

DUNES

0%

BEACHES

NON-VEGETATED

BEACH

1%

MAN-MADE

SALINE

SALT PANS

4%

ESTUARIES

SPIT

0%

MAN-MADE

SALINE

AQUACULTURE

0%

MAN-MADE

FRESH

PONDS/ LAKE

1%

SPIT

WATER SPREAD AREA

ROCKY COAST

CLIFF

DUNES

BEACH

MANGROVES

SWAMPY /MARSHY

KHAZAN

SALT PANS

AQUACULTURE

PONDS/ LAKE

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AREA IN %

TISWADI TALUKA

NNot to Scale

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSSALCETE TALUKA

BEACHES

VEGETATED

DUNES

3%

ESTUARIES

SPIT

7%

MAN-MADE

FRESH

TANKS

7%

MAN-MADE

FRESH

PONDS/ LAKE

5%

MAN-MADE

SALINE

AQUACULTURE

5%

MAN-MADE

SALINE

KHAZAN

23%

WETLANDS

NON-VEGETATED

SWAMPY /MARSHY

10%

WETLANDS

VEGETATED

MANGROVES

8%

BEACHES

NON-VEGETATED

BEACH

12%

BEACHES

NON-VEGETATED

DUNES

2%

BEACHES

VEGETATED

BEACH RIDGE

9%

ESTUARIES

WATER SPREAD AREA

9%

SPIT

WATER SPREAD AREA

DUNES

BEACH RIDGE

DUNES

BEACH

MANGROVES

SWAMPY /MARSHY

KHAZAN

AQUACULTURE

TANKS

PONDS/ LAKE

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AREA IN %

SALCETE TALUKA

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSTISWADI TALUKA CHANGE DETECTION - 38 YRS

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS TISWADI, 1964 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS TISWADI, 2002

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COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF VILLAGES TISWADI TALUKA

LEGEND

Area PopulationLiteratesIlliteratesHousehold

Percentage Agriculturals

Coastal Ecosystems - Observations

I. Transformation / Conversion of Khazan lands.

II. Settlement and urban areas have increased.

III. Reclamation of agricultural lands.

IV. Conversion of Marshy swampy and water logged areas.

V. Decrease in barren rocky areas, due to increase in

settlement.

VI. Increase in Mangrove areas.

VII. Decrease in Salt pans.

VIII. Increase in population and house hold count (1961-

2001).

IX. Panaji City shows the highest population Ambarim Village the lowest.

TISWADI TALUKA - Change detection studies - 38 years

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSSALCETE TALUKA CHANGE DETECTION 38 YRS

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS SALCETE, 1964 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS SALCETE, 2002

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMSSOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF VILLAGES SALCETE TALUKA

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Area PopulationLiteratesIlliteratesHousehold

Percentage Agriculturals

LEGEND

Coastal Ecosystems - Observations

SALCETE TALUKA Change detection studies - 38 years

I. Transformation / Conversion of Khazan lands.

II. Settlement and urban areas have increased.

III. Reclamation of agricultural lands.

IV. Conversion of Marshy swampy and water logged areas.

V. Decrease in barren rocky areas, due to increase in

settlement.

VI. Increase in Mangrove areas.

VII. Decrease in Salt pans.

VIII. Increase in population and house hold count (1961-

2001).

IX. Decrease in sandy area.

X. Margao City shows the highest population and house holds Adulsim Village has the least population.

COASTAL RESOURCES

ECONOMIC SECTORSNON-LIVINGLIVING

ESTUARINE

(TIDAL)

COASTAL

TERRESTERIALAQUATIC

COASTAL COASTAL

TERRESTERIALAQUATIC

ESTUARINE

(TIDAL)ESTUARINE

(TIDAL)

