Instructor’s Investigating Manual Protists · group broadly referred to as fungus-like protists. • Describe some of the key characteristics of protists in the following ... Investigating

InvestigatingProtists

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Instructor’s

Manual

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Editors: Brian A. Jerome Ph.D. Stephanie Zak Jerome

Assistant Editors: Louise MarrierLyndsey CanfieldHeidi Berry

Graphics: Fred ThodalDean Ladago

Reviewer: Stephen Trombulak, Ph.D.Professor of BiologyMiddlebury College

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Investigating Protists

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A Message from our Company .............................

Viewing Clearances ..............................................

Use and Copyright ................................................

Student Learning Objectives ...............................

Assessment .........................................................

Introducing the Program ......................................

Program Viewing Suggestions ..............................

Video Script ..........................................................

Answer Key to Student Assessments ...................

Answer Key to Student Activities ..........................

Preliminary Assessment ....................................... Post Assessement ................................................

Video Review ........................................................

Investigating Protists Vocabulary ..........................

Make a Protist .......................................................

Sarcodines and Ciliates ........................................ A Dangerous Protist ..............................................

Table of Contents



• Understand that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. Also know that eukaryotic cells gave rise to plants, animals, and fungi.

• Explain that eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi have been lumped together in the kingdom Protista.

• Know that protists are very diverse. They all share the common characteristic of possessing eukaryotic cells.

• Describe animal-like protists (protozoans) as heterotrophic organisms that eat other things.

• List and explain some of the distinguishing characteristics of the following protozoan groups: sarcodines, ciliates, zooflagellates, and sporozoans.

• Cite some of the beneficial and harmful effects of protozoans.

• Explain that plant-like protists produce their own food via the process of photosynthesis.

• Compare and contrast some of the characteristics of algae and vascular plants.

• Describe some of the distinguishing characteristics of the following phyla of algae: euglenophyta, chrysophyta, chlorophyta, phaeophyta, and rhodophyta.

• State that some protists that are neither animal-like or plant-like can be lumped into a group broadly referred to as fungus-like protists.

• Describe some of the key characteristics of protists in the following phyla: Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, and Ascomycota.

Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed activities, students will be able to do the following:

Student Learning Objectives



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Assessment

Preliminary Assessment (p. 14-15):The Preliminary Assessment is an assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of students’ preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon which to assess student progress based on the objectives stated on the previous pages.

Post Assessment (p. 16-17):The Post Assessment can be utilized as an assessment tool following student completion of the program and student activities. The results of the Post Assessment can be compared against the results of the Preliminary Assessment to assess student progress.

Video Review (p. 18):The Video Review can be used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are two sections. The first part contains questions displayed during the program. The second part consists of a ten-question video assessment to be answered at the end of the video.



Introducing the Program

Program Viewing SuggestionsThe student master “Video Review” (p. 19) is provided for distribution to students. You may choose to have your students complete this master while viewing the program or do so upon its conclusion.

The program is approximately 20 minutes in length and includes a ten-question video assessment. Answers are not provided to the Video Assessment in the video, but are included in this manual on page 13. You may choose to grade student assessments as an assessment tool or to review the answers in class.

The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason you may want to periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and concepts.

Before watching the video show students some images of the following organisms: ameba, kelp, and slime mold. Ask students what these things have in common. Students most likely will tell you they have very little in common with each other. Tell students that even though these organisms may seem very different from each other, they are all in the same kingdom.

Write the word “protist” on the board. Explain that protists are organisms that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi. Tell them that organisms in this kingdom vary greatly. Tell students to pay close attention to the video to learn more about some of the common features protists share.

Next, write the following terms on the board: Plant-like Protists, Animal-like Protists, and Fungus-like Protists. Explain that protists are often grouped or discussed as being plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. There are hundreds of organisms that fall under each category. Tell students to pay close attention to the video to learn about organisms in each of these main groups. Write examples of each organism you learn about in the video. Place the organism in the correct category.



