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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT DISTRICT OF
NEBRASKA
CARGILL MEAT SOLUTIONSCORPORATION,
Plaintiff, 8:11CV270
v.
GREATER OMAHA PACKING COMPANY,) INC., )
)Defendant. )
-)
COURT' S CHARGE TO THE JURY
INSTRUCTION NO. _Now that you have heard the evidence, it is my duty to
inform you of the legal principles and considerations you are to
use in arriving at a proper verdict.
In accordance with the oath which each of you took when
you were selected as jurors to try this case, it is your duty to
determine the disputed issues of fact in this case from the
evidence produced and seek thereby to reach a verdict which shall
speak the truth of the case and thereby do justice between the
parties hereto, uninfluenced by sympathy, favor, affection or
prejudice for or against any party. It is your duty to receive
and accept as correct the law as given you in this charge, and
you are not privileged to entertain an opinion as to the law or
what the law should be which conflicts in any respect with the
law as stated in this charge. However, I have not attempted to
embody all the law applicable to this case in any one of the
instructions which I have given you, and therefore, you must
consider the instructions in their entirety, giving due weight
to each instruction, and construing each instruction in the
light
of, and in harmony with, the other instructions, and so apply
the principles set forth to all of the evidence received during
the trial.
INSTRUCTION NO.
At the outset, I urge you to make every effort to
reach an agreement in your deliberations. Inconclusive trials
are not desirable. A common understanding
among competent and
intelligent people ought to be possible.
However, this observation must not be construed by any
juror as a suggestion of the abandonment of an opinion held
understandably and earnestly, just for the sake of agreement.
The Court must never coerce agreements by jurors. It is
appropriate to suggest that if you should find yourselves in
apparent disagreement , each of you should carefully
reexamine your opinions before assuming a position of
dissent.
I should give you one preliminary word of caution. It
is seldom wise or beneficial for a juror to make an emphatic
expression of his or her opinion of the case, or to announce a
determination to stand for a certain verdict, immediately upon
entering the jury room at the beginning of deliberations. The
reason for this is obvious. We are all human, and it is
difficult to recede from a position once it has been firmly and
definitely stated .
INSTRUCTION NO.
A party who has the burden of proving a claim must do
so by a greater weight. A greater weight of the evidence .means
evidence sufficient to make a claim more likely true than not
true.
A greater weight of the evidence is not determined by
the greater number of witnesses testifying in relation to the
facts and circumstances, but that amount of evidence which on
the whole, when fully, fairly and impartially considered, makes
the stronger impression on your mind and is more convincing as
to its truth when weighed against the evidence in opposition
thereto.
If the evidence is equally balanced, a greater weight of the
evidence is not established.
You may have heard of the term "proof beyond a
reasonable doubt." That is a stricter standard which applies
in criminal cases. It does not apply in civil cases such as
this. You should, therefore, put it out of your minds.
INSTRUCTION NO.
While you should consider only the evidence in the
case, you are permitted to draw such reasonable inferences from
the testimony and exhibits as you feel are justified in the light
of common experience. In other words, you may make deductions
and reach conclusions which reason and common sense lead you to
draw from the facts which have been established by the testimony
and evidence in the case.
You have heard the terms "direct evidence" and
"circumstantial evidence. " You are instructed that you should
not be concerned with those terms since the law makes no
distinction between the weight to be given to direct and
circumstantial evidence.
INSTRUCTION NO.
During the trial I have ruled on objections to certain
evidence. You must not concern yourselves with the reason for
such rulings since they are controlled by rules of law.
You must not speculate or form or act upon any opinion
as to how a witness might have testified in answer to questions
which I have rejected during the trial, or upon any subject
matter to which I have forbidden inquiry.
In corning to any conclusion in this case, you must be
governed by the evidence before you and by the evidence alone.
You have no right to indulge in speculation, conjecture or
inference not supported by the evidence.
The evidence from which you are to find the facts
consists of the following: (1) the testimony of the
witnesses;
(2) documents and other things received as exhibits; and (3) any
facts that have been stipulated -- that is, formally agreed to by
the parties.
The following things are not evidence: (1) statements,
comments, questions and arguments by lawyers for the parties; (2)
objections to questions; and (3) anything you may have seen or
heard about this case outside the courtroom.
