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8/9/2019 INO PDA: Geographic Information System for Integrated Water Resources Management in Cimanuk River Basin (Fin…
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RETA 6325: Promoting Effective Water Management
Policies and Practices – Phase 5
Pilot Demonstration Activities for Indonesia
Appropriate Information System for
IWRM Cimanuk River Basin
Contract Nr. C70-088
FINAL REPORT
Volume 1
Main Text
PT Waindo SpecTerraJAKARTA, Indonesia
D S Cipanas Pangkalan
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of
the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not
guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of
their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
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FINAL REPORTVolume 1
Main Text
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 11.1 The Objective of PDA Cimanuk 1
1.2 The Cipanas-Pangkalan River Basin 1
1.3 The Surveys 4
1.4 The Upper Catchment 71.5 Hydrology 7
1.6 Asset Management (O&M) 71.7 Lessons Learned 7
2 Lessons Learned 9
3 Surveys 14
3.1 Village Boundaries 14
3.2 Land Use 163.3 Irrigation Infrastructure 17
3.4 Private Initiatives in the Irrigation Sector 19
3.5 The Upper Catchment 224 Hydrology 24
5 Asset Management 286 Other Data of Relevance 29
List of MapsMap 1: Location of WS Cimanuk and DAS Cipanas-Pangkalan
Map 2a: Forest Areas by Function
Map 2b: Forest Areas by Type
Map 3: Original and Corrected Village Boundaries
Map 3a: Desa Amis, Indramayu
Map 3b: Desa Pilangsari, Majalengka
Map 3c: Desa Narimbang, Sumedang
Map 4: Overview of the Updated Land Use Map
Map 5: Detail of Irrigation Infrastructure and Land Use
Map 6: Rivers and Location of Control Structures
Map 7: Drainage Infrastructure and Flood Prone Areas
Map 8: Actual Operations of the Irrigation Systems and Potential Well Sites
Map 9: Rain Gauges in the Upper Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin and Hypothetical Measuring Point
Map 10: Rice-surplus Kecamatan and Irrigation Schemes
Map 11: Irrigation Schemes in the Lower Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin
Map 12: Annual Population Growth Rates per Settlement Area
List of Diagrams
Diagram 1: Flow Chart of the Project
Diagram 2: Current Separation of Economy, Environment and CommunitiesDiagram 3: Desired Future Integration of Economy, Environment and Communities
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page ii
List of Illustrations
Illustration 1 – 2: Pumping to assist gravity flow of irrigation water
Illustration 3 – 4: Water distribution by plastic hosepipesIllustration 5 – 6: Kayu putih and paddy production with water pumped from Cipanas River
List of Annexes
Annex 1: Mapping Errors of Village Boundaries
Annex 2: The Jakarta Post – engaging people in data collection
Annex 3: List of Persons and Meetings
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 1
1 Introduction
1.1 The Objective of PDA Cimanuk
1.
The objective of the project is to explore the practical steps—including manpower, timeand financial requirements—needed to design and develop an information system that will
provide appropriate support for the management of the water resources.
2.
More specifically, the system is meant to support senior decision makers at central,
provincial, and district level in formulating policies and strategies for the integrated
management of water resources of a river basin—including, allocation and conservation of
raw water, the management irrigation systems, the regeneration of the upper catchment
areas, and the management of assets.
3. Apart from quantitative support in response to queries, the GIS for IWRM will also be
able to provide qualitative support to decision makers. This is quite an important aspect of
the GIS, especially as many data quantifications lack accuracy, or are simply not available.However, in case the quantities are not accurately known, decision support can be obtained
from the relational qualitative information contained in the system. It involves the
combining of the relevant overlays to observe the relationship between features.
4. For instance, when combining, the map overlay of areas of shortage of irrigation water,
with those of the critical areas in the upper catchment, and the maps showing the condition
of the irrigation infrastructure, a first indication can be obtained about the main cause of the
water shortage: the critical upper catchments, or the state of repair of the infrastructure. If
then the infrastructure is in reasonably good condition, the water shortage can be assumed to
be caused by the lack of the proper vegetation cover of the upper catchment.
5.
The intended information system is designed to support decision making processes
covering areas delineated both by administrative as well as by hydraulic boundaries. The
system will thus be equally useful for district level planning and monitoring, as for the
management of water resources of a complete river basin.
6. An exhaustive list of river basins has been compiled under the National Movement –
Partnership in Water Conservation (GN-KPA), and each one of them will eventually be in
need of a similar system. The system to be developed under this project is meant to serve as
a prototype for replication in other river basins, and in projects such as ADB's Participatory
Irrigation Sector Project (PISP), or the World Bank's Water Resources Irrigation Sector
Management Project (WISMP).
1.2 The Cipanas-Pangkalan River Basin
7. The project covers the Cipanas-Pangkalan river basin, which is one of the four basins of
the Cimanuk river area, see Map 1. The total surface area of this river basin is just under
1,000 km2, its sawah area is 45,500 ha, and a total of 112 villages lie completely or partly
within the river basin.