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Video Script: Investigating Protists

1. What do the following living things have in common:2. …these plant-like organisms found off the California coast,3. …this microscopic ameba,4. …and this slimy mold on a decaying log?5. All these living things belong to the kingdom Protista in the domain Eukarya.6. What exactly are protists?7. What are some of their common characteristics?8. How are they different from other types of living things?9. What are some of the different kinds of protists and where are they found?

10. During the next few minutes we’re going to answer these questions and others…11. …as we investigate protists.12. Graphic Transition- What are Protists?13. For over 2 billion years the largest organisms on the earth were single-celled

bacteria smaller than 6 microns in size.14. But about 2.5 billion years ago an incredibly important event in the history of life

took place - the development of larger, more complex cells.15. The change from relatively simple cells to more complex cells is one of the most

important steps in the evolution of life. These new more complex cells are called eukaryotes. Over time eukaryotic cells gave rise to plants, animals, and fungi.

16. Eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, not animals, nor fungi have been lumped together in the kingdom Protista, commonly called protists.

17. The kingdom Protista is amazingly diverse and large.18. Protists can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular. Some can even reach great

sizes.19. The unifying feature of all protists is based on something they are not. They are

not plants, animals, or fungi.20. In some respects protists are a catch-all group, and their classification has not yet

been entirely agreed upon. We’ll utilize the traditional classification approach that includes protozoans, algae, slime molds, water molds, and mildews.

21. The only clear, common characteristic they share is that they are eukaryotic cells,…

22. …with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.23. Graphic Transition- Animal-like Protists24. One way biologists group protists is based on the way they get food.25. Heterotrophic protists that eat other things for their nutritional needs are broadly

grouped as animal-like protists.26. Animal-like protists, referred to as protozoans, are unicellular or colonial, in which

a small group of singular cells live together. 27. You Observe! Describe the shape of this protozoan.28. As you can see it has no definite shape and is continuously changing.29. This protozoan is an ameba, and it’s in the phylum Sarcodina.




30. Sarcodines are single-celled protozoans commonly found in freshwater and saltwater.

31. Sarcodines such as amebas have no definite shape and move by means of false feet called pseudopods that are filled with cytoplasm.

32. They also use pseudopods to surround and engulf food particles. Sarcodines most commonly reproduce via cell division.

33. Some kinds of amebas can cause diseases. Amebic dysentery is an example and is most commonly contracted from drinking contaminated water.

34. Some sarcodines, such as radiolarians and foraminiferans are surrounded by protective shells.

35. Radiolarians, for example, have glassy, silica-based skeletons.36. These organisms are abundant in the oceans.37. Looking at other types of protists this interesting looking protozoan called a

paramecium is in the phylum Ciliophora. 38. Ciliates, as the’re commonly called, are surrounded by many hair-like projections

called cilia.39. Cilia help these organisms move through the water and also guide food into the

cell.40. Ciliates are different from other protozoans in that they have two different nuclei

within the cell.41. Ciliates can reproduce asexually via binary fission, as well as sexually in a process

referred to as conjugation.42. Zooflagellates in the phylum Zoomastigina, move in another way, by beating a

whip-like flagella. 43. Many species of zooflagellates live in the bodies of plants or animals, with some

being quite harmful.44. One harmful species is trypanosoma brucei, which causes the disease African

sleeping sickness spread by the bite of the tsetse fly.45. The last group of protozoans we’ll discuss are Sporozoans. These are organisms

that are non-motile. In other words they can’t move themselves. They’re also parasitic, meaning they live off another organism.

46. They often cause disease in animals, including humans.47. One of the most well known sporozoans is in the genus Plasmodium. It’s a

parasite that causes human malaria. Malaria is a disease that has killed millions of people over the centuries.

48. The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito.

49. Graphic Transition- Plant-like Protists50. Believe it or not this large plant-like organism is a protist.51. Plant-like protists referred to as algae, are photosynthetic.



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52. Algae possess chloroplasts as well as one or more different kinds of chlorophyll pigments.

53. While algae have many plant-like characteristics, they’re different from plants in that most do not contain many specialized tissues and organs that plants do.

