INO PDA: Development of a Water Quality Management System for the West Tarum Canal of the Citarum River Basin (Final Report)

8/9/2019 INO PDA: Development of a Water Quality Management System for the West Tarum Canal of the Citarum River Basin (Final Report)

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Final ReportPilot and Demonstration Activity (TA 6325)

Development of a Water Quality

Management System for the West TarumCanal of Citarum River Basinin West Java Province, Indonesia

March 2008

Korea Water Resources Corporation, Korea

Perum Jasa Tirta II, Indonesia

The views expressed in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent.

ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



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Preface

The Citarum River Basin (CRB) is located in West Java Province and is a majorsource of water supply to Jakarta metropolitan city, the capital of Indonesia.Rapid urbanization and industrialization of the metropolitan area including aconsiderable increase in pollution loads over the years have led to a deteriorationof water quality in the CRB, frequently showing signs of below water qualitystandards. The Government of Indonesia recognizes that integrated water qualitymonitoring and planning is essential for sustainable water resources development

and management of the basin.

A cooperative project for the sustainable management of the CRB under NARBOwas conducted to pilot the establishment of a water quality monitoring andmanagement system of the West Tarum Canal (WTC) as part of the overall planof addressing the sustainable management of the CRB. The Pilot andDemonstration Activity was carried out by financial support of the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) to Korea Water Resources Corporation, (K-water)Korea, in association with Perum Jasa Tirta II, Indonesia. This report presents thefinal results of various activities including constructive comments during report

discussions and meetings taking into account the comments and requests fromstakeholders and project advisor.

On behalf of the K-water project team, I would like to express my sincere thanksto Dr. Basuki, former NARBO Chairperson, Mr. Wouter T. Lincklaen Arriens ofADB, Indonesian government including Bappenas and Ministry of Public worksand many stakeholders for their constructive comments. My special thanks go toMr. Chris Morris, the advisor of this project for his comprehensive guidance andunderstanding to initiate and complete the project. Finally, I would like to praisethe dedicated efforts of the project team to successfully finish the PDA.

March 27, 2008

Dr. Park, Gwang-DuegPresident of KIWE, K-water



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Executive Summary

The Citarum River Basin (CRB) is the most strategic river basin inIndonesia. Realizing the importance of the West Tarum Canal (WTC), whichcarries about 80 percent of raw water supply from the Jatiluhur reservoir tothe water treatment plants in Jakarta, a pilot and demonstration activity(PDA) for Indonesia, titled “Development of a Water Quality ManagementSystem for the WTC of the CRB in West Java Province,” was officiallyLaunched by ADB in December 2006.

The project is an implementation plan that was discussed during the 2 nd general meeting of NARBO in Jatiluhur, Indonesia in February 2006. On thatoccasion the action plan was confirmed to foster the integrated waterresources management and capacity building in the region. As such, this one-year PDA project piloted the establishment of a water quality monitoring andmanagement system of the WTC as part of the overall plan of addressing thesustainable management of the CRB and the first collaborative practice to be

developed for the country. Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water) wasdesignated as the Executing Agency of the PDA in collaboration with Perum Jasa Tirta II (PJT II) for monitoring activities.

The PDA comprises the following main activities:

Design monitoring network and formulate monitoring plan andinvestment

Conduct monitoring to build up a water quality database

Develop a water quality modeling system (WQMS) for the WTC Analysis of various management scenarios for water quality

improvement in WTC Provide capacity building for PJT II Staff Increase stakeholders’ participation and public awareness

The Water Quality (WQ) data acquired from the monitoring wereessential for the calibration and validation of the WQ model. The monitoring



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network was designed by reviewing existing monitoring points done by PJT

II and important factors expected to affect WQ monitoring. Based on themonitoring network and plan, regular monitoring activities were carried outto build a WQ database. In parallel to the WQ monitoring activities, the WQmodel for the WTC was set up using QUALE2-PLUS model. Then,simulations were conducted to analyze WQ management options in the WTCarea.

Various programs were provided to enhance the capacity of PJT II staffand management groups. PJT II staffs were actively participated in the WQ

monitoring network design and WQ model development and successfullyconducted WQ monitoring during the project period. The institutionalcapacity building was also achieved by introducing K-water’s advancedwater resources management practices to the top management group of waterresources in the CRB and Indonesian government.

Meetings with the main stakeholders were organized to demonstrate theimpacts of knowledge and information using the proposed technologies, todisseminate information about PJT II’s program and activities related to waterquality monitoring system in WTC in order to synchronize the overallprogram from stakeholders, and to raise awareness and participation fromthe stakeholders.

The major outcome of the PDA, including systems, procedures, and thestakeholders’ awareness and participation will be directly applicable to thewater resources planning and management in the WTC area of the CRB.Importantly, this pilot study proved the suitability of an approach that would

address the issues of adequate database development through monitoringand the development of an efficient and easy-to-use (user friendly) system tosupport better WQ management in the context of integrated water resourcesmanagement (IWRM) of the CRB. It is strongly recommended that“Development of Water Quality Management System for the whole CRB” be a continuing project of the ADB’s PDA for the sustainable management ofthe basin.



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Participants

K-water, Korea

Dr. Ick Hwan Ko, Korea Institute of Water and Environment

(KIWE), Project Manager Dr. Jeongkon Kim, Principal Researcher of KIWE Dr. Joonwoo Noh, Senior Researcher of KIWE Dr. Sangyoung Park, Senior Researcher of KIWE Mr. Sang Uk Lee, Researcher of KIWE

PJT II, Indonesia

Mr. Herman Idrus, Head of Planning Bureau

Mrs. Erni Murniati, Staff of Planning Bureau Mr. Udien Yulianto, Staff of Lab. and Engineering Consultancy

Services Unit Mr. Resky Heraveno, Staff of Division I

ADB

Mr. Chris Morris, Senior Water Resources Specialist, Project

Advisor



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Abbreviations

BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (NationalDevelopment Planning Agency)

BMPs Best Management PracticesBOD Biolochemical Oxygen DemandBPLHD Agency for environmental impact managementCFC Cibeet Feeder CanalCOD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CRB Citarum River Basind/s DownstreamDINAS PSDA Provincial Water Resources Development Service, a primary

WRM institution in the province and responsible to theGovernor

DKI Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (Special Area Capital City Jakarta)

DMI Domestic, Municipal, and IndustrialDSS Decision Support System

EA Executing Agency ETC East Tarum CanalGoI Government of IndonesiaGR Government RegulationGUI Graphic User InterfaceHCP Hydrological Crash Program, a Dutch funded project on

hydrological data management in CRBICWRMP Integrated Citarum Water Resource Management ProjectIWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

KIWE Korea Institute of Water and EnvironmentK-water Korea Water Resources CorporationMoE Ministry of EnvironmentMPW Ministry of Public WorksNARBO Network of Asian River Basin OrganizationsNGOs Non-Government OrganizationsPDA Pilot and Demonstration Activity



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PAM Jaya DKI Jakarta Enterprise which is authorized to supply

drinking water in DKI Jakarta areaPJT II Perum Jasa Tirta IIPuslitbangSDA

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air(Research Institute of Water Resrouces Development of theMinistry of Public Works)

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality ControlWTC West Tarum CanalWTP Water Treatment PlantsWQ Water Quality

WQMS Water Quality Management System



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ContentsCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………….……………………1

1.1 Background……………………………….…………………………………11.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………31.3 Project Scope…………………………..…………….………………………41.4 Project Team…………………………………………………………………4

CHAPTER 2. IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES………………….………..…5

2.1 Inception Meeting …………………………………………………….….…52.2 Project Site Description: West Tarum Canal (WTC) ………………….…52.3 Present status of WTC Local Resources…………………………………102.4 Water Quality Monitoring………………………………………………12

2.4.1 Existing monitoring points…………………………………………122.4.2 Water quality data…………………..……………………….……...142.4.3 Monitoring network design………………………………………..182.4.4 Monitoring results …………………………………………………20

2.5 Development of Water Quality Simulation Model using QUAL2E-PLUS……272.5.1 Previous modeling attempts in WTC ………………...………….272.5.2 QUAL2E-PLUS model……………………………………...........…272.5.3 Water quality model construction………………………………...332.5.4 Model calibration……………………………………………………39

2.6 Analysis of Water Quality Management Scenarios…………………...442.6.1 ALT-1 Siphon construction at the Cikarang and the Bekasi Rivers…….45 2.6.2 ALT-2 Water quality improvement in the major tributaries .…462.6.3 ALT-3 Non-point pollutant source reduction ……………….….47

2.6.4 Turbidity management……………………………………...……482.6.5 Summary of scenario applications ………………………….….50

CHAPTER 3. CAPACITY BUIDING AND STAKEHOLDERS MEETING…523.1 Capacity Building…………………………………………………….……52

3.1.1 Staff capacity building………………………………………...……523.1.2 Institutional capacity building………………………………..……54

3.2 Stakeholders’ Participation………………………………………………55



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CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMEN………62

4.1 Summary……………………………………………………………..…………624.1.1 Outputs.….................................................................................................624.1.2 Outcomes……………………………………………………...….………644.1.3 Effects and impacts……………………………………………………...64

4.2. Suggestions for future development………………………...………………64

APPENDIX A. Minutes of the First Stakeholders Meeting 2007……….……...66APPENDIX B. List of attendees at the First Stakeholders Meeting at PJT II....68APPENDIX C. Minutes of the Second Stakeholders Meeting at Bappenas … 69

APPENDIX D. List of attendees at the Second Stakeholders Meeting atBappenas………………………………………………………….74

APPENDIX E. Minutes of the Third Stakeholders Meeting at Ministry ofPublic Works in Indonesia……….…………………………......75

APPENDIX F. List of attendees at the Third Stakeholders Meeting at Ministryof Public Works in Indonesia………………………………….78

APPENDIX G. Letter of Agreement between K-water and PJT II……….……79APPENDIX H. List of attendees at the Inception Meeting……………..……...81APPENDIX I. Progress schedule to develop water quality Management

system……………………………………………..………………82APPENDIX J. Analysis results of water quality data along the WTC during

PDA project……………………………………………………….83APPENDIX K. Water quality simulation results using Qual2E-PLUS….…….98





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Figure 2.21 QUAL2E-PLUS: Model configuration ........................................................... 29

Figure 2.22 QUAL2E-PLUS: Screenshot of BOD simulation results ............................... 29

Figure 2.23 Spatial aggregation to represent reaches and elements inQUAL2E-PLUS................................................................................................. 31

Figure 2.24 Sub-reach segmentation of the WTC .............................................................. 33

Figure 2.25 Cross-sectional and vertical profile with water level in Reach A .................. 34