TERRESTERIALAQUATIC

TERRESTERIAL

AQUATIC TERRESTERIALAQUATIC TERRESTERIALAQUATIC

FISHERY AGRICULTURAL FORESTRY

DEMERSAL PALEGIC

PHYTO PLANKTON

ZOO PLANKTON

KHARIF

RABI

FOREST PLANTATION

SHRUB

DUNE VEGETATION

COCONUT

ORCHADS

AQUACULTURE

FISHERY

AGRICULTURE

FISH FARMING TRADITIONAL FARMING

AQUACULTURE

FISH

CRABS

SHELLS

PRAWNS

WATER FORESTRY

ORCHARDS

HYDROPHYTE MANGROVES

MINERALS

ROCKY OUTCROPS

SILICA SAND

SEDIMENTS

SHELLS

ENERGY/ FUELS

MINERALS

MARINE TRANSPORT

TOURISM & RECREATION

HERITAGE SITES

SILT/CLAY

BRICKS MAKINGSALT

PEBBLES

SAND

LIME SHELLSTIDAL

WAVE

SOLAR

OTC

MINERALS

FUELS

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

MARINE TRANSPORT

RECREATION TOURISM

OFFSHORE

ONSHORE

PORTS

HARBOURS

ARCHAELOGICAL

CULTURAL

HISTORICAL

HERITAGE

FORTS

SEDIMENTS

OIL

GAS

CHEMOGENOUSBIOGENOUSNODULES TERRAGENOUS BEACH SAND

AQUA SPORTS

HOTELS

MARINE TRANSPORT

TOURISM

HARBOURS

URBANISATION

PORTS

JETTIES

FISHING FERRY JETTIES

TOURISM

CRUISES

BOATING

MARINE TRANSPORT

COMMERCIAL WORKSHOPS

DOMESTIC

RESORTS + HOTELS

AQUA SPORTSPORTS

LOADING POINTS

FERRY JETTIES

FISHING JETTIES

KHAZAN

COASTAL RESOURCESCLASSIFICATION SCHEME

COASTAL RESOURCES

Sea waysTourism

Salt Fish catch

100 m CRZ LINE

500 m CRZ LINE

HWL

200 m CRZ LINE

Coastal Zone Information System(Goa State)

Coastal CRZ Buffer with Land use TISWADI TALUKA

COASTAL

RESOURCES

TISWADI TALUKA

COASTAL LAND

RESOURCES

ALONG WITH CRZ

CORRIDOR

1.181.16

1.66

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

BUILT UP-VEG AGRICULTURE FALLOW LAND WATER BODIES FORESTS WETLANDS/

KHAZAN

MANGROVES MINING AREAS SANDY AREAS BARREN/ ROCKY

AREA

COASTAL RESOURCESTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL MANDOVI

COASTAL RESOURCESTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL CUMBARJUA

0.48

0.4

0.94

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

BUILT UP-VEG AGRICULT URE FALLOW LAND WAT ER BODIES FOREST S WET LANDS/

KHAZAN

M ANGROVES M INING AREAS SANDY AREAS BARREN/ ROCKY

AREA

COASTAL RESOURCESTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL ZUARI

0.9

0.21

0.9

0.56

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

BUILT UP-VEG AGRICULTURE FALLOW LAND WATER BODIES FORESTS WETLANDS/

KHAZAN

MANGROVES MINING AREAS SANDY AREAS BARREN/

ROCKY AREA

SALCETE TALUKA

COASTAL LAND

RESOURCES

ALONG WITH CRZ

CORRIDOR

4.21

1.12 1.01 1

0.7

0.95

1.65

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

BUILT UP-VEG AGRICULT URE FALLOW LAND WAT ER BODIES FOREST S WET LANDS/

KHAZAN

M ANGROVES M INING AREAS SANDY AREAS BARREN/

ROCKY AREA

COASTAL RESOURCESSALCETE TALUKA

010000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Panaji Municipalit y

1961 Population

1961 Houses

1971 Population

1971 Houses

1981 Population

1981 Houses

1991 Population

1991 Houses

2001 Population

2001 Houses

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTDemographic Profile 1961 2001 - TISWADI TALUKA - Coastal