54. There are several phyla of algae that are separated principally on their various structural differences.

55. One of the most interesting groups of algae are the euglenoids in the phylum Euglenophyta.

56. These single-celled organisms that move via flagella are fascinating in that many species are both plant-like and animal-like.

57. For example, the protists seen here under the microscope are in the genus Euglena. They contain many small chloroplasts used to carry out photosynthesis.

58. But, in the absence of light these organisms can be heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from the environment.

59. One of the largest groups of algae, commonly referred to as golden algae, include over 10,000 species!

60. Mostly unicellular, golden algae, in the phylum Chrysophyta, get their yellow-brown coloring from specific pigments.

61. Diatoms found in freshwater and saltwater are the most numerous golden algae.62. You Observe! Describe the general appearance of these microscopic diatoms.63. These diatoms tend to have regular geometric shapes with tiny holes that allow for

the flow of materials in and out of the organism.64. The shells of diatoms consist of glass-like walls made of silica.65. They’re extremely abundant in the oceans, serving as a source of food for fish and

other sea life.66. Perhaps you’ve heard of people getting ill from eating shellfish like clams or

mussels. These have been affected by specific toxin carrying protists called dinoflagellates.

67. In this phenomenon, called red tide poisoning, reddish blooms of dinoflagellates in coastal waters can affect large expanses of shellfish making them unfit for human consumption.

68. Dinoflagellates are single-celled marine protists that take the form of photosynthetic or heterotrophic organisms.

69. Dinoflagellates serve as an important food source to many ocean animals.70. While swimming in a lake you may have felt a slimy plant-like organism.71. Chances are this was a member of another phylum of protists, green algae.

They’re grouped in the phylum Chlorophyta.72. Green algae are not only found in salt and fresh water but also in moist places on

land such as at the base of trees.73. Green algae contain the pigment chlorophyll b, and often other types of pigments

as well.



Video Script: Investigating Protists74. The composition of the cell wall and chloroplast structure closely resembles those

of green plants.75. Some multicellular species exhibit a complex life cycle with alternating haploid

and diploid phases.76. This large organism called giant kelp almost looks like it’s an underwater tree.77. It’s one of the largest protists on the planet, growing up to 100 meters in length.78. Giant kelp is a type of algae called brown algae in the phylum Phaeophyta.79. Brown algae, which include many common seaweeds, are often found in cool

ocean waters.80. Some brown algae that live along the shoreline have root-like structures that

anchor to rocks. Others have gas-filled chambers that enable them to float.81. Many species have life cycles that exhibit alternation of generations.82. You Observe! Describe the general color of this algae.83. It has a reddish color. This is red algae, in the phylum Rhodophyta.84. Multicellular red algae, which is often attached to rocks in shallower waters,

exhibit complex life cycles.85. Graphic Transition - Fungus-like Protists86. Some organisms that are neither animal-like nor plant-like can be lumped into a

group broadly referred to as fungus-like protists.87. They’re somewhat similar to fungi in that they are heterotrophic, living on

decomposing organic matter,…88. … while also exhibiting characteristics found in protozoans.89. Acellular slime molds in the phylum Myxomycota are one of the major fungus-like

groups.90. In part of their life cycle these organisms have an ameba-like appearance called a

plasmodium that forms a slow moving feeding slimy mass.91. When environmental conditions become unfavorable, the slimy mass forms spore-

producing structures. Spores are then released when favorable conditions return.92. Cellular slime molds in the phylum Acrasiomycota live in freshwater, moist soils, or

on decaying plant matter.93. In what is called the feeding stage of their life cycle, they move around as

individual amoeboid cells.94. When food becomes scarce the cells congregate forming a mass called a

pseudoplasmodium. This structure is capable of producing haploid spores.95. The haploid spores, under favorable conditions, generate amoeboid cells starting

the feeding stage all over again.96. A third group of fungus-like protists are in the phylum Oomycota. They include

water molds and downy mildews.97. These protists consist of finely branched, single-celled filaments.98. They differ from true fungi in their cellular composition, life cycle, and in their

sexual mode of reproduction.