Figure 2.26 Cross-sectional and vertical profile with water level in Reach B ................... 35

Figure 2.27 Cross-sectional and vertical profile with water level in Reach C ................... 35

Figure 2.28 Cross-sectional and vertical profile with water level in Reach D .................. 36

Figure 2.29 Model Diagram for WTC in QUAL2E-PLUS ................................................ 37

Figure 2.30 Schematic of the model calibration process (Chapra, 2003) .......................... 39

Figure 2.31 Flowrates (cms) and BOD (mg/L) measured in March 21, 2007 ................... 41

Figure 2.32 Comparison between measured and simulated water quality onMarch 21, 2007 .................................................................................................. 42

Figure 2.33 . Flowrates and turbidity (in parenthesis) measured in June 12,2007. ................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 2.34 Comparison of measured and simulated turbidities ........................................ 43

Figure 2.35 Alternative scenarios for water quality management ..................................... 44

Figure 2.36 Simulation results with siphon construction at the Cikarang andBekasi rivers ...................................................................................................... 46

Figure 2.37 Simulation results of water quality improvement in the Bekasiriver. ................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 2.38 Simulation results with and without non-point sourceconsideration ...................................................................................................... 48

Figure 2.39 Result of Turbidity simulations for WTC. ...................................................... 50

Figure 3.1 Project meeting and discussion between K-water and PJT II staff .................. 52

Figure 3.2 Water quality management training session in PJT II, Jatiluhur ...................... 53



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Figure 3.3 PJT II staff’ visit to K-water to discuss the progress of PDA project .............. 54

Figure 3.4 Indonesian delegations visiting K-water ........................................................... 55

Figure 3.5 The 1st stakeholders meeting in PJT II, Jatiluhur on March 23,2007 .................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 3.6 The 2nd stakeholders meeting in Bappenas, Jakarta on June 20,2007 .................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 3.7 The 3rd stakeholders meeting in Ministry of Public Works, Jakartaon February 19, 2008 ......................................................................................... 61



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List of Tables

Table 2.1 Chronological water quality data acquisition ..................................................... 12

Table 2.2 Existing water quality monitoring stations ......................................................... 13

Table 2.3 Dimensions of the desilting basins. .................................................................... 17

Table 2.4 4 Sediment volumes dredged are summarized as ............................................... 17

Table 2.5 Locations of the selected WQ monitoring points ............................................... 20

Table 2.6 Analyzed water quality along the WTC in March 21, 2007 .............................. 23Table 2.7 Summary of reactions considered in QUAL2E-PLUS ...................................... 31

Table 2.8 Major input parameters for the modeling process in QUAL2E-PLUS ............. 32

Table 2.9 Summary of water use along WTC .................................................................... 38

Table 2.10 Calibrated water quality parameters ................................................................. 40

Table 2.11 Summarized WQ improvement results of three different scenarios ................ 51

Table 3.1 Expected participants at stakeholder meetings ................................................... 58



CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Citarum River Basin (CRB) is the most strategic river basin inIndonesia, with a population of 28 million people in 2004 (more than 72% ofthe provincial total). The CRB, the project area for the Integrated CitarumWater Resource Management Project (ICWRMP), is located in the province of

West Java covering a total of about 13,000 km 2 as shown in Figure 1.1. The basin consists of: (i) the 6,600 km 2 of the CRB that lies in the central part of thestudy area and flows from south to north into the Java Sea; (ii) the 4,400 km 2 cluster of small basins whose drainage areas are connected to the CRB systemthrough the East Tarum Canal (ETC); and (iii) the Cikarang and Bekasi riverswith a combined drainage area of about 2,000 km 2 , which are also connectedwith the Citarum river through the West Tarum Canal (WTC). There are threehydroelectric dams located at the upper section of the basin that generate1,400 megawatts of installed capacity. The total area of irrigated agriculturalland is over 240,000 ha in the Jatiluhur system (lower basin). The CitarumRiver system also supplies 80% of Jakarta’s raw water.

Figure 1.1 Map of the Citarum River Basin

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Water resources of rivers and groundwater systems in the CRB are critical

to social and economic development of the country. They are essential forurban and industrial development (particularly in Jakarta and Bandungmetropolitan areas) including export industry, agricultural productionthrough major irrigation systems, rural water supplies, hydropowergeneration, and fisheries. While the water resources of the CRB are relativelyabundant (on average), competition for these resources has increasedsignificantly over the past two decades leading to the situation of acute waterstress and depletion of aquifers in some places. Rapid urbanization hassignificantly increased the exposure to flood risk and water pollution.

Environmental degradation has reached the level that compromises publichealth and livelihoods, particularly for the urban and rural poor, and incursadditional economic and financial costs related to the source of bulK-watersupply and its treatment.

For these reasons, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) has determined to takepositive actions towards improving water and land management in theCitarum river basin and has requested ADB to fund a multi-sector investmentprogram as part of a broader “roadmap” for achieving a shared vision of “the

government and communities working together for clean, healthy and productivecatchments and rivers, bringing sustainable benefits to all people of the CitarumRiver Basin.” The ICWRMP is a 15-year program designed to address themultiple and inter-related concerns on the sustainable water supply andwater quality degradation within the CRB. With assistance from ADB,Directorate General for Water Resources development of GoI has prepared astrategic plan for the integrated development and management of the basin.

The West Tarum Canal (WTC) carries about 80 percent of raw water

supply from the Jatiluhur Reservoir to the water treatment plants in Jakarta.Originally designed as irrigation canal for rice production, the canal currentlyserves for industrial and municipal users, whose demands are expected toincrease, in the process, generating pollution in the canal and adverselyaffecting the raw water supply of drinking water to Jakarta.

Realizing the importance of the WTC, a pilot and demonstration activity(PDA) for Indonesia, development of a water quality management system for

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the WTC of the CRB in West Java Province was officially contracted between

ADB and K-water in December 2006. The objectives of the PDA program are(a) to support new approaches to processing and implementing ADBtechnical assistance and loan-financed investment projects, and newapproaches to water sector policy development and sector reform; and (b) toimprove and promote innovative water sector initiatives implemented bynon-government organizations (NGOs), development partners and localcommunities.

The project is an implementation plan that was initiated during the 2 nd

general meeting of NARBO in Jatiluhur, Indonesia in February 2006. On thatoccasion the action plan was confirmed to foster the integrated waterresources management and capacity building in the region. As such, this PDAproject piloted the establishment of a water quality monitoring andmanagement system of the WTC as part of the overall plan of addressing thesustainable management of the CRB and the first collaborative practice to bedeveloped for the country.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this project is to pilot an approach that will address theissues of adequate database development through systematic monitoring ofwater quality and support the development of better water qualitymanagement in the context of integrated water resources management(IWRM) of the CRB. The project is focused on the WTC area where the effectsof the inflows from the tributaries on raw water quality are likely to be mostsignificant.

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1.3 Project Scope

The scope of this project included the following activities:

Design a monitoring network and formulate monitoring plan andinvestment

Conduct monitoring to build up a water quality database Develop a water quality modeling system (WQMS) for WTC Analyze various management scenarios for water quality

improvement

Provide capacity building for PJT II Staff Increase stakeholders’ participation and public awareness

1.4 Project Team

A project team consisting of 5 representatives from K-water and 4representatives from PJT II was formed to carry out this project. Projectdevelopment and planning were jointly conducted by K-water incollaboration with PJT II. A Memorandum of Agreement to conduct thisProject together was signed between K-water and PJT II, as shown inAppendix G. K-water was designated as the Executing Agency of the PDA(the “Executing Agency” or “EA”).

K-water is a practical body on the basin wide IWRM in Korea. The state-run-agency specializing water series in the Republic of Korea hasaccumulated 40 years of technology and experiences in water resourcesplanning, development and management. Currently, K-water operates and

manages 26 multi-purpose dams and 27 large scale regional water supplysystems in the republic. PJT II is the river basin organization for the CRBresponsible for operating and maintaining water resources infrastructures inthe CRB including Ir. H. Djuanda hydro-electric power plant. PJT II played akey role in compiling hydrologic and hydraulic data, and conducting waterquality monitoring. PJT II also provided expertise, using its established linksto work with local and national level stakeholders assisting K-water for theoverall development of the water quality management system.

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CHAPTER 2. IMPLEMENTATION ACTIVITIES

2.1 Inception Meeting

After the PDA project was signed by ADB, K-water and PJT II reviewedrelated documents provided by ADB. Based on the review, the research teamprojected a detailed work schedule, approaches and methodologies todevelop monitoring and modeling systems to ensure successful

accomplishment of the project. Then, inception meeting was held on January31st , 2007 in Jatiluhur, Indonesia as shown in Figure 2.1. The project teampresented a detailed work plan for project implementation, and activediscussions were held among the participants from the ADB, NARBO, PJT II,and K-water. Appendix H shows the list of participants and major commentsdiscussed during the meeting, respectively.

Figure 2.1 Inception meeting at PJT II, Jan. 31, 2007

2.2 Project Site Description: West Tarum Canal (WTC)

West Tarum Canal (WTC) is located in the Citarum river basin (CRB),West Java Province in Indonesia. As a major source, the canal supplies waterresources to Jakarta Metropolitan City, the capital of Indonesia. Three largehydroelectric dams and reservoirs, namely Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhurhave been built in the Citarum basin to regulate the flow of the Citarum River.

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Raw water supply for drinking in Jakarta is sourced from the Jatiluhur

reservoir and is transported mainly through the WTC. While the WTC wasoriginally designed as irrigation canal for rice production, it currently servesfor industrial and municipal users simultaneously. Many factors adverselyaffect the water quality in the canal. In order to examine the issues related towater quality management of the study area, the project team consisting ofmembers from K-water and PJT II made the first joint field surveys along theWTC during the inception meeting.

The WTC begins from the Curug weir in the Citarum River and ends at

the junction with Ciliwung river in Jakarta. It has been operated since 1968 toconvey raw water from the Citarum river. At the Curug weir, the raw water ispumped by 17 hydraulic pumps. Each of the pumps is designed to lift head of1.5m and pump 5.5 m 3/s of water. The WTC is one of the key suppliers forraw water to the water treatment plants (WTP) of PAM-Jaya in Jakarta. Thereare three major water treatment plants that receive raw water from the WTCsuch as Pejompongan I & II (6.2m 3/s), Pulogadung (4.4m 3/s) and Buaran I & II(5.5m3/s). Figure 2.2 represents the schematic of the WTC starting from theCurug weir and passing through the Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi Rivers.