INSTRUCTION NO . ..You, as jurors, are the sole judges of the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight their testimony
deserves. In
deciding what the facts are, you may have to decide what
testimony you believe and what testimony you do not believe. You
may believe all of what a witness said, or only part of it, or
none of it.
In determining the weight to be given to the testimony
of the witnesses, you should take into consideration their
interest in the result of the suit, if any appears, their conduct
and demeanor while testifying, their apparent fairness or bias,
their relationship to the parties, if any appears, their
opportunities for seeing or knowing and remembering the things
about which they testified , the reasonableness or
unreasonableness of the testimony given by them, any previous
statement or conduct of the witness that is consistent or
inconsistent with the testimony of the witness at this trial, and
all of the evidence , facts, and circumstances proved which tend
to corroborate or contradict such evidence, if any appear. You
are not bound to take the testimony of any witness as true,
and should not do so if you are satisfied from all the facts
and circumstances proved at the trial that such witness is
mistaken in the matter testified to, or that for any other
reason
appearing in the evidence, the testimony is untrue or unreliable.
The fact that one side may have used a greater
number of witnesses or presented a greater quantity of
evidence should not affect your decision. Rather, you should
determine which witness or witnesses, and which evidence
appears accurate and
trustworthy. It is the weight of the evidence that counts --
not the number of witnesses.
The testimony of a single witness which produces in
your minds belief in the likelihood of truth is sufficient for
proof of any fact, and would justify a verdict in accordance with
such testimony, even though a number of witnesses may have
testified to the contrary if, after consideration of all of the
evidence in the case, you hold greater belief in the accuracy and
reliability of the one witness.
INSTRUCTION NO.
A witness who has special knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education in a particular area may testify as an
expert in that area. You determine what weight, if any, to give
to an expert 's testimony just as you do with the testimony of
any other witness. You should consider the expert 's
credibility as a witness, the expert' s qualifications as an
expert, the sources of the expert 's information, and the
reasons given for any opinions expressed by the expert.
INSTRUCTION NO.
During the trial, testimony was presented to you by
deposition. Such testimony is under oath and is entitled to
the same fair and impartial consideration you give other
testimony.
INSTRUCTION NO.
During the trial, you have heard the word
"interrogatory." An interrogatory is a written question asked
by one party of another, who must answer it under oath in
writing.
Consider interrogatories and the answers to them as if the
questions had been asked and answered here in court.
INSTRUCTION NO.
All of the parties to a lawsuit are entitled to the
same fair and impartial consideration, whether they are
corporations or individuals.
INSTRUCTION NO.
This is a civil action brought by Cargill Meat
Solutions Corporation, who is the plaintiff in this action. It
is brought against Greater Omaha Packing Company, Inc., who is
the defendant in this action. Hereafter I may occasionally
refer to the parties simply as the "plaintiff" or by its proper
or
legal name ("Cargill") . The defendant may be referred to as
"defendant" or by its proper or legal name ("Greater Omaha").
The plaintiff claims that defendant sold and shipped
raw beef trim in August of 2007 that was adulterated and
contaminated with a strain of E. coli 0157:H7. As a result, the
plaintiff claims that the defendant: (1) breached an express
warranty, (2) breached the implied warranty of merchantability,
(3) breached the implied warranty of fitness for a
particular purpose, and (4) breached their contract.
Defendant denies plaintiff' s claims.
Members of the jury, you should understand that this
instruction constitutes only a brief summary of the claims made
by the respective parties in this case and should not be taken
or considered by you as evidence in this case. You must
consider
and decide each of plaintiff 's claims separately.
INSTRUCTION NO.
The parties have stipulated to certain facts. You
should treat those facts as having been proved. The parties
agree that the following should be accepted as established facts
for the purposes of this case:
1) On August 9, 2007, Greater Omaha sold and shipped
raw beef trim to Cargill.
2) On August 16, 2007, Cargill manufactured
American Chef' s Selection Angus Beef Patties 18-1/3 Pound
Patties, by combining raw materials from four suppliers:
Beef Products, Inc., Frigorifico PUL, Lone Star
Processors, and Greater Omaha.