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Video Script: Investigating Protists 99. Water molds tend to live on dead things in freshwater, forming a cotton-like mass

around the dead organism.100. Downey mildews are plant parasites.101. A species of downey mildew is what causes potato blight. This organism infected

potato crops in Ireland from 1845 to 1847 precipitating the Irish Potato Famine.102. Graphic Transition – Video Review103. During the past few minutes we explored some of the fascinating features of

protists.104. We began by discussing the wide variety of organisms in this kingdom.105. Next, we began exploring the characteristics of specific groupings of protists

including animal-like protists such as sarcodines, ciliates, zooflagellites, and spozorans.

106. Some of the defining features of plant-like protists were then highlighted. We specifically discussed the wide variety of algae.

107. Last, we took a brief look at the unusual characteristics of fungus-like protists.108. This rounded out our investigation of the wide and varied features of the

fascinating protists.109. Graphic Transition – Video Quiz110. Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence.1. Protists are in the domain ____.2. Animal-like protists are referred to as __.3. This ameba has no definite ____.4. Protozoans such as paramecium are covered with hair-like structures called ____.5. Zooflagellates move by beating whip-like ____.6. Plant-like protists referred to as ___ are photosynthetic.7. Algae are different from plants in that they do not have many ____ structures and organs.8. The shell of this ___ is made of silica.9. Red tide poisoning is caused by specific types of ____.10. Slime molds have a ___ stage in which amoeboid cells move about.



Answer Key to Student AssessmentsPreliminary Assessment (p. 15-16) Post Assessment (p. 17-18)

Video Review (p. 19)

1. b - prokaryotic cells 2. d - protista 3. a - eukaryotic cells 4. b - protozoans 5. d - no definite shape 6. a - hair-like projections 7. a - malaria 8. c - algae 9. b - chlorophyll pigments10. d - can be plant-like or animal-like11. d - diatoms12. a - dinoflagellates13. c - kelp14. d - color15. a - feeding state16. Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi.17. Examples of protists include algae, protozoans, and slime molds.18. Protozoans are animal-like protists. Examples include amebas, paramecium, and ciliates.19. Algae are plant-like protists that carry out photosynthesis, contain chloroplasts, possess one or more photosynthetic pigments, and live in or near water.20. Algae don’t contain specialized vascular tissues like those found in vascular plants. Algae also tend to live in water or in moist places, whereas vascular plants live in a wide range of environments.

1. d - no definite shape 2. d - can be plant-like or animal-like 3. a - feeding stage 4. a - hair-like projections 5. d - diatoms 6 b - prokaryotic cells 7. d - color 8. a - dinoflagellates 9. d - protista10. c - algae11. c - kelp12. a - eukaryotic cells13. b - chlorophyll pigments14. a - malaria15. b - protozoans16. Examples of protists include algae, protozoans, and slime molds. 17. Algae are plant-like protists that carry out photosynthesis, contain chloroplasts, possess one or more photosynthetic pigments, and live in or near water. 18. Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi. 19. Algae don’t contain specialized vascular tissues like those found in vascular plants. Algae also tend to live in water or in moist places, whereas vascular plants live in a wide range of environments.20. Protozoans are animal-like protists. Examples include amebas, paramecium, and ciliates.

Video Assessment (p. 19)

Vocabulary (p. 20)

1. e - prokaryotic cells 2. n - eukaryotic cells 3. h - protists 4. d - protozoans 5. l - sarcodines 6. j - pseudopod 7. c - ciliates 8. g - sporozoans 9. m - algae10. b - Euglenophyta11. o - Chrysophyta12. f - diatoms13. a - Chlorophyta 14. i - Rhodophyta15. k - acellular slime molds

1. Eukarya 6. Algae 2. Protozoans 7. Specialized 3. Shape 8. Diatom 4. Cilia 9. Dinoflagellates 5. Flagella 10. Feeding

1. This protozoan has no definite shape and is continuously changing. It is an ameba.2. These diatoms tend to have regular geometric shapes with tiny holes that allow for the flow of materials in and out of the organism.3. This algae has a reddish color. This is red algae, in the phylum Rhodophyta.