02000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Betal Batim Colva Senar batim Benaul im Var ca Car mona cavelossim

mobor

Utor da Major da Gonsua

Betal Batim Colva Senar batim Cansa-

Banaul im

Var ca Car mona Cavelossim Major da

Utor da Calata

Major da

Utor da Calata

Major da

Utor da Calata

1961 Population

1961 Houses

1971 Population

1971 Houses

1981 Population

1981 Houses

1991 Population

1991 Houses

2001 Population

2001 Houses

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTDemographic Profile 1961 2001 - SALCETE TALUKA - Coastal

Fishery Jetties

LEGEND

AquacultureMinerals

Fishery

Aquaculture

Minerals

COASTAL RESOURCES

Airport

BeachWaterf

all

Church

Mosques

Bird

Sanctuaries Archaeological Places

Museums, Art

Galleries

Forts

Temples

Tourism

Eco Tourism

COASTAL RESOURCES

COASTAL REGULATION ZONE- GENESSIS

Category I (CRZ - I) : Ecologically sensitive and important areas and areas between HTL & LTL

Category II (CRZ - II) : Developed areas close to shore, mainly urban or built-up area

Category III (CRZ - III) : Undisturbed areas and those areas which do not belong to either Category I or II

Category IV (CRZ - IV) : Coastal stretches in Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshdweep and Small islands

SEA

LAND

RIVER

LAND

100 M - NDZ

500 M

LTL

HTL

CRZ CATEGORISATION

200 M

HTL

CRZ IV

(islands)

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

BLOCK

VILLAGE

VILLAGE PANCHAYAT

TALUKA

MOEF(GOI) Policy Laws

STATE

Regulations

DISTRICT

ICZMGoa State

CZIS

GOA STATE

Area Specific(Taluka)

Site Specific(Revenue Village)

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKCoastal CRZ Buffer GOA STATE

NNot to Scale

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKTidal CRZ 100 m or Width of the River GOA STATE

NNot to Scale

Goltim

6%

Navelim

11%

Ela

13%

Naroa

2%

Malar

8%

Charoa

32%

Chimbel

5%Moromb Grande

10% Panelim

2%

Baiguenim

5%

Capao

2%Moromb Piqueno

3%

Cariam

1%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL MANDOVI RIVER

% Distribution of Village Panchayats and Revenue Villages

(area-wise) Under CRZ

Taligao

29%

Kalapur

15%Neura-O-Grande

13%

Bambolim

12%

Mercurem

4%

Siridao

12%

Goa Velha

15%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL ZUARI RIVER



COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKTISWADI TALUKA TIDAL CUMBARJUA RIVER



Gaundalim

3%Cumbarjua

6%

Jua

20%

Corlim

14%

Neura O Grande

21%

Carambolim

36%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKCoastal CRZ Buffer SALCETE TALUKA

HWL200 m CRZ LINE500 m CRZ LINE

Coastal Zone Information System(Goa State)

Coastal CRZ Buffer SALCETE TALUKA

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKSALCETE TALUKA ALONG COASTAL REGION



Benaulim

21%

Varca

17%

Carmona

14%

Utorda

6%

Majorda

9%

Cavelossim Mobor

17%

Senarbatim

4%

Colva

6%

Betal Batim

5%Gonsua

1%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKSALCETE TALUKA TIDAL ZUARI RIVER



Loutlim

38%

Camurlim

7%Rachol

6%

Curtorim

38%

Macazanam

11%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKSALCETE TALUKA TIDAL SAL/BENAULIM RIVER