The WTC is approximately 70 km long, flowing from the east of West JavaIsland to the west. There are 3 representative tributaries: Cibeet, Cikarang,and Bekasi as shown in Figure 2.2. In the upstream of Curug weir, Cikao riveris located and contributes the sediment load to the water released from the Jatiluhur Reservoir, and at the Curug weir, it is regulated and distributed tothe irrigation area through three main canals including West Tarum, EastTarum, and North Tarum Canals.

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Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram of WTC with water supply systems

Figure 2.3 Aerial view of the Curug weir, WTC: West Tarum Canal,ETC: East Tarum Carnal

WT

itarum River

T

WT

itarum River

T

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The WTC is firstly fed by the Cibeet river, of which drainage area is 534

km2

. The Cibeet river is intercepted by the WTC via Cibeet feeder canal asshown in Figure 2.4 which originates from the Cibeet weir, and bypasses theWTC using a siphon system to overcome the elevation difference between theWTC and the Cibeet River as in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.4 Panoramic view of the Cibeet Junction

Figure 2.5 Panoramic view of the siphon in the Cibeet River

Figure 2.6 Panoramic view of the Cikarang weir

The configuration of WTC-Cikarang is different from the first section. Atthe Cikarang weir, the WTC acts as a tributary of the Cikarang River of which

estimated drainage area is 293 km2

. After the confluence of the WTC into theCikarang River, about 100-meters downstream the River is dammed by theCikarang weir and the water is delivered again to the WTC as shown inFigure 2.6.

Next, the WTC joins the Bekasi River, the third tributary whose catchmentarea is 383 km 2. At the Bekasi weir as shown in Figure 2.7, the systemconfiguration is the same as the WTC-Cikarang.

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Figure 2.7 Panoramic view of the Bekasi weir

The last section of the WTC starts from the Bekasi River and ends at theCawang pumping station, as shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 WTC in the urban area of Bekasi City

The WTC supplies water for various uses including irrigation anddrinking water. Major abstractions for the purpose of irrigation among othersare located at the Curug-Cibeet section to provide irrigation water for the areaof 673 ha, at the Cibeet-Cikarang section of 16,861 ha and 3,073 ha irrigationarea respectively, and in the Cikarang-Bekasi section for the irrigation area of7,345 ha and 1,611 ha. In addition, there are many illegal unaccounted wateruses as shown in Figure 2.9.

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Figure 2.9 Illegal unaccounted water uses along the WTC

WTC intercepts raw water from Bekasi, Cikarang, and Cibeet rivers tomeet the water demands of the western region, especially for irrigation,domestic, municipal, and industrial (DMI) purposes along the WTC till Jakarta. Thus water quality problem is mainly related to conditions of flowrates and water quality of these three tributaries.

2.3 Present status of WTC local resources

A substantial amount of runoff from Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi riversare intercepted by weirs and diverted into the WTC. These local resourcesadd water to the WTC, especially during the rainy season. During the dryseason, local sources are limited and almost all runoff is diverted into theWTC. The wet season usually starts from October to November and thelowest runoff occurs between July and September. During the dry season(lower run-off), water is supplied from Curug weir. Therefore, at the initialpoint of the WTC in the Curug weir, the cycle has the opposite order. Theamount of water delivered to the WTC is lowest at the beginning of the yearuntil April and it reaches the peak between July and September.

The amount of water supplied by Citarum River at Curug weir as initialpoint of WTC is almost the same every year. The lowest discharge was 22.66cms and highest was 60.33 cms during the period of 2002-2007. The meandischarge of initial WTC is 41.52 cms. In the beginning of 2007, an exceptional

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rainfall occurred. The total rainfall observed at Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi

weirs in February 2007 was 605, 769, and 569 mm, respectively. High rainfalloccurs in November until May. There was very limited rainfall occurredduring August and September. During exceptional rainfall in February, thedischarge of 223.84 cms was recorded at Cibeet weir when the meandischarge was 32.12 cms. This pattern also appeared in Cikarang and BekasiRivers. But annual pattern is similar to previous years.

WTC from Curug Weir

0

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02/01 02/07 03/01 03/07 04/01 04/07 05/01 05/07 06/01 06/07

Date(YY/MM)

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Cikarang River

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Figure 2.10 Discharge rates of WTC, Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi over

period of 2002-2007.

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2.4 Water Quality Monitoring

2.4.1 Existing monitoring system

Water quality management was added to the tasks of PJT II in 1987.Current activities of PJT II are based upon the water quality monitoringprogram for rivers, canals, and reservoir. It consists of monitoring sites in the Jatiluhur reservoir, Citarum River, the rivers that are intercepted by the WTCand ETC, the WTC, ETC and secondary canals that provide raw water forDMI, as well as major tributaries from which local water supply is derived.

Table 2.1 Chronological water quality data acquisition

YearLocation

WQParameters

TOTALCitarum

Bekasi &

Cikarang

Other

RiversWTC NTC

1993 49 26 25 15 0 32 1151994 49 26 25 15 0 32 1151995 49 26 25 15 0 32 1151996 49 26 25 15 0 32 115

1997 49 26 25 15 0 29 1151998 49 26 25 15 0 24 1151999 25 10 13 13 0 18 612000 25 10 13 13 5 16 662001 25 10 13 13 5 15 662002 25 10 13 13 5 15 662003 25 10 13 13 5 15 662004 25 10 12 14 5 15 662005 34 10 12 14 5 16 75

2006 34 10 12 14 5 16 752007 34 13 9 14 5 16 75

Started under Hydrological Crash Program, a Dutch funded project, adetailed water quality monitoring program has been in place, includingsetting up a water quality database (REFLEX 2.0). Under this program,monthly routine water quality sampling has been carried out by PJT II at 115monitoring locations. The stations are located in: Bekasi River (24 stations),

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Cikarang River (2 stations), Citarum River and tributaries (49 stations),

catchment areas of rivers in East District (25 stations), and WTC includingsome crossing rivers and the Western Banjir Canal in Jakarta (15 stations).

Presently, due to budget constraints, the monitoring station is reduced to75 stations for the whole Citarum Basin, i.e. Citarum River and tributaries (34stations), Bekasi River (12 stations), Cikarang River (1 station), WTCincluding crossing rivers (14 stations), other rivers (9 stations), and ETC (5stations). The chronological water quality data acquisition in Citarum ispresented in Table 2.1 In the beginning, from 1993 till 1996, 30 parameters on

average were analyzed, and it is now reduced to 16 parameters. For WTCwater quality monitoring, the existing stations are located in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Existing water quality monitoring stations

No. Description km*1 WTC, U/S hydraulic pumps 02 WTC, at B.Tb10 14.03 WTC, at B.Tb23 26.54 WTC, at B.Tb35 42.05 WTC, at B.Tb45 54.06 WTC, at B.Tb49 63.37 WTC, at B.Tb51 -8 WTC, at B.Tb53 -9 WTC, at intake Buaran at end pipe 62.010 WTC, intake Pulogadung at end pipe 63.311 WTC, intake Pejompongan at end pipe 68.312 Cibeet Feeder Canal Canal13 Cikarang, 2 km U/S confluence WTC River14 Bekasi, just U/S Bekasi weir River

* Distance in km relative to the Curug weir

The water samples are analyzed at the Curug Laboratory and the data arecollected at the Bureau of Operation and Conservation Guidance of PJT II(Biro Bina Operasi dan Konservasi, PJT II). Compare to other institutions, PJTII has the most extensive monitoring network. The data set is then reported to

13



the central government institutions (Assistant Deputy for Manufacturing-

sourced pollution control affair of Ministry of Environment, Director of WaterResources Management - Directorate General Water Resources - Ministry ofPublic Works, and Chief of Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum) and localgovernment (BPLHD West Java Province, Dinas PSDA West Java Province,and Purwakarta Regional Coordination Board ).

The present state of water quality management in the basin done by PJT IIis limited to monitoring and reporting water quality at some locations.However, this activity so far has not been incorporated into the overall

management. Also, since many institutions (government, community, andindustry) are involved, the monitoring work needs to be harmonized andstrengthened in the context of IWRM.

2.4.2 Water quality data

The Curug water quality laboratory has conducted water quality monitoringat key locations since the early 1990s. To identify water quality variation

trends of the target area, recent water quality data and flow measurementswere reviewed and compiled. Monthly water quality variation for BOD, COD,and DO measured at the headwater, along with outlets of major tributaries ofthe Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi Rivers since the year 2000, is presented inFigures 2.11 through 2.13. It reveals that the averaged BOD concentration ofthe headwater is about 4.9 mg/L, and BOD variations of 3 major tributariesrange from 5.0 to 15.0 mg/L during year 2000 ~ 2004 and 2.0 to 10.0 mg/L fromyear 2005 to present.

Comparing the data collected before and after 2005, it is possible to concludethat the fluctuation of water quality measured after 2005 is greater than thepreviously collected data sets. In addition, while average BOD measuredsince year 2005 remains about 5mg/L, the BOD measured before 2005increases to 15 mg/L. Overall, it is not easy to identify the trend of theseasonal variation since it shows wide fluctuation. For COD it shows quitesimilar variation pattern with BOD ranging from 5.0 to 25.0 mg/L at theheadwater and 5.0 to 30.0 mg/L at the outlets of main tributaries. DO monthly

14



variation profile shows that DO remains relatively constant comparing with

other water quality parameters.

B.tb.1

0

5

10

15

20

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

B O D ( m g / L )

CFC

0

5

10

15

20

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

B O D ( m g / L )

Cikarang

0

5

10

15

20

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Time (Year)

B O D ( m g / L )

Bekasi

0

5

10

15

20

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

B O D ( m g / L )

Figure 2.11 Monthly BOD variation profile

B.tb.1

0

10

20

30

40

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

C O D ( m g / L )

CFC

0

10

20

30

40

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

C O D ( m g / L )

Cikarang

0

10

20

30

40

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Time (Year)

C O D ( m g / L )

Bekasi

0

10

20

30

40

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

C O D ( m g / L )

Figure 2.12 Monthly COD variation profile

15



B.tb.1

-

2

4

6

8

10

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

D O ( m g / L )

CFC

0

2

4

6

8

10

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

D O ( m g / L )

Cikarang

0

2

4

6

8

10

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Time (Year)

D O

( m g / L )

Bekasi

0

2

4

6

8

10

00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Time (Year)

D O

( m g / L )

Figure 2.13 Monthly DO variation profile

WTC from Curug Weir

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Year

T u r b i d i t y

( N T U )

Cibeet River

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Year

T u

r b i d i t y ( N T U )

Cikarang River

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Year

T u r b i d i t y

( N T U )

Bekasi River

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Year

T u r b i d i t y

( N T U )

Figure 2.14 Monthly Turbidity variation profile

16



Along the WTC, at every intake after WTC confluence with tributaries

(Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi rivers) desilting basins are located to reduceturbidity in WTC. The dimensions of desilting basin along the WTC aresummarized in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Dimensions of the desilting basins.