8. Although fairly small the river basin provides a realistic and practical example of the
complex interaction of the upper catchment and its lower basin. The Cipanas River is locally
known as difficult [nakal] because of its annual flash floods during the wet monsoon, and
water shortages during the dry season.
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 2
Map 1: Location of WS Cimanuk and DAS Cipanas-Pangkalan[including the to-be-built Jati Gede dam area]
9.
The in many places critical condition of the upper catchment area is undoubtedly to blame for this sorry state of affairs. The exact extent of the land degradation could not be
mapped because of the lack of access to recent satellite imagery and a lack of funds to
acquire, for instance, a SPOT-5 or GeoEye scene of the area. 1 In spite of this lack of detailed
spatial data, the relational interpretation of available information justifies the conclusion that
for the purpose of diminishing flooding in the lower basin and shortages of water during the
dry season, programmes of regreening, reforestation and the introduction of appropriate
agricultural practices and crops, are urgently required. Map 2a and b.
1 He budget limitations of PDA projects did preclude the acquisition of the required imagery.
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Map 2a: Forest Areas by Function
Map 2b: Forest Areas by Type
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 4
1.3 The Surveys
10.
The most important surveys carried out under the PDA Cimanuk were the surveys of the village
boundaries and land use, and of the irrigation infrastructure.
11.
The correct VILLAGE BOUNDARIES are essential as the database is designed to support
decision making at kabupaten and at river basin level. Villages can thus be aggregated
(grouped) into both an administrative or a hydraulic area. Because of the lack of Letter C
data (maps compiled several decades ago showing the village boundaries and land
parcelling) surveyors used GPS to establish the coordinates of map-recognisable physical
features, such as road intersections, bridges across rivers or canals, and the like, to map the
key points. Assisted by knowledgeable administrative staff of the villages these key points
were then mapped, and the boundaries in between these [way]points were subsequently
interpolated.
12. A boundary correction exercise had already been conducted in Indramayu and
discrepancies between the corrected Indramayu boundaries and the PDA results werenegligible. In the case of Majalengka and Sumedang the difference were, however,
substantial. See Map 3, 3a/b/c on page 14 & 15.
13. The boundary surveys were combined with the updating of the village LAND USE. The
corrected village maps therefore include the revised land use, and physical data resulting
from the surveys, but not recorded on previous maps. See Map 4 on page 16.
14.
The IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE was mapped in great detail. All primary and
secondary canals and structures were tracked and GPS readings of their location were taken.
Photographs were taken to record their conditions and state of repair. In respect of the
survey of tertiary canals a proxy method was chosen as a full GPS-assisted field survey
would not have been possible within the allotted time and budget. Together with localguides from the village administration, contracted by the project to assist the survey teams in
finding their way around the villages and to provide a reassuring explanation where villagers
might question the reason of strangers tramping around their fields, the layout of the tertiary
canals was sketched from the respective gates on the secondary canals. The size of the areas
irrigated from the tertiary canals was established by merging data received from the Dinas
Pengairan with information from the farmers. See Map 5 on page 17.
15. The rivers and the location of dams are shown on Map 6. From the information received
it appear that there are a limited number of flood protection works such as gabions, groins in
the rivers. Their location was, however, not established during the survey that concentrated
on the irrigation infrastructure.
16. And Map 7 presents the drainage infrastructure, together with the flood prone areas.
17. Other surveys and data collection covered solid waste disposal sites, domestic water
supply, demographic data and agricultural production. See Chapter 6.
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 5
Map 6: Rivers and Location of Control Structures
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Map 7: Drainage Infrastructure and Flood Prone Areas
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 7
1.4 The Upper Catchment
18. Mapping and assessing the conditions of the upper catchment posed quite a number of
difficulties. Data and information on the area was hard to get. Satellite imagery, not older
than two to three years, was beyond the budgetary capacity to acquire, and/or simplyinaccessible to the project.
19. Moreover, the accessible data were more often than not made available in hard copy
format only, and not necessarily providing the information needed. Perum Perhutani kindly
provided data on forest land and forest classes, but could not make information on the
condition of the forests available. The forest land map is moreover a bit confusing as it
denotes the status of the land, ie, its tenure rather than forests. Map 2a and b on page 3.
1.5 Hydrology
20. Data and information on the hydraulics of the river basin is unfortunately limited. River
discharge, water quality and rainfall data are in very short supply. The calculation of thewater balance therefore had to be based on quite a number of assumptions and
interpolations, see Volume 2.
1.6 Asset Management (O&M)
21. Based on the GPS supported mapping of canals and structures, the recording of structure
type and a preliminary assessment of their dimensions and condition, a stand-alone interface
for asset management was made. Asset Management, Volume 3.
22. Consultant did, however, not proceed beyond the design of a prototype template as an
inter-agency agreement is needed on the to be used codification and technical specifications.
At present a number of different methods to codify and classify structures are in use, and asimilar duplication of methods occurs in respect of the definition of the reach of a river or
canal. In order not to add to the spectrum of confusing methods the O&M database has been
designed, but the fields were left empty until a standard approach to these technical issues
has been agreed upon.
23.
