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Impact of copper fungicides on plant protection and quality the soil in Poland - short communication Kowalska Jolanta, Drożdżyński Dariusz Institute of Plant Protection – NRI, Poznań, Poland

Copper

is an essential element in the metabolism of plants.

It plays role in the regulation of generative process of plants,

photosynthesis and respiration.

The bioavailability of copper for plants depends largely on factors such as

pH and organic matter content. Availability of copper for plants increases

with decreasing pH of the soil. This element is subject of strong sorption

by organic matter and clay minerals.

Toxicity of copper to plants are rarely observed in natural conditions and

their occurrence is limited to soil areas contaminated by copper

metallurgy.

Excessive amounts of copper can also be toxic to animals and humans,

although such phenomena are very rare.

Plant protection products

Code Active substance in kg

Inorganic fungicides mainly containing copper

F01 521 276.6

Fungicides based on carbamates and dithiocarbamates

F02 1 815 566.8

Fungicides based on benzimidazoles

F03 489 110.6

Fungicides based on imidazoles and triazoles

F04 823 035.4

Fungicides based on morpholines

F05 110 188.6

Biological fungicides F06 0.4

Other fungicides F99 2 371 634.2

Fungicides and baktericides

F 6 130 812.6

Total plant protection products

21 886 125.0

Sales of plant protection products by harmonized classification of substances in 2012 in terms of active substance (CSO, 2013)

Source: Central Statistical Office of Poland

Plant protection products Code Active substance in kg

Inorganic fungicides F01 519 102.3

Fungicides based on carbamates and dithiocarbamates

F02 1 947 649.6

Fungicides based on benzimidazoles

F03 557 792.2

Fungicides based on imidazoles and triazoles

F04 1 230 431.8

Fungicides based on morpholines

F05 195 884.4

Biological fungicides F06 444.6

Other fungicides F99 2 991 609.8

Fungicides and baktericides

F 7 442 914.7

Total plant protection products

23 556 658.0

Rye Potato Cabbage Strawberry Apple

Fungicides and bactericides 34379.6 433441.5 5448.1 44097.5 1397435.3

Inorganic fungicides 10326.0 9505.7 - 9.38 159164.5

Fungicides based on carbamates and dithiocarbamates

625.5 361656.5 457.9 24805.8 245888.2

Fungicides based on benzimidazoles

5166.6 564.9 2291.5 5190.5 1272.3

Fungicides based on imidazoles and triazoles

6597.6 9830.4 0.12 246.4 9052.3

Fungicides based on morpholines 1789.9 1285.6 - - -

Other fungicides 9874.1 50598.4 2698.7 13845.5

967058.0

Fodder beet

Spring wheat

Oat Currant Plum

Fungicides and bactericides 317.06 36422.23 1602.34 43233.83 20403.6

Inorganic fungicides 22.39 - - 1374.56 64.49

Fungicides based on carbamates and dithiocarbamates

6.93 1507.09 490.19 31863.04 2.19

Fungicides based on benzimidazoles

132.77 3950.0 134.01 702.80 7448.33

Biological fungicides - - - 1.82 -

Fungicides based on morpholines

- 4114.17 95.09 - -

Other fungicides 11.73 6025.70 252.38 7857. 87 11556.83

12 PPPs contain copper oxychloride - registered on fruit and vegetable growing (apple, pear, peach, cherry, tomato,cucumber, beans, potato, sugar beet, hops and larch);

3 PPPs copper oxychloride with cymoxanil mictures -registered on potato, cucumber, tomato, grape and hops;

8 PPPs contain copper hydroxide – in apple, pear, cherry,tomato, cucumber, potato and hops;

4 PPPs contain prochloraz in the complex with copper and with the addition of tritoconazole – cereals only – wheat,triticale, barley and rye;

1 plant protection product with copper sulphate (tribasic) registered on apple, pear, tomato, cucumber, potato and hops.

12 PPPs contain copper oxychloride - registered on fruit and vegetable growing (apple, pear, peach, cherry, tomato,cucumber, beans, potato, sugar beet, hops and larch);

3 PPPs copper oxychloride with cymoxanil mictures -registered on potato, cucumber, tomato, grape and hops;

8 PPPs contain copper hydroxide – in apple, pear, cherry,tomato, cucumber, potato and hops;

4 PPPs contain prochloraz in the complex with copper and with the addition of tritoconazole – cereals only – wheat,triticale, barley and rye;

1 plant protection product with copper sulphate (tribasic) registered on apple, pear, tomato, cucumber, potato and hops.

Monitoring of the chemistry of arable soils in Poland

• The program is part of the State Environmental Monitoring in terms ofsoil quality. The aim is to assess the level of pollution and changes insoil properties in time and space. Research is carried out every fiveyears since 1995. The soil samples are taken from 216 fixed points ofmeasurement and control, located on arable land characteristic of soilcover of the country.

• Monitoring is carried out by the Institute of Soil Science and PlantCultivation - National Research Institute, Puławy.

• The results of research conducted in the years 1995-2010 allow forevaluation of the soil quality and level of contamination in a 20-yearterm, depending on many factors, among which include regionaldifferences in agricultural production, its intensification, the impact ofindustry and transport, and environmental conditions that determineprocesses in the soil.

The regulation specifies the following contents foragricultural soils, the following content threshold (mg kg-1):

Zinc - 300

Cadmium - 4

Copper - 150 Nickel - 100

Lead - 100

Bar - 200

Chrome - 150

Cobalt - 20.

The overall content of heavy metal

Unit Value Year

1995 2000 2005 2010

Copper mg kg-1

maximum 215.0 208.3 196.5 271.7

average 9.9 10.0 9.9 10.2

median 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4

Contentamination of the Polish agricultural soils by copper in years 1995-2010

The average copper content was 10.2 and the median 6.4 mg kg-1 (see

table on the previous slide).

In 2010, distribution was similar to that observed in previous years, when only 4 profiles were recorded exceeding the permissible content, in 3 cases the contamination was a complex character. This means that the profiles 212 (98.1%) should be considered as not contaminated with trace metals.

The natural, the most common contents of copper in the soils in Poland (mg kg-1 d.m. of soil)

Light soil – 6

Heavy soil – 15

Organic soil - 5

- natural content of Cu - medium contamination of Cu-increased content of Cu(without contamination) - heavy contamination of Cu

Source: „MONITORING CHEMIZMU GLEB ORNYCH W POLSCE W LATACH 2010-2012” published by INSPEKCJA OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA, Warszawa 2012

According to the European Regulation for organic farming – limit to 6 kg

Cu/year/ha – in Poland are qualified and allowed to use 13 PPPs with

copper.

In non-organic farming (e.g. IPM) – genarally non exists limit of using of

copper, but as recommendation is indicate that summarized dose of

copper per year with using of one PPP not should extend 4,5 kg –

registered in Poland are 28 PPPs with copper.

In vegetation season the number of treatments of the same PPP is limited

up to 4, but alternately can be used different products in next treatments.

total number of registered PPPs in Poland -1759,

total number of registered fungicides – 559 (as at the date 10.10.2016)