Location Depth Width Length VolumeCibeet silt trap 2.00 40.0 195 15,600Cikarang silt trap 1.50 30.0 370 16,650Bekasi silt trap 2.00 m 40.0 m 400 m 32,000

The desilting basins are dredged by PJT2 regularly as shown in Table2.4. However, the volume is not implied the total amount that needs to beexcavated. The volume that should be dredged is much larger. It indicatesthe capacity of desilting basin cannot cope with the desiltation process inthe canal, or it needs more frequent dredging which will cause highermaintenance cost.

Table 2.4 Sediment volumes dredged in the desilting basins

Canal Section Unit Sediment Volume1991-2005 2005-2009 Total

Total1) Cibeet silt trap 2) Cikarang silt trap3) Bekasi silt trap*)

m3

1,682,00032,000 11,000 79,500**

480,0009,000 3,000

12,000***

2,162,00041,000 14,000 91,500

Source: ICWRMP, 2006. The current and estimated deposits. * excavated by PJT II.**during 2004-2005.*** in 2007 only.

The analysis of previous water quality data shows that the water qualityfluctuations in the WTC and the three tributaries are closely related to thevariations of flow. Water quality of headwater is much better than those inthe tributaries. Although water quality, in general, gets better, the largemonthly water quality variation observed after year 2005 implies thenecessity of better quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) duringwater quality monitoring. Thus, the water monitoring network must bedesigned such that current monitoring activities are conducted with stricter

17



QA/QC processes and additional monitoring sites should be decided

considering current locations. Overall, a water quality management systemneeds to be developed to help develop better water quality managementschemes in the WTC system.

2.4.3 Monitoring network design

The quantity and quality of field observation data is one of the crucialfactors for successful implementation of best management practices (BMPs) inwater management. K-water and PJT II staff took a comprehensive field tripalong the WTC on January 29 th , 2007 as shown in Figure 2.15 to examinepotential locations to conduct water quality (WQ) monitoring. The experienceand knowledge of local experts was also gathered during the field trip. Thesecond field trip was carried out on March 21, 2007 to finalize the monitoringpoints. Technical skills for conducting water sampling and in-situmeasurement using Troll-9500 TM (In-Situ Inc.) were demonstrated to PJT IIstaff as shown in Figure 2.15. Some of the point sources from local residencywere also identified.

Figure 2.15 Field-instrument demonstrations at monitoring points

Finally, the 11 WQ monitoring points as shown in Figure 2.16 wereselected by taking into account accessibility for sampling, confluence pointsand flow measurement and is increased up to 14 points since July, 2007 afterthe mid-term report as shown in Figure 2.17. Table 2.5 summarizes locationsand numbers of the monitoring network.

18





Monitoring point

No.

Distance from the Curug

weir

Locations

(from the west)1 1.0 km Curug weir: B.Tb.12 14.0 km B.Tb.103 24.5 km Cibeet Feeder Canal4 24.0 km B.Tb.215 26.5 km B.Tb.236 29.4 km Delta Mas7 39.0 km B.Tb.34b8 40.0 km Cikarang River9 42.0 km B.Tb.3510 51.7 km B.Tb.43b11 53.5 km B.Tb.4412 54.5 km Bekasi River13 62.0 km Intake to Buaran14 68.0 km Intake to Pejompongan

2.4.4 Monitoring results

a) FlowratesDuring this PDA project water quality data as well as flowrate data are

collected regularly. The flowrate variation profile is given in Figure 2.18 withrespect to the inflows released from the Curug weir as well as the 3 majortributaries. At the Curug weir, during the rainy season from March to end ofApril, the flowrate remains less than 30 cms and gradually increases to 60 cms by August.

20



(a) WTC from Curug weir (b) Cibeet River

(c) Cikarang River (d) Bekasi RiverFigure 2.18 variations at the main stream and major tributaries of WTC

The seasonal flow variation of major tributaries shows opposite patternsto that of the Curug weir. Compared to the historical data, it reveals nosignificant discrepancy between previous and present data. The range oftemporal flow variation at Curug weir and tributaries was from 20 cms to 60cms. Similarly, as shown from the past hydrologic data, the flowrate of theCibeet River during the rainy season exceeds 20 cms and less than 1 cmsduring the dry season showing a wide variation range. Such seasonal

variations are also observed at Cikarang and Bekasi River.

b) Water qualityFor water quality data compilation, water samples at each monitoring

point were taken approximately every two weeks. All samples were collectedon the same day. DO, pH, and temperature were measured in-situ and otherparameters, such as BOD and nutrients, were analyzed in the CurugLaboratory. Table 2.6 summarizes the results of water quality and flowrate

Bekasi River

0

20

40

60

80

2 1

- M a r

2 0

- A p r

2 0

- M a y

1 9

- J u n

1 9

- J u l

1 8

- A u g

1 7

- S e p

1 7

- O c t

Date(DD-MM)

F l o w ( / s )

Cikarang River

0

20

40

60

80

2 1

- M a r

2 0

- A p r

2 0

- M a y

1 9

- J u n

1 9

- J u l

1 8

- A u g

1 7

- S e p

1 7

- O c t

Date(DD-MM)

F l o w ( / s )

Cibeet River

0

20

40

60

80

2 1

- M a r

2 0

- A p r

2 0

- M a y

1 9

- J u n

1 9

- J u l

1 8

- A u g

1 7

- S e p

1 7

- O c t

Date(DD-MM)

F l o w ( / s )

WTC from Curug Weir

0

20

40

60

80

2 1

- M a r

2 0

- A p r

2 0

- M a y

1 9

- J u n

1 9

- J u l

1 8

- A u g

1 7

- S e p

1 7

- O c t

Date(DD-MM)

F l o w ( / s )

21



monitoring results for each sampling point. Figure 2.19 shows

concentrations of DO, BOD, TN, TP, and Turbidity along the WTC, whileFigure 2.20 does temporal variations at Curug and the major tributaries.

Figure 2.19(a) shows DO concentration that gives seasonal variation rangeof 3 mg/L to 8 mg/L which increases along the WTC in the downstreamdirection. The overall BOD concentration given in Figure 2.19(b) ranges between 2 mg/L and 9 mg/L along the WTC. The maximum BOD is over 9mg/L, which was measured on September 29 th . The sampling data collectedduring March and May reveals that BOD concentration increases after the

Cibeet feeder canal (CFC). Comparing the sampling data collected from Julyto October, it is not easy to find significant seasonal variation. The variation ofTN ranges from 1 mg/L to 6 mg/L along the WTC. Figure 2.19 (d) representsthe TP distribution along the WTC. Although it remains less than 1.5 mg/Loverall, the data measured during May increases up to 3.8 mg/L. It showssignificant TP increase in the reach between the Cibeet and Cikarang Riverfollowing the sampling data measured during April and May, the tendencydoes not show consistency comparing with other data. Also at the end of theWTC, it shows that the TP concentration always remains below 1 mg/L.

Figure 2.19(e) represents for the general trend of turbidity along theWTC which shows high turbidity in the upstream.

22



T a b l e 2 . 6 A n a l y z e d w a t e r q u a l i t y a l o n g t h e W T C i n M a r c h 2 1 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p . p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O 2 -

N

N H

3 - N

O r g . N

D i s s .

P

O r g . P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L m

g / L

1

9 : 1 2

2 0 . 4

n / a

n / a

n / a

2 . 3

6 . 1

0 . 1 9

0 . 0 2 8

1 . 6 8

0 . 9 5

0 . 6 0

0 . 4 5

2

1 0 : 1 0

1 6 . 8

3 2 . 1

6 . 7

5 . 2

2 . 1

5 . 1

0 . 5 9

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 1 1

0 . 9 5

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 5

3

1 2 : 1 7

3 0 . 3

6 . 7

4

2 . 8

7 . 1

0 . 1 7

0 . 0 9 8

1 . 1 2

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 0

4

1 2 : 2 2

3 2 . 5

6 . 4

4 . 4

2 . 7

7 . 1

0 . 5 3

0 . 0 7 0

0 . 1 1

0 . 3 9

0 . 6 5

0 . 4 0

5

1 4 : 5 0

3 3 . 2

6 . 2

4 . 5

1 . 9

< 5 . 0

0 . 7 7

0 . 0 5 5

0 . 1 1

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 5

6

1 5 : 0 8

1 0 . 9

3 1 . 7

6 . 4

4 . 7

2 . 3

5 . 1

0 . 3 9

0 . 0 8 3

0 . 1 1

0 . 9 0

0 . 3 0

0 . 1 5

7

1 5 : 2 0

2 9 . 9

6 . 4

5 . 3

5 . 9

1 5 . 2

0 . 6 5

0 . 0 7 7

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 7

0 . 2 5

0 . 4 0

8

1 6 : 1 4

2 8 . 9

6 . 4

4 . 8

4 . 8

1 3 . 2

0 . 7 0

0 . 0 6 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 2

0 . 2 0

0 . 2 5

9

1 7 : 0 1

2 3 . 7

2 8 . 4

6 . 2

4 . 7

3 . 8

1 0 . 2

0 . 6 5

0 . 0 6 2

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 8

0 . 4 5

0 . 2 0

1 0

1 7 : 3 5

2 8 . 3

6 . 2

4

5 . 0

1 5 . 2

0 . 8 0

0 . 0 7 8

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 3 5

1 1

1 8 : 1 2

2 7 . 8

6 . 2

3 . 9

3 . 6

1 0 . 2

0 . 5 5

0 . 0 9 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 5

0 . 1 0

23



DO

0

3

6

9

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance from Curug Weir (Km)

C o n c .

( m g

/ L )

30-Mar 26-May 26-Jul29-Sep 22-Oct Inflow Stream

Cibeet River Cikarang River Bekasi River

BOD

0

3

6

9

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


C o n c .

( m g

/ L )



(a) DO (b) BOD

TN

0

3

6

9

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


C o n c .

( m g

/ L )

30-Mar 26-May 26-Jul22-Oct Inflow Stream


TP

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


C o n c .