When the agreement has been reached the relevant staff of the district dinas should
conduct a quick survey of the infrastructure to qualify and improve the assessment done by
the PDA surveyors. The latter are not irrigation engineers, and their assessment of a
structure's condition [good, bad, or medium] is not necessarily the same as that of an
irrigation specialist. As it is the dinas that will have to formulate the O&M plans, it is the
dinas that should appraise the condition of the infrastructure .
1.7 Lessons Learned
24. It was initially intended to prepare the Lessons Learned as a separate document. Its
inclusion in the Final Report does, however, seem appropriate and useful as it will focus the
readers' attention on the specific elements and findings of the PDA, and assist in guiding the
reader by outlining the systems' potential and constraints.
25. The Lessons Learned therefore appear at the beginning of the report as Chapter 2. Also
for reasons of facilitating reading and understanding, a Flow Chart of the project has been
added below, Diagram 1.
26. The six lessons are:
1. development of a GIS is a multi-year undertaking;
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 8
2. a steering committee should be installed to ensure data sharing and to coordinate
acquisition of remote sensing data;
3. assignment of an administrator to supervise and control district level GIS-units in
respect of data protocol, metadata, and the like;
4. the district GIS database should also contain data and information of the whole DAS
(river basin) or WS (river area);5.
need for a nation-wide standard approach and operational procedure for asset
management;
6. participatory land use mapping and water quality surveys to be introduced.
Diagram 1: Project Flow Chart
BOUNDARIES
VILLAGES SURVEY
7. Maps Preparation.
8 Surve
IRRIGATION
INFRASTRUCTURE &
CANALS SURVEY
3. Maps Preparation.
4. Base data of scheme
of irrigation canals &
infrstucture
preparation
5.
Irrigation
infrastructure &
LOGISTICAL
PREPARATIONS
1. Administration, Personnel
& Equipment Preparation
2. Define Need andInformation
3. Base Maps Preparation.
4. Socoalization/meeting with
stakeholders5. Mobilisation survey teams
DATABASE DESIGN
1. Uniform data
version2. Spatial data base
design
3. Attribute data basedesign
4. Attribute datainputting
5. Data Integration
APPLICATION SYSTEM
1. Design Application
2. Programming and
Visualisation3. Application System
4. Operation &
Maintenance5. Training, Workshop &
Lessons Learned
PRESENTATION/DISCUSSION
• Inception Report
• Discussion Survey Result
• Mid Term Report
• Discussion Draft Final Report
• Final Report
OTHER SURVEYS
7. PDAM (water supply)
Survey8. TPSA (solid waste disposal)
Survey
SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION
9. Attribut data (population,
rice production etc)10. Hidrology data
(Hidrometry, river flows,
climatology etc)
PROCESSING
1. Updating Boundaries
and Land Use Map
2. Mapping IrrigationInfrastructure
3. Other Thematic Map
BOUNDARIES VILLAGES
SURVEY
1. Maps Preparation.
2. Survey
IRRIGATION
INFRASTRUCTURE &
CANALS SURVEY
9. Maps Preparation.
10. Base data of scheme of
irrigation canals &
infrastucture preparation11. Irrigation infrastructure &
canals existing survey
(drainage included)12. Interview with WUA
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 9
2 Lessons Learned27. The strength of a GIS is its ability to visualise the relationship between different sets of
data and information and to draw conclusions from this visualisation. As the system's data
and information is moreover geo-referenced, the conclusions can be pinpointed with great precision to a geographic location. For instance, by combining the map overlays of
kecamatan with rice surplus production of more than 500kg per head per year, with the
irrigation schemes, and the actual use of the irrigation infrastructure, conclusions can be
reached on what schemes to prioritise for maintenance works; maintenance budgets are
channelled to the high producers because they have to maintain their production potential, or
the laggards are to be given an extra push to catch up. See Map 10 on page 25 below.
28. To fully utilise the power of relational visualisation, the geo-referenced data needs to be
up-to-date, reliable and of similar resolution and scale. The rice production example above,
while adequate to illustrate the point, suffers from the fact that paddy production figures are
available per kecamatan only, while the source of the water used for irrigation is available per tertiary gate.
29. This is but the tip of the iceberg. Currently available spatial and attribute data generally
lack accuracy, while their format is typically not directly compatible with the requirements
of a digital database. For the purpose of correcting these shortcomings field surveys were
needed and secondary data had to be crosschecked. The most important surveys were (a)
correcting the village boundaries as mapped on the 1:25,000 scale map of Java, (b) updating
the land use and vegetation cover, and (c) mapping the irrigation infrastructure and
assessing its conditions. This resulted in a very useful base map depicting roads, rivers and
other water bodies, settlements, land use and vegetation cover.
30.
Due to the PDA-imposed limitations of time and financial resources the data collection,improvement and processing was taken to a first level only, which, while permitting GIS
operations in support of the standard IWRM problems, does not enable the further
refinement of the system's usage. Referring again to the example of rice production, the
detailed assessment of the relationship between the sources of water and paddy production is
not possible with the currently available data.
31.