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Answer Key to Student ActivitiesMake a Protist (p. 21)

A Dangerous Protist (pgs. 24-25)

Sarcodines and Ciliates (pgs. 22-23)

Paramecium1. Cilia - help organism move and gather food.2. Food vacuole - digests food that enters the paramecium.3. Oral groove - food particles are swept into the groove by cilia; a food vacuole waits at the end of the groove where it then engulfs the food.4. Micronucleus - controls protein synthesis, respiration, and reproduction; the smaller of the two nuclei.5. Macronucleus - the larger of the paramecium’s two nuclei.6. Contractile vacuole - rids cell of excess water and some wastes.Ameba1. Nucleus - control center of the cell containing hereditary material.2. Cell membrane - decides what enters and exits the protist.3. Pseudopod - extension from body; enables the protist to move.4. Food vacuole - surrounds, engulfs, and digests food.5. Cytoplasm - fluid-like mixture containing organelles.Questions:1. Paramecium move by beating many hair-like cilia. Amebas move via their pseudopods.2. Paramecium guide food particles into their oral groove. Amebas engulf food particles by surrounding them with their body.3. Both organisms reproduce asexually by dividing.4. These animal-like protozoans are heterotrophic, and can’t carry out photosynthesis as do autotrophic plant-like protists.

Part I:1. False2. False3. True4. False5. True

Part II:1. B - After merozoites cause a human’s red blood cells to burst2. C - Malarone3. B - Plasmodium has developed a resistance to the drug Chloroquine4. D - Parasites

Part III:Students reports will vary.

In order to successfully complete this activity students need to have a sound understanding of protists. They must know what makes a protist a protist. Furthermore, they must have a working knowledge of the broad range of protist characteristics. You may need to assist students with their design process, reminding them to focus on the key characteristics of protists. When students have created their protist models have them share their creations with the class, explaining the unique properties of their organisms.

Visual Learning Company15Investigating Protists

Name:Preliminary AssessmentDirections: Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.

1. About 2.5 billion years ago eukaryotic cells arose from: a. plants b. prokaryotic cells c. animals d. chemicals

2. Eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi are lumped together in the following kingdom: a. prokaryotes b. archaea c. plantae d. protista 3. The common characteristic that all protists have is being made of one or more: a. eukaryotic cells b. algal cells c. bacteria d. viruses

4. Animal-like protists are also referred to as: a. protist variants b. protozoans c. algae d. fungi

5. How would you describe the shape of sarcodines such as amebas? a. square b. circular c. triangular d. no definite shape

6. Organisms such as paramecium in the phylum Ciliophora are covered with: a. hair-like projections b. skin-like coverings c. hard shells d. silica

7. One well-known parasitic sporozoan spread by the bite of a mosquito causes the following disease: a. malaria b. diphtheria c. flu d. pneumonia

8. Plant-like protists are commonly referred to as: a. flowers b. moss c. algae d. ferns

9. Algae possess chloroplasts, as well as one or more: a. food vacuoles b. chlorophyll pigments c. cilia d. pseudopods 10. One of the most interesting groups of algae are euglenoids because they: a. are always heterotrophs b. have no definite shape c. are only photosynthetic d. can be plant-like or animal-like

11. The most numerous types of golden algae have glass-like walls and geometric shapes. What are they? a. dinoflagellates b. sarcodines c. aerobes d. diatoms 12. Which of the following organisms are responsible for red tide poisoning? a. dinoflagellates b. mosquitoes c. green algae d. diatoms

13. Which of the following is the largest protist? a. diatoms b. spirogyra c. kelp d. amebas

14. The different types of algae are often grouped based on: a. size b. symmetry c. growth rate d. color

15. In cellular slime molds, individual amoeboid cells move about in a stage referred to as the: a. feeding stage b. static stage c. resting stage d. spore stage


Name:Preliminary Assessment

16. What are protists?

17. List three examples of protists.

18. What are protozoans? Cite an example of a protozoan.

19. Describe two common characteristics of algae.

20. How are algae different from vascular plants?

Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences:


Name:Post AssessmentDirections: Circle the best answer for each of the following questions.