( m g

/ L )



(c) TN (d) TP

Turbidity

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


( N T U )

26-Jul 29-Sep22-Oct Inflow Stream


(e) Turbidity

Figure 2.19 Water quality variations along the WTC in 2007

24



From Figure 2.20 (a), DO variation shows the tendency to increase as it

approaches dry season. The average DO concentration of headwater remainsaround 4 mg/L and it remains between 5 mg/L or 6 mg/L until the end of June,and then increases during July and August at 3 major tributaries includingCibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi river. As shown in Figure 2.20(b), while BODdoes not show the solid relation with seasonal variation, BOD increasesduring June and July. Compared to BOD of headwater, Cibeet, and CikarangRiver, it shows similar concentrations until the end of May, and then quitedifferent concentrations from June to August. Figure 2.20 (c) shows that TNconcentration of the Cikarang River is relatively higher than other tributaries

during March to August. TP concentration in Figure 2.20 (d) shows widevariation in April and May, but the variation from June to October is notsignificant. The turbidity values observed during this period are low andwithin the designed target limit of 200-300 NTU set by the Buaran WaterTreatment Plant shown in Figure 2.20 (e).

The WTC intercepts raw water from Bekasi, Cikarang, and Cibeet riversto meet the water demands in the western region, especially for domestic,municipal and industry (DMI) purposes in Jakarta. It is believed that waterquality problem is mainly related to conditions in hydrology of these threerivers that determines the incoming flowrate and the water quality.

25



(a) DO (b) BOD

(c) TN Turbidity

0

30

60

90

120

150

20-Mar 19-Apr 19-May 18-Jun 18-Jul 17-Aug 16-Sep 16-OctDate

T u

r b i d i t y ( N T U )

B.Tb.1cibeetcikarangbekasi

(e) Turbidity

(d) TP

Figure 2.20 Water quality variations at Curug weir and three tributaries(Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi)

TP

0

1

2

3

4

20-Ma r 19-Apr 19 -Ma y 18-J un 18-J ul 17-A ug 16-Sep 16 -Oc tDate

C o n c . ( m

g / L )


TN

0

5

10

15

20

20 -Ma r 19 -A pr 19 -Ma y 18-J un 18-J ul 17-A ug 16-Sep 16-Oc tDate

C o n c . ( m

g / L )


BOD

0

2

4

6

8

10

20 -Ma r 19 -A pr 19-M ay 18-J un 18 -J ul 17-A ug 16-Sep 16 -Oc tDate

C o n c . ( m

g / L )


DO

0

2

4

6

8

10

20-Ma r 19-Apr 19 -Ma y 18-J un 18-J ul 17 -A ug 16-Sep 16-Oc tDate

C o n c . ( m

g / L )


26



2.5 Development of Water Quality Simulation Modelusing QUAL2E-PLUS

2.5.1 Previous modeling attempts in WTC

The steady-state water quantity and water quality model MODQUAL isthe first model that has been applied in WTC during Cisadane-CimanukIntegrated Water Resources Development (BTA-155) in 1987. Itsschematization covered the river and canal system from Jatiluhur Dam to the

Ciliwung River in Jakarta. The latter attempt in 1998 was conducted during Jatiluhur Water Resources Management Project Preparation Study (JWRMP)using a more basic approach by means of Streeter-Phelps equations. Themodel was developed for the WTC from Curug to Bekasi to predict the BOD-DO concentrations in a river or canal with a variable flow under the influenceof multiple points and diffuse pollution loadings.

Using MODQUAL, the BTA-155 concluded that the Bekasi River makes alarge contribution to pollution in the final reaches of the WTC. The pollutionlevel in the WTC increases from Bekasi to Ciliwung due to a substantial

release of domestic effluents.The Streeter-Phelps equations developed for WTC during JWRMP was

used to assess the effect of the siphon construction in Bekasi River. The resultof simulations concluded that the BOD 5 at km 65, the approximate location ofthe raw water intake for the drinking water treatment plants for East Jakarta(Buaran and Pulogadung) improves from 4.3 to 1.9 mg/L with the DOimproving from 5.5 to 6.7 mg/L.

2.5.2 QUAL2E-PLUS Model

Water quality modeling is essential for establishing long-term waterresources management. Although results from field observation representcurrent pollution problems, they are limited to analyzing previous or currentsituations. However, modeling studies could provide valuable insights forvarious water quality management options to be considered.

27



QUAL2E-PLUS is a 1-D steady-state model to simulate water quality in

rivers with non-uniform flow. The model was developed based on USEPAQual2E model to provide GUI for data preprocess and post-process with highquality visualization to construct main GUI. The model has been developed by K-water and was used for evaluating reservoir operation and projectingmonthly reservoir discharge considering downstream water quality in theGeum River Basin, Korea. For preprocess it involves hydraulic coefficients,reaction rates, and definition of each computational element. Other input datanecessary for model simulations include point load and headwater dischargeincluding water quality data such as BOD, DO, TN, and TP. After simulation,

the result can be displayed in graphs as well as tabulated format. All of inputand output data are processed in windows environment in excel format thatallows user-friendly data manipulation. It also has a unique feature thatshows comparison with measured data.

Basically QUAL2E-PLUS model simulates 15 water quality constituentssuch as BOD, DO, TN, and TP. The mathematical representations of thosereactions are summarized in Table 2.7. Figure 2.21 shows an example ofmodel set-up using QUAL2E-PLUS, and Figure 2.22 illustrates an example ofmodel operation to examine BOD simulation results, which is one of theuseful features of QUAL2E-PLUS, the function to identify actual computedvalues by points in a specific reach location of the model using mouse.

28



Figure 2.21 QUAL2E-PLUS: model configuration

Figure 2.22 QUAL2E-PLUS: screenshot of BOD simulation results

Mechanisms in pollutant transport consist of two components: advectionand dispersion. The former specifies the movement of the constituents withwater as it flows downstream, while the latter relates to the spreading of theconstituents that occurs primarily due to shear. Equation 1 is used to describea mass balance of the water quality constituents including transport and

29



reactions. Table 2.7 shows the reactions considered for water quality

constituents in QUAL2E-PLUS.

( ) s

dt

dcV dx

x

Uc Adx

x

x

c E A

t

cV c

c

++∂

−∂

∂

∂∂

=∂

∂ (1)

where, =V volume (m 3)=c constituent concentration (mg/L)=c A element cross-sectional area (m 2)

= E longitudinal dispersion coefficient (m 2/d)= element length (m)=U average velocity (m/day)= s external sources (positive) or sinks (negative) of the

constituents

QUAL2E-PLUS model treats a river as a collection of reaches, each having

homogeneous hydro-geometric properties. Each reach is divided into a seriesof equal-length computational elements or control volumes as shown inFigure 2.23. In QUAL2E-PLUS model the type of each element must bedesignated as one of the following 7 element types:

Headwater (H)Standard element (S)Element just upstream from junction (U) Junction element (J)

Last element in system (E)Input element (P)Withdrawal element (W)

Every tributary as well as the main river system must always begin with aheadwater element in a headwater reach. Junction element is used todesignate an element on the mainstem that is just upstream of a junction.Element types P and W represent elements which have inputs and waterwithdrawals, respectively. Table 2.8 summarizes the main processes, requireddata, and detailed items for water quality modeling of the WTC.

30



Mainstream

Tributary 1

Tributary 2

123456789

10111920

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

1 2 1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6 1 7

1 8

Junction 1

Junction 2

Reach 1

Reach 2

Reach 3

Reach 4

Reach 5Reach 6

Reach 7

Reach 8

Figure 2.23 Spatial aggregation to represent reaches and elements in QUAL2E-PLUS

Table 2.7 Summary of reactions considered in QUAL2E-PLUS- Algae(A)

dt

dA = A µ - A ρ - A

H 1σ

Accumulation Growth Respiration Settling- Organic Nitrogen(N 4)

dt

dN 4 = A ρ α 1 - 43 N β - 44 N σ

Accumulation Respiration Hydrolysis Settling- Ammonia Nitrogen(N 1)

dt

dN 1 = 43 N β - 11 N β + H

3σ - A F µ 11

Accumulation Hydrolysis Nitrification Sediment Growth- Nitrite Nitrogen(N 2)

dt

dN 2 = 11 N β - 22 N β

Accumulation Nitrification Denitrification- Nitrate Nitrogen(N 3)

dt

dN 3 = 22 N β - A F µ 11)1( −

Accumulation Nitrification Growth

31



Table 2.7 Summary of reactions considered in QUAL2E-PLUS (Cont.) - Organic Phosphorus(P 1)

dt

dP 1 = A ρ α 2 - 14 P β - 15 P σ

Accumulation Respiration Decay Settling- Inorganic Phosphorus(P 2)

dt

dP 2 = 14 P β - H

2σ - A µ α 2

Accumulation Decay Sediment Growth- Carbonaceous BOD(L)

dt

dL = L K

1

− - L K 3

Accumulation Decay Settling- Dissolved Oxygen(O)

dt

dO = 22 )( OO K s

− - L K 1 + H

K 4

Accumulation Reaction Decomposition SOD

+ 243 )( A ρ µ α − - 115 N β - 226 N β α Growth - Respiration Nitrification

Table 2.8 Major input parameters for the modeling process in QUAL2E-PLUSProcesses Required

dataDetailed items

ModelConstruction

Geometrydata for WTC

-Width, height, side slope, and channel length-Location of channel junctions of majortributaries

Hydrologicdata

-Hydrologic data for main tributaries(seasonal or monthly discharge data)

ModelCalibration

Flow andWater qualitydata

-Flowrates and abstractions for irrigation andwater supply

-Water quality data for major tributaries,main channel for model input andcalibration

(BOD, DO, TN, TP, Temperature)

ModelApplication

Water qualitymanagement

scenarios

-Different water quality management optionsto test

32



2.5.3 Water quality model construction

The first step in building the QUAL2E-PLUS model for the WTC is toconceptualize the spatial segmentation scheme by dividing the target riverinto a number of reaches which have similar channel shapes/sizes andlongitudinal slopes. Then, each reach in similar hydraulic features issubdivided into individual computational elements in constant length.

As shown in Figure 2.24, the model domain was subdivided into 4reaches (Reach A ~ Reach D) considering the three tributaries. Reach A covers

the WTC from the Curug weir to siphon (Btb 23a), Reach B from the siphon tothe Cikarang weir (Btb 34), Reach C from the Cikarang weir to the Bekasi weir(Btb 45b), and Reach D from the Bekasi weir to the end of WTC (Btb 53). Thelengths of Reach A, B, C, and D are 24.8 km, 14.5 km, 14.3 km, and 13.4 km,respectively. The minimum channel elevation varied from 25.4 m at upstreamand 21.5 m at downstream, showing the average channel slope of 0.00016. Thechannel bed slopes for Reaches B, C, and D are 0.00015, 0.00016, and 0.00023,respectively. Prior to water quality model development it is necessary toconduct hydraulic analysis to estimate representative velocity and flow depthfor each reach. For hydraulic analysis by using the HEC-RAS model, crosssection data surveyed by 500-m interval were collected and compiled. TheWTC was subdivided into 4 reaches with respect to 3 major tributaries.