3) On October 6, 2007, the United States Department
of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service announced a recall
for American Chef' s Selection Angus Beef Patties 18-1/3 Pound
Patties because of potential contamination with E. coli 0157:H7.
4) After the recall, certain individuals filed suit
against Cargill.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Cargill claims that the parties ' contract is made
up of its Approved Supplier Program Documents (Exhibit Nos. 1,
2 and
3, Greater Omaha' s responsive correspondence(Exhibit Nos. 4, 860'
_ and 6), and the individual transaction documents between the
parties, including the Bi 11s of Lading(Exhibit Nos. 818 and
819\) and the Certificates of Analysis (Exhibit Nos. 16 and 17)
provided by Greater Omaha to Cargill. Cargill alleges these
documents and communicat ions contractually obligated Greater
Omaha not to ship any adulterated beef trim to Cargill. Cargill
also alleges that these documents and communications
contractually obligated Greater Omaha to comply with Cargill' s
E.coli 0157:H7 sampling program, procedures , and requirements.
Greater Omaha claims that the parties ' contract is
limited to Exhibit No. 860 ( the "Letter of Guarantee" ). With
respect to the Letter of Guarantee, the parties dispute the
meaning of Paragraph 5, which reads: "This Guarantee shall
be void in the event any act or omission by buyer shall be a
contributing cause to any loss otherwise covered by this
Guarantee."
Greater Omaha contends that Cargill' s not conducting
finished product testing of hamburger patties containing Greater
Omaha's beef trim for E. coli 0157:H7 was a "contributing cause"
of Cargill' s own losses. Cargill contends that the term
"contributing cause" as it is used in Paragraph 5 of the Letter
of Guarantee does not require Cargill to re-test Greater Omaha'
s meat for E. coli 0157:H7.
You must determine what constitutes the parties '
contract, and which of the parties ' interpretations of
that contract is correct. In making your determination,
you should consider the following information:
1) Contracts are construed to give effect to the
intention of the parties at the time the contract was
made.
2) The words of a contract are to be given their plain
and ordinary meaning. The intent expressed in the language used
prevails over any secret intention of either party.
3) A contract is to be read as a whole. Consider the
whole contract and if possible give effect to every part of the
contract. A construction that gives effect to all parts of a
contract is preferred over one that renders part of the contract
redundant and useless.
4) A construction that makes a contract lawful is
preferred over one that makes it unlawful.
5) Ambiguous language in a written contract is
interpreted against the drafter or the party who selected it.
You must determine whether and the extent to which Cargill may
recover on its breach of contract claim in light of your
interpretation of the contract and the conduct of the
parties.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Breach of Express Warranty
The plaintiff claims that the defendant expressly
warranted that its raw beef trim would not be adulterated.
The plaintiff also claims that defendant 's
alleged breach of this express warranty was the direct and
proximate cause of plaintiff 's alleged losses.
The defendant denies that it breached any express
warranty to the plaintiff, denies that any act or omission by
defendant was a direct and proximate cause of the damages the
plaintiff has alleged, and denies the nature and extent of the
damages alleged by the plaintiff.
An express warranty may be created in any of the
following ways:
1) If the seller makes a statement of fact or a
promise to the buyer, which relates to the goods and becomes
part of the basis of the bargain, that creates an express
warranty
that the goods will conform to the statement of fact or promise.
2) If a description of the goods is part of the
basis of the bargain that creates an express warranty that the
goods will conform to the description .
An express warranty may be created even if forma l
words such as "warranty" or "guarante e" are not used, and even
if the seller does not have a specific intention to make a
warranty. On
the other hand, a statement of the value of the goods or a
statement purporting to be the seller' s opinion or
commendation of the goods, does not, by itself, create a
warranty.
Burden of Proof
Before the plaintiff can recover against the
defendant for breach of express warranty, the plaintiff must
prove, by the greater weight of the evidence, each of the
following:
1) That defendant was a merchant as to the raw beef
trim;
2) That defendant sold the raw beef trim;
3) That defendant expressly warranted that raw beef
trim it sold to the plaintiff would be unadulterated and
conform to the guarantee that defendant Greater Omaha made to
plaintiff Cargill as of the date of shipment or delivery of the
raw beef trim to plaintiff.