1. How would you describe the shape of sarcodines such as amebas? a. square b. circular c. triangular d. no definite shape

2. One of the most interesting groups of algae are euglenoids because they: a. are always heterotrophs b. have no definite shape c. are only photosynthetic d. can be plant-like or animal-like 3. In cellular slime molds, individual amoeboid cells move about in a stage referred to as the: a. feeding stage b. static stage c. resting stage d. spore stage

4. Organisms such as paramecium in the phylum Ciliophora are covered with: a. hair-like projections b. skin-like coverings c. hard shells d. silica 5. The most numerous types of golden algae have glass-like walls and geometric shapes. What are they? a. dinoflagellates b. sarcodines c. aerobes d. diatoms

6. About 2.5 billion years ago eukaryotic cells arose from: a. plants b. prokaryotic cells c. animals d. chemicals

7. The different types of algae are often grouped based on: a. size b. symmetry c. growth rate d. color

8. Which of the following organisms are responsible for red tide poisoning? a. dinoflagellates b. mosquitoes c. green algae d. diatoms

9. Eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi are lumped together in the following kingdom: a. prokaryotes b. archaea c. plantae d. protista 10. Plant-like protists are commonly referred to as: a. flowers b. moss c. algae d. ferns

11. Which of the following is the largest protist? a. diatoms b. spirogyra c. kelp d. amebas 12. The common characteristic that all protists have is being made of one or more: a. eukaryotic cells b. algal cells c. bacteria d. viruses

13. Algae possess chloroplasts, as well as one or more: a. food vacuoles b. chlorophyll pigments c. cilia d. pseudopods

14. One well-known parasitic sporozoan spread by the bite of a mosquito causes the following disease: a. malaria b. diphtheria c. flu d. pneumonia

15. Animal-like protists are also referred to as: a. protist variants b. protozoans c. algae d. fungi


Name:Post Assessment

16. List three examples of protists.

17. Describe two common characteristics of algae.

18. What are protists?

19. How are algae different from vascular plants?

20. What are protozoans? Cite an example of a protozoan.

Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences:


Name:

1. You Observe! Describe the shape of this protozoan.

2. You Observe! Describe the general appearance of these microscopic diatoms.

3. You Observe! Describe the general color of this algae.

Video ReviewDirections: Answer these questions as you watch the video:

Video AssessmentDirections: After you watch the video, fill in the blank to complete the sentence.

1. Protists are in the domain ____________________.

2. Animal-like protists are referred to as ____________________.

3. This ameba has no definite ____________________.

4. Protozoans such as paramecium are covered with hair-like structures called _______________.

5. Zooflagellates move by beating whip-like ____________________.

6. Plant-like protists referred to as ____________________ are photosynthetic.

7. Algae are different from plants in that they do not have many ____________________

structures and organs.

8. The shell of this ____________________ is made of silica.

9. Red tide poisoning is caused by specific types of ____________________.

10. Slime molds have a ____________________ stage in which amoeboid cells move about.


Name:Investigating ProtistsVocabulary

a. Phylum that includes green algae.

b. Single-celled algae that move via flagella, and are both plant-like and animal-like.

c. A group of protozoans that are covered with hair-like structures called cilia.

d. Heterotrophic protists; sometimes called animal-like protists.

e. Relatively small cells that don’t possess a nucleus; include archaea and bacteria.

f. Golden algae that have geometric shapes and glass-like walls.

g. Parasitic protozoans; some cause disease.

h. Eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi.

i. Phylum that includes red algae.

j. “False foot” used by amebas to move and engulf food.

k. One of the major fungus-like groups of protists.

l. Single-celled protozoans that include amebas.

m. Plant-like protists that are photosynthetic.

n. More complex cells that have a nucleus.

o. One of the largest groups of algae; referred to as golden algae.