NBuaranWTP

PulogadungWTP

PejomponganWTP

Reach AReach BReach CReach D

N NBuaranWTP

PulogadungWTP

PejomponganWTP

Reach AReach BReach CReach D

Figure 2.24 Sub-reach segmentation of the WTC

Figures 2.25 to 2.28 shows the results of hydraulic analysis to explainlongitudinal water surface elevation profiles with respect to typicalrepresentative cross sections for each corresponding reach. Although theshapes of cross sections of WTC were very similar, their size and shape

33



changes along the canal depending on the carrying capacities of various

sections. In addition, the flowrate in the canal changes over distance due totributaries and water uses. Therefore, the developed water quality model forthe WTC consisted of a number of reaches considering the three maintributaries, hydraulic features, and main sources and sinks for both flow andincoming pollutants.

0 20 40 60 80 10023

24

25

26

27

28

29

WTC1 Plan: Plan 01 3/27/2007STA. 11+500

Station (m)

E l e v a t i o n ( m )

Legend

EG PF 8

WS PF 8

Ground

Bank Sta

.026 .026 .026

0 5 10 15 20 2521

22

23

24

25

26

27

WTC1 Plan: Plan 01 3/27/2007

Main Channel Distance (km)


Legend

EG PF8

WS PF 8

Crit PF 8

Ground

WTC 1

Figure 2.25 Cross-sectional and vertical profiles with water level in Reach A

34



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7021

22

23

24

25

26

WTC2 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007STA. 29+500

Station (m)


Legend

EGPF10

WS PF10

Ground

Bank Sta

.026 .026

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1616

18

20

22

24

26

WTC2 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007



Legend

EG PF10

WS PF 10

Crit PF10

Ground

WTCWTC2

Figure 2.26 Cross-sectional and vertical profiles with water level in Reach B

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8020

21

22

23

24

25

26

WTC2 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007

STA. 25+000

Station (m)


Legend

EGPF10

WS PF 10

Ground

Bank Sta

.026 .026 .026

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1616

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

WTC3 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007



Legend

EG PF10

WS PF10

Crit PF10

Ground

WTCWTC3

Figure 2.27 Cross-sectional and vertical profiles with water level in Reach C

35



0 10 20 30 40 5015

16

17

18

19

20

WTC4 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007STA. 56+000

Station (m)


Legend

EGPF8

WS PF8

Ground

Bank Sta

.026 .026 .026

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1413

14

15

16

17

18

WTC4 Plan: Plan 01 3/25/2007


E l e v a t i o n

( m )

Legend

EG PF 8

WS PF 8

Crit PF 8

Ground

WTCWTC4

Figure 2.28 Cross-sectional and vertical profiles with water level in Reach D

Based on the hydraulic analysis, the QUAL2E-PLUS model has beenestablished for the WTC area. During model construction, 3 major tributariesof the Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi Rivers are treated as point sourcesincluding withdrawals from regulation weirs, abstractions for irrigation water,and DMI water. The QUAL2E-PLUS model for the WTC area consists of atotal of 15 point sources, 1 headwater, 20 reaches, and 137 elements. Eachcomputational element length is 500m and detailed diagram for the WTCwater quality model is shown in Figure 2.29. Major off-takes for irrigationalong the WTC, abstraction for the WTP in Jakarta, and the weir operationschemes to regulate inflow of each tributary are accounted in model

development.

Water consumption data along the WTC are also important in identifyingthe amount of water that is used for the purpose of irrigation and DMI wateruse. Such data sets are collected and compiled by PJT II. Table 2.9 lists thesedata sets utilized in water quality model to define withdrawal points. The 1 st and 2 nd column in Table 2.9 shows the reach and column numbers ofQUAL2E-PLUS model where the withdrawal points are located.

36



1 1 11 22 3

3 4

4 55 66 77 88 99 1010 111 122 133 144 15 B.Tb. 5 (1)5 166 177 188 199 2010 211 222 233 244 255 266 277 288 299 3010 311 322 333 344 355 366 377 388 39 B.Tb. 18 (2)9 4010 411 42

2 433 444 455 46 B.Tb. 20 (3)6 477 481 49 Cibeet Riv (4)2 501 512 523 534 545 556 56 Kedunggede (5)7 578 589 5910 601 61

2 623 634 645 656 667 67 Rawa Sentul (6)8 689 6910 70

7

8

9

6

2

3

4

5

1 712 723 734 741 752 763 774 781 79 B.tb.34 (7)2 80 Cikarang Riv (8)1 81 Cikarang Weir (9)2 823 834 845 85 Bulak Mangga (10)6 867 878 889 89

10 901 912 923 934 945 956 96 Tambun(PAM1) (11)1 972 983 994 1005 1016 1027 1038 1049 105 Rawabaru (12)

10 1061 1072 1083 109 Bekasi Riv (13)1 110 Bekasi Weir (14)2 111 Bekasi Utara (15)3 1124 1131 1142 1153 1164 1175 1186 1197 1208 1211 1222 1233 1244 125 PAM1 (16)5 1266 127 PAM2 (17)7 128

1 1292 1303 1314 1325 1336 1347 1358 136 PAM3 (18)9 137

19

20

14

15

16

17

11

12

13

18

10

Figure 2.29 Model diagram for WTC in QUAL2E-PLUS (each color zonerepresents unique hydraulic parameters such as flow velocity)

37



T a b l e 2 . 9 S u m m a r y o f w a t e r u s e a l o n g W T C

B . T

b .

I r r i g a t i o n A r e a

2 0 0 7 - 0 3 - 2 1

2 0 0 7 - 0 3 - 3 0 2 0 0 7 - 0 4 - 1 2 2 0 0 7 - 0 4 - 2 8 2 0 0 7 - 0 5 - 1 0 2 0 0 7 - 0 5 - 2 6 2 0 0 7 - 0 6 - 1 2 2 0 0 7 - 0 6 - 2 7

2 0 0 7 - 0 7 - 1 3

2 0 0 7 - 0 7 - 2 6

2 0 0 7 - 0 8 - 1 0

2 0 0 7 - 0 8 -

2 4

3

1 . 0

6 7 . 0

0 1

B . T

b . 1 . k a

1 . 0 7 5

5

1 0

5

1 2

1 5

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 5

1 0

1 5

5

2 . 0

6 6 . 0

0 2

B . T

b . 2 . k a

2 . 8 1 8

2 5

3 0

2 0

3 2

2 0

2 2

3 5

2 2

3 2

3 0

3 0

3 0

1 0

4 . 5

6 3 . 5

0 3

B . T

b . 3 . k a

& B

. T b . 3 . k i

4 . 9 8 9

1 0

2 2

1 0

2 4

2 5

2 7

2 7

2 7

2 4

2 7

2 3

2 7

1 2

5 . 5

6 2 . 5

0 4

B . T

b . 4 . k a

5 . 8 1 8

3 0

3 5

2 0

3 5

2 0

3 2

4 0

3 2

4 1

4 0

3 1

2 8

1 5

7 . 0

6 1 . 0

0 5

B . T

b . 5 . k a

& B

. T b . 5

7 . 2 4 2

2 0 1

1 7 8

1 4 4

1 9 9

2 1 2

6 2

2 1 3

2 4 0

2 1 4

2 0 3

2 0 5

2 6 7

4

3 1

1 5 . 0

5 3 . 0

1 2

B . T

b . 1 2 . k a

1 5 . 4 6 7

0

2 9

1 0

4 2

4 2

4 2

4 0

4 2

1 4

1 4

5 2

5 2

3 3

1 6 . 0

5 2 . 0

1 3

B . T

b . 1 3 . k a

1 6 . 1 9 2

0

1 4

0

1 1

1 4

1 4

1 2

1 4

8

8

8

8

3 4

1 6 . 5

5 1 . 5

1 4

B . T

b . 1 4 . k a

1 6 . 6 0 1

0

0

0

2 0

1 0

2 0

5

2 0

2 0

3 0

2 0

3 0

3 5

1 7 . 0

5 1 . 0

1 5

B . T

b . 1 5 . k a

1 7 . 2 2 3

0

0

0

3 0

3 0

3 0

1 5

3 0

4 0

4 0

4 0

5 0

3 6

1 7 . 5

5 0 . 5

1 6

B . T

b . 1 6 . k a

1 7 . 7 7 1

0

2 0

1 0

2 0

2 0

2 5

1 0

2 5

3 0

3 0

3 0

4 0

3 8

1 8 . 5

4 9 . 5

1 7

B . T

b . 1 7 . k a

1 8 . 6 9 6

0

1 0

0

1 0

1 0

1 0

0

1 0

3 0

3 0

3 0

4 0

3 9

1 9 . 0

4 9 . 0

1 8

B . T

b . 1 8 . k a 1

& B

. T b . 1 8 . k a 2

& B

. T b . 1 8 . k a 3

1 9 . 4 8 2

1 6 0

1 5 0

1 2 0

1 9 0

2 0 0

2 3 5

1 2 0

1 3 0

1 9 0

1 9 0

1 9 0

2 3 0

4 4

2 1 . 5

4 6 . 5

1 9

B . T

b . 1 9

2 1 . 7

3 5 5

3 3 7

2 1 3

2 8 1

3 0 8

2 7 0

5 0 0

2 7 0

2 8 5

2 8 5

2 2 5

5 1 2

4 6

2 2 . 5

4 5 . 5

2 0

B . T

b . 2 0 . k a

2 2 . 5 2 7

3 0 5

3 5 0

1 9 0

2 8 1

2 5 0

3 ß 0

4 9 5

3 8 0

4 3 2

2 4 0

1 9 4

4 8 1

4 8

2 3 . 5

4 4 . 5

2 1

B . T

b . 2 1 . k a

2 3 . 9 9 3

4 0

5 0

4 5

4 2

4 0

5 0

6 0

5 0

6 1

3 0

3 8

7 1

5 1

2 5 . 0

4 3 . 0

2 2

B . T

b . 2 2 . k a

2 5 . 0 9 1

8 5

1 2 0

7 5

1 2 5

7 0

9 7

3 1 0

9 7

2 2 5

6 3

2 8 9

2 9 1

5 4

2 6 . 5

4 1 . 5

2 3

B . T

b . 2 3

. k a 1 & B

. T b . 2 3 . k a 2

& K e d u n g

G e d e

( B . T

b . 2 3 )