To cull details from aggregated statistics would not only necessitate extending the design
and development period of the GIS, but would need to be accompanied by an adaptation of
data collection methods and protocols. This implies that the widespread use of GIS and
access to its database will have to be supported by a reformulation of the objectives and
operational procedures of the data collection agencies. This would be best achieved if adistrict steering committee were established to synchronise and supervise data collection and
the development and maintenance of a GIS.
32. It should be emphasised that where a GIS is set up by outside consultants, these should
closely supervised by the steering committee to ensure cooperation and consultation with the
local parties consisting of users, data collectors and publishers of statistical yearbooks. In
time the local parties will have to continue and undertake the database maintenance and
upgrading activities.
33. An extended development period would moreover provide the opportunity to fine-tune
the database content and level of detail and adjust the information to local conditions and the
needs of the ultimate users.
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A first lesson to be learned from the PDA Cimanuk experience would therefore be that the
development of a Geographic Information System should be implemented over a number of
years and in close cooperation with the local GIS users and data collectors. This will ensure
the development of a strongly user-orientated information system.
34. Extending the GIS development period and instituting guidance by a steering committee
would moreover provide the time and the opportunity to get all involved agencies
accustomed to the idea that data exchange and data sharing is required and has quite a
number of advantages. Due to a lack in the understanding of this basic principle data
collection was often made difficult if not outright impossible. Little information could, for
example, be extracted from the agencies involved in the maintenance of vegetation cover in
the upper catchment. An assessment of the recharge areas and rates, a difficult operation
under the best of conditions, was therefore all but impossible.
35. To easily bypass these difficulties would have required the necessary funds to acquire
satellite imagery. Limitations in the budget did, however, prevent the use of this solution.36.
If a steering committee had been in place the acquisition of the needed satellite imagery
would have been fairly easy. In view of the size of a single scene 2 and the large number of
potential users, data sharing is of paramount importance, as it would reduce the cost of the
material to individual users. Duplication, or even triplication, of orders could then be
avoided and result in a considerable saving of funds.
37. Data sharing will thus reduce the costs per user and bring the needed data within the
financial reach of the agencies concerned.
A second lesson would therefore be that to counter the general lack of access to data and
current reluctance to data sharing, a steering committee, mandated to guide and control, notonly the free exchange of data, but also the coordinated procurement of remote sensing data,
will be required
38.
The reference to a steering committee for the easy access to, and sharing of data, directly
links into the next lesson, that is, the need for a strong technical administrator of the
systems.
39. While designing the GIS, Consultant contacted, or came across, a fairly large number of
geographic information systems being designed, developed and/or already in operation. The
most relevant of these are the ones at the Water Resources Data Centre (WRDC) at Bina
Program SDA, and the GIS being developed at PUSAIR, of the Agency for Research andDevelopment, both of which are part of Dep PU. At district level the Bapeda and the Dinas
Pengairan (Irrigation) also operate information systems with differing databases, metadata
and information contents.
40.
It became clear that at district level the systems are being, or have been, developed in
isolation, using a range of maps and metadata, and operating systems. The latter is not much
of a problem as data export/import between systems has become a standard operational
requirement. But difficulties of data exchange do occur when, for instance, the coordinate
system, or horizontal datum of the spatial data are not the same.
2 SPOT-5, natural colour, 2.5 metre resolution at a price of USD10,400 per scene of 60x60km, or USD2.89/sqkm;
Radarsat International, SAR imagery at 25 metre resolution, scene size 100x100km, per scene USD3,000.
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41. These problems do require a controlling and coordinating body, the administrator, to
ensure that the individual kabupaten systems adhere to a set of standards and formats. A
simple two-tiered structure – the bottom tier the kabupaten GIS-units, and the administrator
as the second layer – would be sufficient. For reasons of efficiency the base layer might,
however, be split along geographic boundaries, eg, islands or island groups.
42.
The task of administrator could be allocated to a dedicated unit such as WRDC, or to a
body like PUSAIR. In both organisations the development of a GIS for water resources is in
progress. Administrator and steering committee, while closely working together, should,
however, be different units. The committee's main task is to bring about a change in
mentality; the administrator's purely technical, ensuring adherence to standards, protocol,
metadata, and the like.
A third lesson would therefore be that, while district based, the design, development and
maintenance of information systems requires a strong organisational structure designed to
guide, supervise and control the district levels in respect of map formats, protocols and
metadata to ensure that exchange and sharing of data is technically feasible.
43. The currently used systems are largely inward-looking, that is, they record the features
of the district, immured from their neighbours and ignoring the larger region the district is
part of. Happenings and phenomena befalling their area are seen in their local context only,
and the fact that adjacent areas play a role in some of these occurrences is ignored.
44. The lower basins on Java's north coast typically suffer from flash floods during the wet
monsoon, while during the dry season they experience water shortages. Both phenomena are
largely the effect of a deteriorating vegetation cover of the upper catchment. By seeing the
problems exclusively in a local context, the flood control intervention designed in the lower
basin will be only partly effective. A more complete solution would require reforestation andregreening in the upper reaches. But as the upper catchment areas do not experience the
negative effects of flash floods, reforestation and regreening might not have a high
developmental priority.