____ 1. iorkrcyotpa lcsle __________________________ __________

____ 2. kyiuoetrca elcsl __________________________

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____ 3. tisstorp _________________________

____ 4. opztnosroa __________________________

____ 5. doicnresas __________________________

____ 6. suoopddpe _________________________

____ 7. sceitlai _____________________________

____ 8. zssonprooa _________________________

____ 9. aeagl ______________________

____ 10. eyghleauotnp ___________________________

____ 11. hyaocsytphr ____________________________

____ 12. mtiodas ______________________

____ 13. clrpyaohhto _____________________________

____ 14. oohhartdyp _____________________________

____ 15. alalulerc lmsei dosml

______________________ ______________

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Directions: Unscramble the vocabulary words in the first column. Match the words to the definitions in the second column.


Name:Make a ProtistBackground: Eukaryotes that are clearly not plants, animals, or fungi have been lumped together in the fascinating kingdom Protista. The kingdom Protista is amazingly diverse and large. Protists can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular. Some organisms can reach great sizes. The unifying feature of all protists is based on something they are not. They are not plants, animals, or fungi. In some respects protists are a catch-all group. And, to a large degree they are not classified by common characteristics or by evolutionary relationships. The only clear, common characteristic they share is that they consist of eukaryotic cells with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

Directions:

1. Read the information in the Background.2. Work with a partner and discuss the various characteristics of protists.3. Using your knowledge of protists and your imagination create your own protist. Keep the following things in mind: a. protists consist of eukaryotic cells b. protists vary widely in size, form, and function c. protists can be plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like or a combination thereof. 4. With the materials provided by your instructor design a model of your protist. Be able to explain the form and functions of your protist. 5. After designing and building your protist answer the questions below.

Plant-like protists referred to as algae, are photosynthetic. Algae possess chloroplasts as well as one or more different kinds of chlorophyll pigments. While algae have many plant-like characteristics they are different in that most don’t contain many of the specialized tissues and organs plants have.

Some organisms that are neither animal-like nor plant-like can be lumped into a group broadly referred to as fungus-like protists. They are somewhat similar to fungi in that they are heterotrophic, living on decomposing organic matter, while also exhibiting characteristics found in protozoans.

Materials: white and colored paper, scissors, pieces of fabric, and colored pencils

Questions: 1. Describe your protist. Explain its body form. How does its form help it survive?2. How does your protist move?3. Explain how your protist eats.4. How does it reproduce?5. Describe where your protist lives.6. Do you think there might be real protists like the one you created?

One way biologists group protists is based on their food-getting processes. Heterotrophic protists that eat other things for their nutritional needs, are broadly grouped as animal-like protists. Animal-like protists, referred to as protozoans, are unicellular or colonial.


Name:Sarcodines and CiliatesBackground: One way biologists group protists is based on their food-getting processes. Heterotrophic protists that eat other things for their nutritional needs are broadly grouped as animal-like protists. Animal-like protists, referred to as protozoans, are unicellular or colonial. An ameba is a protozoan that has no definite shape and is continuously changing. It is in the phylum Sarcodina. Sarcodines are single-celled protozoans commonly found in freshwater and saltwater. Sarcodines such as amebas have no definite shape and move by means of false feet called pseudopods filled with cytoplasm. They also use pseudopods to surround and engulf food particles. Sarcodines most commonly reproduce via cell division. Some kinds of amebas can cause diseases such as amebic dysentery, that is most commonly contracted from drinking water.

Protozoans in the phylum Ciliophora include many unusual organisms, and are generally referred to as ciliates. Ciliates are surrounded by many hair-like projections called cilia. Cilia help these organisms move through the water and also guide food into the cell. Ciliates are different from other protozoans in that they have two different nuclei within the cell. Ciliates can reproduce asexually via binary fission, as well as sexually in a process referred to as conjugation.

Directions:1. Using resources in your classroom or on a computer, label the features of the representative species of sarcodine and ciliate.2. Below each feature briefly describe its function.3. Answer the questions at the bottom of the following page.