2 6 . 5 0 8

7 6 8 4

1 8 4

1 0 8 4 5

9 9 5 2

8 5 5 3

8 7 5 0

8 5 2 4

1 1 5 2 4

9 1 1 8

7 1 3 9

1 0 0 4 9

1 1 6 9 3

5 7

2 8 . 0

4 0 . 0

2 4

B . T

b . 2 4 . k a 1

& B

. T b . 2 4 . k a 2

2 8 . 2 1

1 3 6

9 1

1 1 5

1 3 6

1 2 5

1 4 3

1 4 2

1 5 9

1 5 2

1 5 2

9 3

1 5 3

5 9

2 9 . 0

3 9 . 0

2 5

B . T

b . 2 5 . k i & B

. T b . 2 5

2 9 . 4 6 9

1 1 6

4 7

7 6

9 7

0

1 1 6

1 0 2

1 2 7

1 2 9

1 2 9

7 2

1 0 6

6 2

3 0 . 5

3 7 . 5

2 6

B u g e l S a l a m

( B . T

b . 2 6 )

& B

. T b . 2 6 . k a 1

3 0 . 6 8 2

1 5 2

8 8

1 4 1

1 5 2

1 4 1

1 6 0

1 6 0

1 7 2

2 5 2

2 4 4

1 4 2

2 3 0

6 7

3 3 . 0

3 5 . 0

2 9

R a w a

S e n t u l &

S u p l e s i B

. L e m a h a b a n g

( B . T

b . 3 0 a )

3 3 . 1 7 3

9 8 2

9 6 4

2 5 0

2 5 0

2 5 0

2 5 0

2 0 0

2 2 7 0

4 1 5 8

1 8 1 6

7 8 5

2 4 6 2

1 2

7 9

3 9 . 0

2 9 . 0 3 4 b

B . T

b . 3 4 a

& B

. T b . 3 4 b

3 9 . 0 7 1

7 4 8 9

2 6 4 4

4 5 6 4

1 0 8 4 8

4 4 6 5

3 7 7 6

3 4 9 0

6 8 2 0

8 7 0

3 4 9 0

4 2 5 1

8 0 7 9

8 5

4 2 . 0

2 6 . 0

3 5

B u l a k M a n g g a

4 2 . 0 4 7

3 2 1 7

4 5 3 1

5 1 0 9

4 9 6 8

5 1 4 9

4 4 5 7

5 7 5 6

7 2 8 4

4 2 1 0

4 7 2 8

5 2 8 4

5 4 3 6

8 9

4 4 . 0

2 4 . 0

3 6

B i t u n g B a r a t & B

. T b . 3 6 . k a

4 4 . 3 4 6

4 5

4 0

4 0

4 0

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 0

4 0

3 5

4 0

4 0

1 4

9 6

4 7 . 5

2 0 . 5

3 9

W a r u k A s e m

& T a m b u n

4 7 . 9 3 5

2 3 4

1 6 8

1 9 0

1 7 9

1 1 0

2 3 9

1 2 6 2

2 8 2

2 9 3

2 7 1

2 5 1

2 8 2

1 5

1 0 5

5 2 . 0

1 6 . 0

4 3

G a b u s D u k u k , R a w a B a r u , e t c

5 2 . 4 5 8

6 3 2

8 8 6

1 0 3 4

9 8 9

1 1 6 2

8 0 7

5 7 5 3

1 1 6 4

1 1 8 6

9 5 5

9 8 5

1 1 1 2

6 8 9 1 3 5

D e f i n e d

K m

J u l y

E l e m e n t

#

R e a c h

#

D i s t a n c e

( k m )

J u n e

M a y

A p r i l

M a r c h

D i s c h a r g e

( l i t e r p e r s e c o n d )

A u g u s t

2 3

S t r u c t u r e N o .

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

C u r u g

W e i r

( k m )

38



2.5.4 Model calibration

Model calibration is a procedure to determine coefficients of the kineticparameters to minimize the difference between the measured and simulatedwithin acceptable levels. An example of the model calibration process is givenin Figure 2.30. Generally in water quality modeling, model calibrationprocesses are conducted in two phases. The first phase considers BOD andDO, and after successful calibration for these variables, the second phasefocuses on other variables such as nitrogen and phosphorus species. In thisproject, we followed the general process to calibrate the WTC water qualityusing the data sets acquired from March to October, 2007 as compiled in themonitoring section.

Figure 2.30 Schematic of the model calibration process (Chapra, 2003)

Model calibration was conducted using the trial and error method tominimize the difference between measured and simulated values of the waterquality of interest. Table 2.10 shows acceptable ranges and calibrated valuesof some important water quality reaction coefficients shown in Table 2.7.

39



Table 2.10 Calibrated water quality parameters

Rate Coefficient Description Units Range Usedvalue

BOD Decay (K 1)Carbonaceous

deoxygenation rateconstant

/day 0.02-3.4 0.2

Reaeration (K 2) Reaeration rate constant /day 0.0-100 0.0

BOD Settling (K 3) Rate of loss of BOD dueto settling /day Variable 0.0

SOD Uptake (K 4) Benthic oxygen uptake mg O/ ft2day Variable 1.0

AmmoniaDecay( β1)

Rate constant for the biological oxidation of

NH 3 to NO 2

/day 0.1-1.0 0.1

Nitrate Decay ( β2)Rate constant for the

biological oxidation ofNO 2 to NO 3

/day 0.2-2.0 0.5

Organic N

Decay( β3)

Rate constant for the

hydrolysis of organic Nto NH 3 /day 0.02-0.4 0.15

Organic P Decay(β4)

Rate constant for thedecay of organic P to

dissolved P/day 0.01-0.7 0.2

Figure 2.31 shows the simulation conditions of flowrates and BODconcentrations (in parenthesis) at sources and sinks (most important inputparameters for model calibration) measured at sampling stations on March 21,2007. Figure 2.32 compares the simulated results with the measured values.The simulated DO concentrations show quite good agreement with themeasured values. The model also predicted the general trend of BOD, TN,and TP, indicating the water quality deterioration after the confluence between the Cikarang and the Bekasi river. Water quality monitoring andmodeling process continuously conducted through the entire project periodcovering March to October 2007. The simulation results of rest periods arelisted in Appendix K.

40



During calibration process for BOD, difficulties were partly because themeasured data were taken randomly (time and day) even though all the siteswere sampled within one day. Single point method is applied to take samplesin the surface water using a bucket. This may result in fluctuating data due toirregularity of domestic effluent or local source conditions entering into thecanal during sampling. The samples might not represent the average andcontinuous condition.

4.80 11.69

Bekasi Weir 9.20

17.32 17.32[3.62] [4.98]

7.48 Cikarang Weir 5.45

10.14 17.62[4.76] [5.88]

21.28 16.79 Curug[2.78]

23.67 15.94 37.22 20.43[3.76] [1.90] [2.67] [2.30]

Bekasi River CFC10.88 22.24[2.29] [1.71]

Cikarang River Cibeet River

03/21/2007

Figure 2.31 Flowrates (cms) and BOD (mg/L) measured on March 21, 2007.

The numbers in the diagram indicate flowrates and BOD(mg/L) concentrations in parenthesis

41



03-21-2007

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance from the Curug Weir (Km)

D O ( m g

/ L )

SimulatedMeasured

03-21-2007

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


B O D ( m g

/ L )

Simulated

Measured

03-21-2007

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


T N ( m g

/ L )

Simulated

Measured

03-21-2007

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


T P ( m g

/ L )

Simulated

Measured

Figure 2.32 Comparison between measured and simulated water quality

on March 21, 2007

High turbid water is one of main water quality problems in WTC. It willresult in water treatment cost increase. Usually in describing turbidity ofwater, a unit of NTU is widely used to represent for the clarity of waterrelated with light penetration. From the sampling results, most serious turbidwater has been reported on June 16 th that reached 150 NTU at the end of theWTC and the turbidity of Bekasi River is recorded 160 NTU. Figure 2.33shows the input data sets for water quality modeling focusing on turbidity (inparenthesis) along with flowrates of each tributary including head water

condition. Figure 2.34 shows calibration results of turbidity simulation usingthe data sets shown in Figure 2.33. Simulation result reveals that the turbidityof downstream increases up to 87 NTU due to high turbid water intrusionthrough the Bekasi river. Although severe turbidity problem occurs especiallyduring flood, serious turbidity case has not been reported during projectperiod since data sampling has been conducted in normal days.

42



5.38 1.33

5.73

17.20 17.20[152] [291]

10.62 0.00

11.29 21.91[18.5] [27.5]

38.69 Curug[69.9]

12.62 16.96 55.65 49.55[130] [17.7] [20.1] CFC [54.6]

6.10

10.68 6.10[30.7] [23.4]

Cikarang River Cibeet River

Bekasi Weir

Bekasi River

Cikarang Weir

June/27/2007

Figure 2.33 Flowrates and turbidity (in parenthesis) measured on June 12, 2007

Jun/12/07

0.0

30.0

60.0

90.0

120.0

150.0

180.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


T u r b

i d i t y ( N T U )

SimulatedMeasured

Figure 2.34 Comparison of measured and simulated turbidities

43



2.6 Analysis of water quality management scenarios

The calibrated water quality model was employed for the analysis ofvarious management options to improve water quality conditions along withthe economic and ecological development in a certain timeframe. The mainscenarios considered include separation of the WTC from the tributaries ofCikarang and Bekasi using siphons, pollutant sources reduction (pointsources and non-point sources in terms of BOD) along the canal, and waterquality improvement in the tributaries (Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi). In

addition since high turbidity problems are frequently reported at the watertreatment plant, model simulation covers turbidity reduction effect due tosiphon construction at the Bekasi river.

Figure 2.35 shows the schematic diagram of the various alternatives testedto propose the best management plan for water quality improvement in theWTC area. Overall, water quality observed this year shows much lower BODthan previous data. Therefore, one data set which demonstrates the effects ofvarious water alternatives on water quality improvement was used for the

analysis.

West Tarum

BEKA SI Riv. CIKARANG Riv. CIBEET Riv.

Alt-1

BEKA SI Catchment Area:393km 2

CIK ARANG Catchment Area: 218km 2

CIBE ET Catchment Area: 534km 2

Point or Non-pointSource pollutants

Alt-3

Alt-2

weir

pump

WTP

siphon

catchment

pollutant

Alt-1: separation of tributary flow using siphonAlt-2: water quality improvement in the tributaryAlt-3: reducing pollutant sources along the canal

West Tarum

BEKA SI Riv. CIKARANG Riv. CIBEET Riv.