Velim

7%

Sarjora

5%

Talvorda

7%

Veroda

2%

Cuncolim

24%

Ambelim

3%

Benualim

8%

Adsurlim

0%Cavelossim

7%

Navelim

4%

Orlim

2%

Carmona

6%

Varca

7%

Sirlim

2%

Talualim

4%

Chinchinim

8%

Duesan

2%

Assolna

3%

COASTAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORKSALCETE TALUKA TIDAL KHUSHAVATI RIVER



Chandor

13%

Cavorim

26%

Paroda

18%

Talvorda

43%

OBSERVATIONS

40 Villages are under the CRZ along the coastal stretch Seven Talukas

179 Villages along the riverine system on either bank of the rivers of Tiracol, Chapora, Mandovi & its tributaries, Zuari and its tributaries, Sal

Saleri, Talpona and Galgibag all the Eleven Talukas

ICZM Approach & Methodology

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

Community&

Panchayat

Awareness

Programme

Coastal Environme

nt Monitoring

Interactive study of Coastal Habitat

Urban Hotels

Industries

Ports, Habours

Regulating Activities on CRZs

Task Force & Shelter

Building

Natural Disaster

Management

Ground Monitoring

Regulations & Management

Integration of Scientific Information

into Planning Process

Disaster Mitigation

Coordinating Government

Scientists, Planners &

Coastal Zone Community

Input to Long term Strategic

CMP

Steering Committee

Cyclone & Flood

Mitigation

Aquaculture &

Fisheries

Mangroves & Critical Habitat

Estuaries & Catchment

Areas

Ports Habours Planning

Urban Developments

CoastalPollution

Heritage & Tourism

Information Base

Formulation of

Plan & Priorities

Funding Allocations

Coordinating with Central

Government & International

Agencies

Guiding CZMA

Activities

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

CZMA(State)

Strategic CZMP Operational CZMP

MOEFGovt. of India

Legislators from Coastal Districts

& talukas

Technical experts on

coastal issues

Coastal Administrative HeadsCentral/ State - Govt

Long-term Vision (5 to 25 years)Planning, Prioritization &

Co-ordinationMonitoring & Regulation

Area specific & Site specificRegulations of coastal activities under

statutory mechanismLink between planners, managers & users

ANTHROPOGENIC

COMPONENT

LAND SCAPE

COMPONENT

RESOURCES

AND

SERVICES

ICZM - INTEGRATION

PERNEM

BARDEZ

BICHOLIM

TISWADI

SATTARI

PONDA

SALCETE

MORMUGOA

QUEPEM

SANGUEM

CANACONA

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTCoastal CRZ Villages GOA STATE

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Coastal EcosystemsCoastal Land forms

Coastal RegulationCoastal Resources

House holds

Demography

PopulationCRZ-II

CRZ-I

CRZ-III Revenue

village

INSITU / EX SITU

MEASUREMENTS

Conservation

Utilization

Development

INTEGRATION

CONSERVATION AREAS -

CRZ-I

ICZM GOA STATE

Mangroves, turtle nesting

sites, sand dunes, heritage

& historical sites, forts,

ecological sensitive areas.

UTILISATION AREAS

CRZ-II & CRZ-III

ICZM GOA STATE

Ports, jetties, harbours, salt

pans, aquaculture sites,

recreation, tourism,

existing dwelling units

DEVELOPMENT AREAS

CRZ-II & CRZ-III

ICZM GOA STATE

Areas with infrastructure

developed like:

sewerage, roads and

existing structures as on

19/02/1991 and as per

building bye-laws.

Construction in CRZII

(Panaji / Vasco)

CRZ I, II & III AREAS

ICZM GOA STATE

Disaster Prone Zones

I. Severe Disaster Zones:

Coastal regions with Low relief : agricultural crops, coastal

plains, sandy shores, mangroves, marshy swampy / water

logged areas.

II. Moderate Disaster Zones:

Coastal regions with medium relief : Coastal ridges, riverine

fronts, stable sand dunes.

III. Mild Disaster Zones:

Coastal regions with high relief: cliffs & rocky shores and

promontories with / without forts.

These norms have been used for categorizing the coastal regions as severe, moderate and mild.

Documents

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY FROM GOA.pdf