1.

4.

2.

3.

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6.


Name:

Questions: 1. Describe how the paramecium and an ameba move. What structures help them move?

2. How does each organism obtain food?

3. Describe how ciliates and sarcodines commonly reproduce.

4. How are these protists different from plant-like protists?

Sarcodines and Ciliates1.

2.

3.4.

5.

food


Name:A Dangerous Protist

Background: Malaria is a devastating disease that commonly affects people in the tropical regions of the world, and less often in other parts of the world. Malaria is the number one cause of death in children under the age of five worldwide. Unlike many insect-related diseases, malaria is not caused by a virus, but by a parasitic protist called Plasmodium. Plasmodium is transmitted by the bite of the female mosquito Anopheles. There are several forms of Plasmodium that cause malaria. The most deadly form is Plasmodium falciparum. How does this parasite infect a person? The illustration below shows how a person can contract malaria.

1.) A female Anopheles mosquito bites a personpreviously infected with malaria and ingestsPlasmodium gametes into its blood. 2.) Plasmodium gametes reproduce in the

mosquito’s digestive tract and in 10-14days release spores.

3.) These spores travel to themosquito’s salivary glands.

4.) The mosquito bites anotherhuman victim and infects them withplasmodium spores.

5.) The spores invade the cells in theperson’s liver and develop into merozoites.

6.) Merozoites migrate to theperson’s red blood cells wherethey reproduce.

7.) The merozoites break out ofthe red blood cells, causing the cellsto burst. The symptoms of malariaare produced. These symptomsinclude high fever, chills, nauseaand vomiting, headaches, diarrhea,and anemia.

8.) Some merozoites remain in theblood as gametocytes, ready to bepassed to a mosquito and start thecycle over again.

Malaria remains one of the most serious epidemics we face today. A cure has not beendiscovered, nor is a vaccine available. Efforts to control the spread of malaria havelargely failed. A drug called Chloroquine that is used to treat malaria is no longercompletely effective because Plasmodium have developed a resistance to the drug.Insecticides such as DDT, a chemical that was banned in the United States because of its detrimental effects on the food web, are used to kill the Anopheles mosquito. But themosquitoes have developed immunities to insecticides. Efforts to develop more effectivedrugs and a vaccine continue. There may be hope for a cure. A drug called Malarone was recently developed and has proven to be effective in treating malaria. Hopefully this drug will continue to be effective and save millions of lives.


Name:A Dangerous Protist

Directions: Part I: Decide whether the statement is True (T) or False (F).

Part I:1. Malaria is caused by a virus called Plasmodium.

2. The male mosquito transmits Plasmodium into a person.

3. The pesticide DDT was banned in the United States.

4. The most deadly form of Plasmodium that causes malaria is called Plasmodium anopheles.

5. Chloroquine is losing its effectiveness in treating malaria.

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

Directions: Part II: Circle the correct multiple choice answer.

Part II:

1. The symptoms of malaria occur in a human during which stage:

A. After Plasmodium spores invade a human’s liver B. After merozoites cause a human’s red blood cells to burst C. During reproduction of merozoites D. When Plasmodium gametes enter a human’s red blood cells

2. A new drug which has recently been developed and may be effective in treating malaria is called: A. Chloroquine B. Sporozoa C. Malarone D. DDT

3. Malaria is difficult to treat because: A. Pesticides are not being used to control the mosquito population B. Plasmodium has developed a resistance to the drug Chloroquine C. Plasmodium has developed a resistance to the drug Malarone D. Drugs are not used to treat malaria

4. Plasmodium are: A. deadly viruses B. female mosquitoes C. insecticides D. parasites

Part III: Research the different efforts that are underway to treat malaria and control its spread. Find at least two different efforts, such as new treatments for malaria or methods for controlling the mosquito. Write a one-page report on your findings.

Documents

Instructor’s Investigating Manual Protists · group broadly referred to as fungus-like protists. • Describe some of the key characteristics of protists in the following ... Investigating