4) That plaintiff is a party who could have been
expected to use, consume, or be affected by the raw beef
trim;
5) That defendant' s raw beef trim was adulterated
and therefore the product was not in compliance with the
warranty;
6) That within a reasonable time after the
plaintiff discovered or should have discovered the breach, it
gave the defendant notice of the alleged breach;
7) That the breach of express warranty was a
proximate cause of some damage to the plaintiff;
8) The nature and extent of that damage.
Effect of Findings
If the plaintiff has not met this burden of proof, then
your verdict must be for the defendant with respect to the breach
of express warranty claim.
On the other hand, if the plaintiff has met this
burden of proof, then you must consider the defendant' s
affirmative
defenses, which are discussed in Instruction Nos. 19 and 20
below.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability
The plaintiff claims that the defendant supplied
Cargill with raw beef trim that was not merchantable, and that
this breach of the implied warranty of merchantability was the
direct and proximate cause of plaintiff 's alleged losses.
The defendant denies that it breached the implied
warranty of merchantability to the plaintiff, denies that any
act or omission by the defendant was a direct and proximate
cause of the damages the plaintiff has alleged, and denies the
nature and extent of the damages alleged by the plaintiff.
To be merchantable, goods must:
1) Be such as would pass without objection in
the trade as goods of the kind described;
2) In the case of fungible goods, be of fair
average quality for goods of the kind described;
3) Be fit for the ordinary purposes for which
such goods are used;
4) Within the variations permitted by the agreement,
be of even kind, quality, and quantity, within each unit and
among all of the units involved;
5) Be adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as
the agreement may require; and
6) Conform to the promises or affirmations of
fact made on the container or the label, if any.
Burden of Proof
Before the plaintiff can recover against the
defendant, the plaintiff must prove, by the greater weight of
the evidence, each and all of the following:
1) That the defendant sold the raw beef trim to the
plaintiff;
2) That, at the time of the sale, the defendant was
a merchant with respect to goods of that kind;
3) That, at the time the raw beef trim was tendered
by defendant, it was not merchantable;
4) That, within a reasonable time after the
plaintiff discovered or should have discovered the breach, it
gave the defendant notice of breach;
5) That the breach of this warranty was a
proximate cause of some damage to the plaintiff; and
6) The nature and extent of that damage .
EFFECT OF FINDINGS
If the plaintiff has not met this burden of proof,
then your verdict must be for the defendant with respect to the
breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose claim .
On the other hand, if the plaintiff has met this
burden of proof, then you must consider defendant 's affirmative
defenses, which are discussed in Instruction Nos. 19 and 20
below.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Breach of Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular
Purpose The plaintiff claims that the defendant
supplied
Cargill with raw beef trim that was not fit for the particular
purpose of grinding and then reselling ground beef products
processed with the raw beef trim for human consumption.
The plaintiff also claims that this breach of the
implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose was the
direct and proximate cause of plaintiff' s alleged losses .
The defendant denies that it breached the implied
warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, denies that any
act or omission by the defendant was a direct and proximate
cause of the damages the plaintiff has alleged, and denies the
nature and extent of the damages alleged by the pla intiff.
Burden of Proof
Before the plaintiff can recover against the defendant
for breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a particular
purpose, the plaintiff must prove, by the greater weight of the
evidence, each and all of the following:
1) That the defendant sold the raw beef trim to the
plaintiff;
2) That, when the contract for sale was made, the
plaintiff purchased the goods for grinding and then
reselling
ground beef products for human consumption, and the
defendant knew or had reason to know this;
3) That, when the contract for sale was made, the
plaintiff was relying on the defendant' s skill or judgment
to furnish goods suitable for that particular purpose and
the defendant had reason to know of this reliance;
4) That at the time the goods were delivered by the
defendant, they were not fit for the particular purpose in
question as of the date of shipment or delivery of the raw
beef trim to plaintiff;
5) That, within a reasonable time after the
plaintiff discovered or should have discovered that the goods
were not fit for the particular purpose in question, it gave
the defendant notice of breach;
6) That the breach of this warranty was a
proximate cause of some damage to the plaintiff;
7) The nature and extent of that damage;
Effect of Findings
If the plaintiff has not met this burden of proof,
then your verdict must be for the defendant with respect to the
breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose
claim .
