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construction methods
the choice of construction methods will affect a project’s environmental impact
the way materials are combined & fixed together can contribute to climate change, resource depletion, waste, health issues & water scarcity
EXAMPLES:•construction that does not work with strengths of materials used is wasteful•poorly thought-out construction not using standard modules wastes off-cuts & energy•others?
approaching sustainable construction
prime considerations:•enhancing thermal performance•minimizing energy use on-site•using materials effectively•designing out waste•promoting health•limiting water use on site
consider modern methods as well as traditional techniques
the approach for construction should suit project type—temporary, flexible, long-term
approaching sustainable construction
temporary—constructed with a view to deconstruction: avoid binding mixed materials; simple joints—avoid adhesive; ensure ease of transport, install & dismantling
flexible—reconfigurable furniture/shelving, movable partitions; robust construction to avoid damage from frequent modifications
long-term—durable construction; easily-replaced components; strong mechanical connectors instead of adhesives
reduce
appropriate construction methods can help reduce raw materials, waste, energy & water use and air pollution
•insulation•exposed thermal mass•efficient structures•honest materials•lightweight partition construction•prefab doorsets, staircases, bathroom & kitchen pods •design to suit standard modules (gypsum)
reuse
•keep all or part of existing building•upgrade/update thermal performance•reuse basic construction•source reclaimed construction materials
recycle
attachment method must be considered—ensure materials can be easily dismantled into component parts for recycling
a building is the relationship of its many parts
a building is the result of:•meeting a need•the design process•the application of current technology•material & construction methods•actual construction process
the design of a building involves the utilization of space and all the factors that go with it:
•cost•physical requirements•psychological requirements•activities expected to occur•use of materials•energy efficiency•economic utilization of space
http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20080917/green-architectures-grand-experiment-part-1-the-building
as space considerations are studied a variety of concepts are explored:
•relationship between spaces and activities•reasonable distances of travel•traffic flow•safety and comfort•accessibility•services such as stairs, elevators, restrooms, facilities and security•color, texture & decoration•building codes
decisions about the type of structural frame are based on many factors:
•cost•availability•load-carrying capability•appearance•ease of erection•usable life & span
http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20100512/big-idea-small-package
foundation and walls
material used for foundationand walls must resist compressive and horizontal forces
•compressive forces—due to weight of floors, building contents, and roof
foundation and walls
must rest on a “footing”—a base that resists the vertical forces imposed on it by the wall
columns
spacing between columns is regulated by their capacity to carry the imposed load & the capacity of the horizontal member to carry required loads
arches
•curved structural construction that spans an opening between two points•two types: block & rigid
arches
block—brick and stone•carry only the forces that cause the stones to compress tightly together•usually made from wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs
beams
•structural member used to carry transverse loads•typically supported by the foundation, piers or columns
trusses
structural unit composed of assembled members that utilize a triangular arrangement to produce a rigid framework
trusses
•structural unit composed of assembled members that utilize a triangular arrangement to produce a rigid framework•made from wood or steel
structural frames
•wood frame•metal light frame•heavy timber frame•solid masonry•pre-engineered steel frame•cast-in-place concrete•pre-cast concrete•tilt-up construction•tension fabric structure
structural frames
wood frame•most commonly used for residential work•typically enclosed with brick, wood, hardboard, plywood, vinyl, or aluminum siding
structural frames
metal light frame•finding increasing use in residential construction•widely used in commercial construction•acceptance is increasing as quality wood supply decreases
structural frames
heavy timber frame•often called post-and-beam•use solid wood or laminated wood columns and beams
structural frames
solid masonry•find some use in residential construction•extensive use in small commercial buildings
structural frames
solid masonry•the exterior wall encloses the structure and supports the floor and roof
structural frames
pre-engineered steel frame•used for small commercial buildings•multi-story buildingsuse steel girderswhich are supportedby steel columns
structural framespre-engineered steel frame
•use steel columns with various types of trusses, joists and beams
structural frames
cast-in-place concrete•takes various forms•the structural frame is formed•reinforcing steel is placed in the form
structural frames
cast-in-place concrete•the concrete is poured•the forms are stripped off when concrete sets
structural frames
pre-cast concrete•cast in a plant under carefully controlled conditions•shipped to a construction site•lifted into placewith a crane
structural frames
tilt-up construction•structural wall panels are cast in a horizontal position•then tilted into position with a crane
structural frames
tension fabric structure•unusual structure used to enclose large areas•specialty fabric is supported by steel cables, posts, rigid arches and beams
enclosing walls
•must provide access into the building and for the admission of natural light and ventilation•materials used for enclosures include clay, glass, plastic, concrete, stone, metal & wood
enclosing walls
•plastic wall panels are used in the same manner as glass but are much lighter than glass
enclosing walls
•metal wall panels are available in aluminum alloy, galvanized, or aluminum steel spandrels
enclosing walls
•wood enclosure products include solid wood siding, plywood and hardboard•are available in a variety of designs and textures•finished by staining or painting
binder assignment:Section 7—Construction Techniques
Create an overview of the elements of your structure and how they will be constructed. Include an image and description for each of the following categories:
•Floor construction, Finish flooring/Floor coverings •Wall construction, Wall finishes/wall coverings•Ceiling construction, Ceiling finishes•Window types•Door types•Stair construction