45. Intensive inter-district consultations will be needed to create an understanding of the
inter-relationship. The minimum outcome of these meetings would be a cost sharing agree-
ment. Districts could, however, aim at a win-win solution, whereby the improvement of the
upper reaches were to have a positive developmental effect on the population living in the
degenerated areas. The people's welfare could, for instance, be improved by the introduction
of adapted agricultural practices and systems.
46.
The need for inter-district cooperation would more easily be discerned and undertaken by the local governments of both upper and lower reaches, if their GIS were to include
information on critical land, agricultural practices, farm incomes, flood hazards, flood
extents, and the devastating effects of floods.
A fourth lesson is therefore that the district GIS-database should be enlarged to contain the
data of the full river basin (DAS), or even river area (WS), of which the kabupaten is a part.
Its database should thus include the relevant spatial and attribute data collected and
processed by other adjacent districts.
47.
Sooner or later during the development of the GIS the need will be felt for a stand-alonemodule, or an add-on, for asset management. These systems are fairly easy to establish but,
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55. A similar school involvement could be established for water quality information. In view
of the ever-increasing population and density levels, and the expected lack of adequate water
supply, the people's awareness of water supply and quality is essential. Schools could teach
the need for healthy sanitary and environmental conditions by introducing the testing and
analysis of the local waterways in their curriculum.
56.
Aspects to be tested could include: dissolved oxygen levels; biochemical oxygen
demand; phosphate levels; turbidity; faecal coliform levels; rubbish, litter and oil in and on
the water. The schools would need to be provided with testing kits and materials.
57. An assessment of the relationship between land use, community attitudes and behaviour,
and water supply could cap the programme.
Participatory land use mapping and the involvement of schools in environmental surveys
such as the testing of water quality would constitute a valuable addition data collection
efforts. With proper stimulation and support the process would be sustainable and the
collected information invaluable.
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3 Surveys
3.1 Village Boundaries
58.
Accurate boundaries are of importance as the intended information system is designed tosupport decision making processes for areas delineated by administrative as well as
hydraulic boundaries. That means that the system would be equally useful for district level
planning and monitoring, as for the management of a river basin's water resources.
59. This twin goal can be achieved by making the village the enumeration unit of the
database. Attribute data will be geo-referenced to the respective villages, and the database
will consequently consist of a set of villages, and their respective spatial and attribute data,
that can be grouped into an administrative or a hydraulic area. This approach obviously
requires that village boundaries are correctly mapped.
60. The district of Indramayu had undertaken this
boundary correction exercise previously and the maps
available in the district Bapeda and other offices, do
show the correct village boundaries. Majalengka
and Sumedang, on the other hand, still utilise the
uncorrected version of the Java topo map, scale
1:25,000. An overview of the original and the
corrected boundaries is presented in Map 3, while
Map 3a-c present samples of individual villages as
mapped on the Java topo map, the corrected
version (Indramayu) and the PDA Cimanuk
version.61. Apart from showing the divergences in the
form of maps, a table has been prepared
listing the 21 villages of the Sumedang
and Majalengka part of the river basin
with an error-classification, see
Annex 1. The Indramayu villages
have been excluded as the kabupaten
had already conducted a boundary
correction exercise.
62.
Some villages still possessed aLetter C map. These maps were
made several decades ago, based on
surveys with theodolite, compass and
chain. Where available the maps are
used to administer land holding and
ownership. Letter C maps were
scanned and digitised for further
processing at the project office and entry into the database.
63. In all other cases the surveyors used GPS to establish the coordinates of the key points,
ie, physical features that can be recognised on the base map [road intersections, bridges
across rivers or canals, and the like]. In close consultation with the village administrative
staff the boundaries in between these GPS waypoints were subsequently interpolated.
Ma 3: Ori inal and Corrected Villa e Boundaries
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Map 3a: Original and Corrected Village Boundaries – Amis, Indramayu
Map 3b: Original and Corrected
Village Boundaries – Pilangsari,
Majalengka
Map 3c: Original and Corrected
Village Boundaries – Narimbang,
Sumedang
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 16
3.2 Land Use
64. The updating of the land use and vegetation cover was done in parallel with the village
boundary survey. The revised land use, and other additional physical information
encountered during the surveys, were then overlaid on the revised village maps. These mapswere subsequently combined into a base map that seamlessly covers the Cipanas-Pangkalan
river basin. See Map 4 below.
Map 4: Overview of the Updated Land Use Map
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3.3 Irrigation Infrastructure
65. The irrigation infrastructure was surveyed by tracking all primary and secondary canals
and structures and taking GPS readings in respect of their location. Photographs were taken
to record their conditions and state of repair. In respect of the survey of tertiary canals a proxy method was chosen as a full GPS survey would be too time consuming and costly.
Together with local guides, that is, typically knowledgeable staff from the village
administration contracted by the project to assist the survey teams in finding their way
around the villages and to provide a reassuring explanation where villagers might question
the reason of strangers tramping around their fields, the layout of the tertiary canals was
sketched from the respective gates on the secondary canals. The size of the areas irrigated
from the tertiary canals was established by merging data received from the Dinas Pengairan
with information from the farmers.