On the other hand, if the plaintiff has met this burden
of proof, then you must consider the defendant' s affirmative
defenses, which are discussed in Instruction Nos. ___ and ___ below.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Breach of Contract Claim
The plaintiff claims that the defendant entered into a
contract with the plaintiff on June 2, 2006, wherein the
defendant agreed to provide the plaintiff with raw beef trim that
was not adulterated with E. coli 0157:H7, and that the defendant
breached this contract by shipping beef trim to the plaintiff
that was adulterated with E. coli 0157:H7.
The defendant denies that it breached the parties '
contract, denies that any act or omission by the defendant was a
direct and proximate cause of the damages the plaintiff has
alleged, and denies the nature and extent of damages alleged by
the plaintiff.
Burden of Proof
Before the plaintiff can recover against defendant
for breach of contract, plaintiff must prove, by the greater
weight of the evidence, each and all of the following:
1) That the plaintiff Cargill and defendant
Greater Omaha entered into the contract;
2) The terms of the contract ;
3) That the defendant breached the contract by
supplying the plaintiff with raw beef trim adulterated with
E. coli Ol57:H7 as of the date of shipment or delivery of the
raw beef trim to plaintiff;
4) That this breach of contract was a proximate
cause of some damage to plaintiff;
5) The nature and extent of that damage.
Effect of Findings
If the plaintiff has not met this burden of proof, then
your verdict as to plaintiff' s breach of contract claim must be
for the defendant.
On the other hand, if the plaintiff has met this
burden of proof, then you must consider defendant' s affirmative
defenses, which are discussed in Instruction Nos. ___ and ___
below.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Notice of Breach of Warranty
In order to recover on any of its breach of warranty
claims, the plaintiff must prove that it notified the defendant
of the breach, and that it did so within a reasonable time
after it discovered or should have discovered the breach.
You must determine what amount of time is
reasonable. In doing so, take into consideration the
circumstances shown by the evidence in this case and the
nature of the act to be done, that is, giving notice.
The notice may be oral or written. It does not have
to be in any particular form and it does not have to use any
particular words. Notice is sufficient if it informs the
defendant of the alleged breach of warranty.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Defendant' s Affirmative
Defenses Contributing Cause
In defense to the plaintiff 's claims, the defendant
claims that the plaintiff was a contributing cause in one or
more of the following ways:
1) In failing to conduct finished-product testing
of its American Chef' s Selection Angus Beef Patties 18-1/3
Pound Patties before shipping said product to its customers;
2) In shipping the American Chef 's Selection Angus
Beef Patties 18-1/3 Pound Patties to its customers without having
a Certificate of Analysis from one or more suppliers evidencing
an absence of E. coli. 0157:H7 in the ingredients in the product;
3) In violating its own Hazard Analysis
Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan.
The plaintiff denies the defendant' s allegations of
contributing cause.
Burden of Proof
In connection with the defendant' s claim that the
plaintiff was a contributing cause, the burden is on the
defendant to prove by the greater weight of the evidence both of
the following:
1) That the plaintiff acted or failed to act in one
or more of the ways claimed by the defendant; and
2) That contributing cause was a proximate cause
of damages sustained by the plaintiff.
Effect of Findings
1) If the defendant has proved this defense by the
greater weight of the evidence, then it is not liable for any
of plaintiff 's claims, and your verdict will be for the
defendant.
2) If the plaintiff has met its burden of proof with
respect to any of its claims and the defendant has not met its
burden of proof with respect to its contributing cause defense,
then you must consider the defendant' s other affirmative
defenses set forth below.
INSTRUCTION NO.
Defendant 's Affirmative
Defenses Product Misuse
In defense to plaintiff 's claims, the defendant also
claims that Cargill misused its raw beef trim by mixing it with
products supplied by three other suppliers, without having a
Certificate of Analysis from all of those suppliers evidencing
that the products had tested negative for the presence of E.
coli 0157:H7, by shipping the American Chef patties without
having
such documentation in its possession, and/or by violating its
own Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plan.