66. The collected information was added to the revised village maps to obtain a corrected
and updated topographic map of the Cipanas-Pangkalan river basin. See Map 5.
Map 5: Detail of Irrigation Infrastructure and Land Use
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67. Comparing the total size of the updated technically irrigated sawah area with the original
Java 1:25K map, shows a decrease of more than 2,600ha, or a 5% decrease over the past ten
years. Based on the 1997 data the sawah area measured 48,100ha, whereas the calculations
based on the updated map (2007) give a total of 45,500ha.
68. Some of the decrease is due to the shortage of water. A substantial amount of technically
irrigated land was converted [back] to rain-fed irrigation because of this shortage of water
during the second and third planting seasons. The rain-fed sawah area increased by 3,650ha,
from 1,750ha to 5,400ha. A total of 2,200ha seems, however, to have been lost to the
enlargement of built-up areas.
69. This information is obviously of the greatest importance for planning and forecasting the
production of rice. Accurate projections are needed in the context of the government's rice
self-sufficiency policy. And accurate projections will need accurate information on the size
of the planted sawah areas.
70. In view of the potentially rapid changes in land use—especially on Java where the need
for additional housing, industrial and other commercial areas for the ever increasing
population competes with agricultural uses—the data on sawah areas will need to be updated
regularly. Updating can simply be done by acquiring and processing the appropriate remote
sensing data. Another method to be given a try-out would, however, be by establishing a
participatory e-information system involving the local communities, that is, farmers and
farmer groups, and/or secondary schools and pupils.
71. This participatory information system would rely on the farmers to provide the data on
the planned use of their sawah area prior to the start of a planting season. Data transmission
would be by internet from a local internet kiosk (warnet ). The kiosk would be selected on
capacities and capabilities and where necessary trained and upgraded. A large scale digital
maps of the area, clearly denoting the various sawah and other agricultural areas would be
provided, together with a license and contract to perform the services of transmitting thedata to a regional centre for further processing.
72. Rather than paying [the farmers] for providing this information, an attractive
compensation in he form of free access to the internet for e-based agricultural extension
services, current market prices in the region and outside, and other information of impor-
tance to farmers, could be introduced.
73. Alternatively, the local secondary school could be enrolled in the programme. The
schools would be assisted in the acquisition of computers, thus making it possible to include
IT science in their curriculum. As part of the IT education and training, the pupils would be
given the task to collect the data on the planned planting of crops and enter this into the
school computers for transmission to the centre. This geography-based IT curriculum could be expanded to cover environmental issues and water quality (see Volume 2, Hydrology).
74. Participatory mapping is more and more used and promoted. Google Earth, for instance,
has been sending GPS-kits to India to enable locals to make detailed maps of their respective
areas. Once the data is uploaded and verified against data from other participants it becomes
part of the map.
75. The idea is to draw details on top of the Google Earth imagery. And rather than having a
slow-moving national apparatus produce the maps, a group of inspired amateurs is asked to
do the job. The result will most likely not be a cartographic masterpiece, but for use in
information systems more than adequate. It would moreover be cheaper and faster than the
traditional way.
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 19
3.4 Private Initiatives in the Irrigation Sector
76. Farmers and/or Water Users Associations (WUA/P3A) were asked to assist in the
surveys, in particular in respect of the tertiary canals and the provision of qualitative
information on the actual performance of the irrigation system – in particular on the issue of
water supply during the planting seasons. The surveyors, however, quickly discovered that
the P3A, although existing on paper, were neither active, nor interested in performing thetasks as assigned to them by the new regulations on irrigation. And it soon became clear that
the operations of a large segment of the irrigation schemes had been taken over by private
sector interests.
77.
Under the operational procedures introduced by the private sector individual farmers, or
small groups of farmers, acquire the services of a contractor to provide the water to irrigate
their sawah. Where the sawah is located within pumping-distance from a primary canal /
river with sufficient flow, these sources are used to supply the necessary water. Beyond this
range, wells are drilled and groundwater is pumped. The capacity of the pumps used is in the
range up to 10 litre per second. Contract-pumping typically is done with larger capacity
pumps, ie, from 8 to 20 HP. Illustrations 1 to 4.
Illustration 1 - pumping
Illustration 2 - pumping
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Illustration 3 & 4 – water distribution
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78. Payment for the pumping service varies. Contract pumping on a plot that is estimated to
yield 500 to 600 kg of wet paddy (5-6 kwintal), will be charged one kwintal; while higher
yielding plots will generally be charged around 20% of the yield. Fixed rates are also in
use—charges range from Rp 15,000 per hour, to one kwintal of wet paddy per 1,500 m2 of
sawah.
79.
Besides pumping, a shadow water allocation system (giring air ) is in operation, too. The
system supplements, and sometimes overrides, the one operated by Dinas Pengairan /
Irigasi. At a cost of Rp 25,000 per tertiary gate leading to the sawah area, the services of a
Water Allocation Controller (WAC) are procured. The WAC agrees to supply the volume of
water needed to achieve a satisfactory harvest. The gate will be opened when water is
required during the planting cycle, but a maximum of seven supply-days applies. A whole
village, or group of farmers, will normally contract the services and the area covered
typically involves some 10 tertiary gates.
80. Based on the information received from the farmers on the water supply system used and
observing and recording the location of the pumps, the actual operations of the infrastructure
has been colour-coded and added to the database as a separate overlay.
Map 8: Actual Operations of the Irrigation System
and Potential Well Sites
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PDA-Cimanuk FINAL REPORT page 22
81. It appears that the involvement of the private sector is most pronounced during the
second planting season (MT-II), and hat the largest majority of farmers are making use of
these services. During the third planting season (MT-III) large areas are not cultivated
because of a very pronounced lack of water that even the private sector cannot overcome.
The involvement if the private sector during the first planting season is limited due to the
abundance of water, in fact, during this season many pumps are used to drain the sawah of a profusion of water.
82.
These findings are applicable to the lower basin of the pilot area, ie, they reflect
conditions in Indramayu District. The sawah of the districts of Sumedang and Majalengka
included in PDA Cimanuk are typically terraced and are irrigated without lengthy canals,
directly from a spring. The springs do moreover not dry up, thereby doing away with the
need for pumping or other irrigation support.
83. It was, however, confirmed that in the lower areas of Majalengka pumps are widely used
to ensure the water supply to the sawah. Contracts to supply the services are tendered by the
village head, in cooperation with the respective WUA. And the system seems to guarantee
good service at a reasonable price.
84. It would be interesting to establish the geographic spread of private sector involvement
in irrigation management; it would seem unlikely that it is restricted to Indramayu and
Majalengka.
3.5 The Upper Catchment
85. Mapping and assessing the conditions of the upper catchment posed quite a number of
difficulties. Data and information on the area was hard to get or simply inaccessible, and
acquisition of satellite imagery, not older than two to three years, was beyond the project's
budgetary capacity.
86.
The accessible data were more often than not made available in hard copy format only,and did not necessarily provide the information needed. Perum Perhutani kindly provided
data on forest land and forest classes, but was not able to make information on the condition
of the forests and the forest land available. The forest land map is moreover a bit confusing
as it denotes the status of the land, ie, its tenure, which is not necessarily the same as land
under forest, see Map 2a & b on page 3 . The general conclusion from the boundaries and
irrigation infrastructure surveys is, however, that forests are making way for annual crops
and shrub vegetation.
87. A detailed assessment of the conditions of the upper catchment area will unfortunately
not be possible without recent high resolution remote sensing imagery, eg, SPOT-5,
GeoEye, aerial photography, or similar scans.
88. In the middle reaches of the catchment, water is diverted to irrigate small sawah areas
interspersed within the dry land, eg, kayu putih [a type of eucalypt the leaves of which are
used for essential oil distillation]. This of course reduces the volume of water available for
the lower basin sawah areas, too. Illustrations 5 & 6.
89. The pages below contain a few suggestions regarding the institutional steps needed to
restore the upper catchment area to its former sustainable role in the storage and supply of
water. In view of global warming the regeneration of the upper catchment appears to be a
very important issue.
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Illustrations 5 & 6: Kayu Putih and Paddy Production, with Water Pumped from Cipanas River.
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4 Hydrology90. Information derived from the GIS needs to be complemented by information derived
from hydrological data, such as on water quality, or on the water balance. The project
intended to collect the hydrological data and map the results of analysing the water quality
records. The same approach was to be used for the calculation of the [current] water balance.
However, the plans came to naught, or very nearly so, when it was discovered that the
Cipanas area is only very lightly served by hydrological stations, flow recorders, water
quality measurements, and the like.
91. The water balance is the outcome of calculations using hydrological data, such as
rainfall, climate, precipitation and runoff rates. In case groundwater is extensively used,
geological surveys are needed to establish the groundwater volumes, recharge areas and
rates, runoff, and the like. A water balance model calculates the supply of and demand for
water, and the resulting deficit or surplus under certain conditions.
92.
Due to the lack of empirical data an estimate had to be made of surface water flow in the
Cipanas river. For this purpose a measuring point [see Map 9] was assumed in the river on
the border of the upper and the lower parts of the basin. Flow estimates per month were then
calculated by entering the
rainfall data from the three
rain gauges in the upper area
of the basin into the Mock
model. Based on the flow data
[estimates] and the monthly
water requirements for a
cropping pattern of padi-padi- palawija, the number of
hectares that could be irrigated
by these flows was calculated.
In the months of October and
November, the peak of the
water requirements, an area of
some 4,300 ha could be
irrigated. The rectangle shows
the size of this area in relation
to the sawah of the lower
basin. For details seeVolume 2.
Map 9: Rain Gauges in the Upper Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin
and Hypothetical Measuring Point
4,300 ha
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Map 10: Rice-surplus Kecamatan and Irrigation Schemes
93. As the total sawah area in the lower Cipanas-Pangkalan basin amounts to over 35,000
ha, it should be clear that there must be additional sources of water to irrigate the area. In
fact, the area is served by two main
sources: the Cimanuk, which supplies the
Rentang irrigation scheme [24,500ha],
and the Cipanas and Pangkalan rivers
which serve the remaining area.