The plaintiff Cargill denies that it misused the
defendant' s product.
Burden of Proof
In connection with the defendant' s claim that Cargill
misused the product, the burden is on the defendant to prove, by
the greater weight of the evidence, each of the following:
1) That the plaintiff used the defendant 's raw
beef trim as claimed by the defendant;
2) That the defendant could not reasonably
have foreseen such a use of the product; and
3) That this misuse by the plaintiff was a
proximate cause of its own damage.
Effect of Findings
1) If the defendant has proved this defense by the
greater weight of the evidence, then it is not liable for any
of plaintiff 's claims, and your verdict will be for the
defendant.
2) If the defendant has not met its burden of proof
by the greater weight of the evidence, then you must consider
the defendant's other affirmative defenses set forth herein.
INSTRUCTION NO.
A proximate cause is a cause that produces a result in
a natural and continuous sequence, and without which the result
would not have occurred.
INSTRUCTION No.
If you find in favor of plaintiff on any one of its
four claims, then you must determine the amount of the
plaintiff' s damages. The measure of damages is an amount that
would place plaintiff in as good a position as it would have
enjoyed if the defendant would not have breached the contract
and/or express warranty and/or implied warranties. That is, the
measure of the plaintiff damages is the amount that would make
the plaintiff whole.
The plaintiff is entitled to recover expenses the
plaintiff reasonably incurred as a result of the defendant' s
breach.
The plaintiff is entitled to recover all expenses it
incurred because of the defendant' s sale of adulterated beef
trim, including settlements the plaintiff paid to injured
persons, and recall costs which were proximately caused by the
defendant' s breach and that, at the time the contract was
entered into, these damages were a foreseeable result of a breach
of this nature. Damages are foreseeable when they are the kind
that
would ordinarily follow such a breach or when the defendant
either know, or should have known, that such damages were likely
to result from such a breach.
In arriving at the amount of damages, the law
forbids you to return a verdict determined by chance. You may
not, for instance, agree in advance that each juror will state
an amount
to be awarded in damages, that all of those amounts will be
added together, that the total will be divided by the number of
jurors, and that the result will be returned as the jury's
verdict. A verdict determined by chance is invalid. Rather,
you must use your sound judgment based upon impartial
consideration of the evidence.
INSTRUCTION NO.
In the trial of this case and in this charge, I have
in no way attempted to express my opinion as to who should
prevail upon the issues submitted to you. You must not construe
any statement, action, or ruling on my part in the trial of this
case as an indication of any opinion on my part respecting the
proper course of your verdict. During the course of a trial,
I occasionally ask questions of a witness in order to bring out
facts not fully covered in the testimony. Do not assume that I
hold any opinion on the matters to which the questions related.
So regardless of what I may have chosen to say, I
must admonish you that you are the sole judges of the facts,
and your verdict must respond to your own conclusions from the
evidence.
INSTRUCTION No.
Upon retiring to the jury room, you shall first select
one of your number as foreperson to preside over your
deliberations and who alone will sign the verdict form . You will
then proceed immediately with your study and deliberations of
the case.
In arriving at your verdict, remember it must be
unanimous. Short of unanimity, you cannot consider that you
have reached a verdict.
You will take with you a verdict form which you will
use to reflect your verdict.
After you have arrived at your verdict, your
foreperson will simply fill in the appropriate blank spaces
provided in the form of verdict. Your foreperson will then date
and sign the verdict form and this will constitute your verdict.
If it becomes necessary during your deliberations to
communicate with the Court , pick up the phone in the jury
deliberation room and the telephone will ring in my office.
Someone will then come to the jury deliberation room to pick
up your note and deliver it to me. Bear in mind you are
not to reveal to me or to anyone else how the jury stands,
numerically or otherwise, until you have reached a unanimous
verdict .
You will be allowed to separate for your meals and
for any necessary intermission between 5 p.m. today and Monday
morning at 9 a.m. In addition, you are to keep in mind all of
the earlier admonitions of the Court and especially to refrain
from any discussion of the case with anyone and to avoid
reading or viewing any news about this case.
As the Judge presiding over the trial, I shall be
available in this building throughout your deliberations and
until your verdict has been returned and shall receive it
promptly upon its return.