Map 11: Irrigation Schemes in the Lower Cipanas-Pangkalan Basin
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100. To achieve this integration of the three elements will require a concerted effort by the
government agencies involved. Their activities should concentrate on (a) the promotion of
long term economic development that increases the benefits from a given stock of resources;
(b) a fair distribution of the benefits and costs of the use of resources and environmental
protection; (c) dissemination of information and education on these issues. 5
101.
The proposed participatory approach to data collection on land use and the environ-
ment would, quite clearly, fit this programme very well.
5 Integrated Watershed Management, Institute of Resources and Environment, and Centre for Continuing
Studies, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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5 Asset Management102. The asset management programme has been added as a stand alone system, and its
manual appears in Volume 3. The programme is equally appropriate for river, irrigation and
drainage infrastructure. It utilises MapInfo software as it was observed that most regional
agencies use this software and are fully conversant with it.
103. Consultant did, however, not proceed beyond the design of a prototype template as
an inter-agency agreement is needed on the to be used codification and technical specifica-
tions. At present a number of different methods to codify and classify structures are in use,
and a similar duplication of methods occurs in respect of the definition of the reach of a river
or canal. In order not to add to the spectrum of confusing methods, the PDA project has
assumed that the O&M system will utilise the existing 12-digit reach code, and the 16-digit
code for structures.
104. The fields have, however, been left empty until a standard approach to these
technical issues has been agreed upon. The full development and data entry of the O&M
programme will, moreover, require the dedicated cooperation of the relevant dinas. The
PDA surveyors are not irrigation engineers, and their assessment of a structure's condition
[good, bad, or medium] is not necessarily the same as that made by an irrigation specialist.
105. Therefore, even before an agreement has been reached on standards, the staff of the
relevant district dinas should conduct a quick survey of the infrastructure to check and
improve the assessment done by PDA. As it is the dinas that will have to formulate the
O&M plans, it is also the dinas that should appraise the condition of the infrastructure .
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6 Other Data of Relevance106. Data of relevance, but of lesser importance to the management and decision making
processes of the water resources sector than the ones reviewed above, include the coverage
and volumes supplied by the piped water distribution system, the solid waste disposalsystem, and the demography of the river basin.
107. The piped water distribution system of relevance to the Cipanas-Pangkalan river
basin is located in the lower basin in Kabupaten Indramayu. The part of the system
supplying households and other consumers in the lower reaches of the river basin are, the
Lohbener, the Losarang and part of the Kandanghaur sub-systems. The total capacity of the
supply system is about 700 l/sec, of which some 80% is actually used by a total of just over
84,000 households.
108. Some 55,000 consumers of the piped water system are located in the river basin and
their total consumption is slightly over 800,000m3 per month. As the water supplied to
households and other consumers is derived from surface sources, there appears to be direct
competition with the needs of the irrigation sector.
109. Solid waste is disposed of in landfills, legally and illegally. With on illegal dump,
classified as permanent due to its long-standing use, on its eastern boundaries the Cipanas-
Pangkalan river basin is relatively unspoilt. The larger area, that is the district of Indramayu,
singly, or grouped with adjacent districts, should, however, review the current situation in
detail to avoid serious pollution of its surface and groundwater resources.
110. Population growth statistics have been added in support of socio-economic regional
planning as these provide a quick overview of the people's perception of the area's economic
potential. Assuming that people will flock to areas of high potential and leave areas with a
low prospect for improving one's livelihood, the annual population growth rates of the vil-
lages will indicate whether immigration occurs, or a reverse outflow of people.
111.
To this end the population figures per village were processed to show annual
population growths rates. These rates were then divided into three categories:
a/ larger than the national growth rate of 1.8%;
b/ less than 0%; and
c/ between 0% and 1.8%.
112. Based on the assumption that for the island of Java the national growth rate is equal
or very close to the natural growth rate [difference between birth and deaths], the rate of
more than 1.8% indicates that an inflow of people is taking place, while a rate of less than0% indicates the opposite, that is, people are leaving the area. The third group [0%-1.8%]
reflects a relative decrease in population.
113.
Colour-coded and geo-referenced per settlement area of each village, ie, green for an
absolute population increase, red for an absolute decrease and grey for a relative decrease,
Map 12 shows the people's perception of the area's economic prospects. The inflow and
outflow are shown, the why this happens and where the people are coming from or are
moving to would need a special analysis. This is, however, a quick way to obtain an insight
into an areas welfare and wellbeing, and provides district planning bodies with a reliable
basis for further surveys and research to uncover the details behind the positive and negative
views of the communities.
114. The Indramayu growth rates are based on Population Registration 1981 and 2001,
and for Sumedang the years of 1990 and 2000 of the same source.
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115. For the district of Majalengka population data per village were not available.
116. The fact that population figures per village are not ubiquitously available, either from
the National Population Census, or from the Registration, is difficult to understand. Whereas
regional / rural development planning nowadays emphasises participatory approaches, the
data providers have not caught on yet and still prepare statistics in the traditional
aggregations. Especially population statistics urgently need a greater level of detail.
Map 12: Annual Population Growth Rates per Settlement