Alt-1

BEKA SI Catchment Area:393km 2

CIK ARANG Catchment Area: 218km 2

CIBE ET Catchment Area: 534km 2

Point or Non-pointSource pollutants

Alt-3

Alt-2

weir

pump

WTP

siphon

catchment

pollutant

weir

pump

WTP

siphon

catchment

pollutant

Alt-1: separation of tributary flow using siphonAlt-2: water quality improvement in the tributaryAlt-3: reducing pollutant sources along the canal

Figure 2.35 Alternative scenarios for water quality management

44



2.6.1 ALT-1 Siphon construction at the Cikarang and the Bekasi Rivers

Investigation of operations of the Cikarang and Bekasi weir reveals thatthe WTC takes most of the inflow from its major tributaries during the rainyseason to compensate for the downstream water use. In addition, thetributary inflow is regulated by the weir operation located in the main streamto prevent downstream overflow. This scenario is relatively valid when theflowrate of tributary increases, and weir operation is required to maintain theproper flowrate.

Simulations were conducted to test the effects of siphon construction toregulate the inflows of the Cikarang and Bekasi River. This scenario assumesthat the flowrate of the Cikarang and Bekasi Rivers is regulated throughsiphons before it confluences with the WTC by subtracting outflowsmeasured at weir operation from the inflows of these two rivers.

Figure 2.36 compares the result of this scenario with the base casepresented in Figure 2.32. This base case was selected in order to give mostsignificant water quality improvement among the many data sets wecollected. As shown in Figure 2.36, Alt-1(Cikarang) shows the effect of siphonconstructed at the Cikarang River, and Alt-1(combined) shows the combinedeffect of siphons constructed at both the Cikarang and Bekasi River. The caseof Alt-1(Cikarang) shows water quality improvement for the section of theWTC between the Cikarang and Bekasi rivers by 10% BOD decrease, and thesecond case of Alt-1(combined) estimates water quality improvement of thedownstream of the WTC after the Bekasi river by 12% at the location of theBuaran water treatment plant.

45



0

1

2

3

4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


B O D ( m g / L )

Base Case

ALT1(Bekasi only) ALT1(combined)

Figure 2.36 Simulation results with siphon construction at the Cikarang

and Bekasi rivers

2.6.2. ALT-2 Water quality improvement in the major tributaries

A large industrial complex has been expanding in the Bekasi district,including Bekasi City, located between the area of the Cikarang and Bekasi

river. Thus, untreated raw wastewater is released into these two riversconfluences with the WTC. Since the WTC takes water from the three majortributaries of the Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi rivers to meet the downstreamDMI water demand, pollution control of these three tributaries is veryimportant. The second scenario covers the effect of water qualityimprovement of these major tributaries through waste water treatment plants before waste effluents are released into these two rivers.

Figure 2.37 demonstrates the effect of water quality improvementespecially at the Bekasi river, since the significant water quality deteriorationoccurs in this river compared to other tributaries. It was estimated that 20% ofBOD removal released from the Bekasi river decreases BOD of the Buaranstation by 16%. In addition, 40%, 60% of BOD removal may yield BODdecreases in the WTC by 33, 48% respectively as shown in ALT-2(40%) andALT-2(60%) in Figure 2.37.

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Wastewater treatment facilities that reduce the pollutant loads released

from the Bekasi district along with Bekasi City through such wastewatertreatment facilities are recommended to improve the water quality of theCikarang and Bekasi rivers and the WTC consequently.

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


B O D ( m g / L )

Base Case ALT2(20%) ALT2(40%) ALT2(60%)

Figure 2.37 Simulation results of water quality improvement in the

Bekasi river

2.6.3 ALT-3 Non-point pollutant source reduction

The effects of non-point source control along the WTC have been testedusing the incremental inflow option, defined as pollutant sources notrepresented by point source inflow or headwater. It is also useful when fielddata show a decreasing flowrate in downstream, which indicates a surfaceflow contribution to the groundwater. During the model calibration, the effectof non-point source was not taken into account because no data relating tothis matter was available, which presumably caused a large discrepancy between the measured data and simulated results. Therefore, in thissimulation a new base case was set up by assigning distributed non-pointsources along the reach of the WTC between the Cibeet and Cikarang riversand the reach between the Cikarang and Bekasi rivers, which shows highconcentrations compared to the previous sampling points. Then, the effects of

47



non-point source control on water quality improvement were tested by

eliminating those non-point sources.

Non-point source control was found to enhance water quality along theWTC as Figure 2.38 shows simulation results with or without non-pointsources. However, it must be noted that although the simulation result showssignificant water quality improvement, more accurate data collection isrequired by intensive investigation of pollutant sources.

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


B O D ( m g / L )

W/O NPSW/ NPS

Figure 2.38 Simulation results with and without non-point source

consideration

2.6.4 Turbidity Management

Main causes of turbid water occurrence include soil loss from excessiverainfall and human activities such as improper construction and irrigation sitemanagement. Turbid water occurred in a basin consists of wash load andsuspended load and occurrence of turbid water is very sensitive to rainfallintensities rather than rainfall amounts. Recently, due to high concentratedflood resulted from global warming, turbid water management is veryimportant for reliable water quality management.

A non-siphon option with good operation and management of thedesilting basis could provide an immediate beneficial affect on the turbidity.

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However, desilting basins alone could not solve the turbid water problem

that during flood season the Buaran plant has encountered. The plant wasdesigned to handle 200-300 NTU with flood season values of over 10,000 NTUrequiring the plant to be closed quite often. It is clear that the Bekasi Siphonneeds construction, for turbidity reasons alone. Building the siphons should be helpful to reduce turbid water problems although it cannot resolve theturbid water problems completely. The best option must be to combine thesiphon option with good operation and management of the desilting basin.Furthermore, considering the capacity of the desilting basins, buildingsiphons will significantly reduce the volumes and frequencies of dredging

along the WTC as well as the desilting basins, resulting in significantoperation and management cost reductions. In any case,

The WQ Data of the Bekasi River for turbidity, during the PDA period itwas never recorded the turbidity data higher than 500 NTU. It was simplythat the water was never sampled during or after flood. It usually takesduring normal day (cloudy but no rain) and the same case with the Bekasitributaries (Cileungsi, Citeureup, Cikeas) including other monitoring pointsalong the Bekasi River (file attached).

Although the turbidity values observed during this period are muchlower than 200 NTU, the target limit set by the Buaran Water Treatment Plant,we analyzed the effect of the Bekasi Siphon on reducing turbidity in WTCusing the data sets. Figure 2.39 compares the results the cases with andwithout the Bekasi Siphon construction. About 12% turbidity decrease inmain stream of WTC was obtained for this case.

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0.0

30.0

60.0

90.0

120.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


T u r b i d i t y ( N T U )

W/O Siphon

W/ Siphon

Figure 2.39 Result of Turbidity simulations for WTC

2.6.5 Summary of scenario applications

Various water quality simulations show that the water quality of WTC ismore dependent on the water quality of the discharge flow released from the Jatiluhur Reservoir during the dry season since tributary inflows significantlydecrease. Based on scenario applications, adequate water qualitymanagement plans could be established. Firstly, constructing siphon systemsfor the Cikarang and Bekasi River will improve water quality of WTCdownstream to reduce 12% of BOD concentration at the location of Buaranwater treatment plant. From the second scenario, simulation results show thatthe non-point source reduction scheme improves water quality by 25%, andthe simulation result of 3 rd scenario explains that water quality improvement

in major tributary yields 16.7% of BOD decrease at the same location. For theaspect of turbid water reduction about 12% turbidity decrease was obtaineddue to siphon construction in main stream of WTC.

The simulation results of three different scenarios are summarized inTable 2.11. The priority of the alternatives, tested in this project to enhancewater quality, is as follows: 1) siphon construction at the junction of WTC andthe Bekasi river, 2) siphon construction at the junctions of the Cikarang and

50



the Bekasi river, and 3) water quality improvement of the Bekasi river.

Because the non-point pollution issue has much uncertainty, we excluded thisin the priority list. Detailed study should be conducted in the next phase ofthe project.

Table 2.11 Summarized WQ improvement results of three differentscenarios

Alternatives Siphon Construction WQ Improvement in Bekasi River

WQImprovementat Buaran St.

of WTC

Bekasi

Cikarang

+Bekasi 20% 40% 60%

10% 12% 16% 33% 48%

Priority 1 2 3

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Chapter 3. CAPACITY BUIDING AND STAKEHOLDERSMEETING

3.1 Capacity Building

3.1.1 Staff capacity building

To increase the capacity of PJT II conducting water quality monitoring inthe WTC, the project included capacity building of the technical staff from PJTII to provide step-by-step activities together with K-water, which wasfacilitated through intensive communication, manuals and software inaddition to technical training. This method of learning by doing proved to beconstructive and effective. Further action should be taken to spread theresults of the activity among PJT II employees and in using this method forfurther implementation.

An introductory meeting of PDA for the PJT II staff was held at PJT II, Jatiluhur on January 30, 2007 and is shown in Figure 3.1. During the meeting,

common and useful knowledge for water quality management issues in theWTC and the importance of IWRM were introduced and shared withparticipants. The joint project and collaboration between K-water and PJT IIpromoted the modeling and field observation skills in water qualitymanagement for PJT II staff.

Figure 3.1 Project meeting and discussion between K-water and PJT II staff

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Figure 3.2 illustrates a training session for water quality management washeld at PJT II, Jatiluhur on March 26, 2007. 36 trainees from various divisionsof PJT II received proactive training. Training materials, including aninstallation CD and the manual of QUAL2E-PLUS, were also distributed atthe venue.

Figure 3.2 Water quality management training session in PJT II, Jatiluhur

From July 20 to 26, 2007, 6 project staff members from PJT II visited K-

water for the 2 nd capacity building. The Indonesian staff visited the WaterResources Operation Center of K-water and exchanged their concerns andexperiences about water-related issues in both countries, especially on waterquality management. They also visited major facilities of K-water such asInternational Drinking Water Analysis Center, Daechung Multipurpose Dam,and the advanced facilities of KIWE such as the Water and WastewaterResearch Center, conducting state-of-art water treatment research and theGeo-centrifuge Center for Dam Safety Research. They also visited theCheonggye Stream- urban river restoration site in Seoul.

PJT II and K-water staff discussed progress of the project, especially onthe modeling scheme, data acquisition, and data base construction. Themeeting was very helpful for both sides to understand water qualitymodeling skills, to use QUAL2E-PLUS and point sources such as irrigationwater abstractions. During the discussion, the existing WTC diagram had been updated considering actual distance as well as water usage along thetarget study area.

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Figure 3.3 PJT II staff’s visit to K-water to discuss the progress of PDA project

3.1.2 Institutional capacity building

Delegation headed by Director General of Water Resources Development,Ministry of Public Works and the President director of PJT II visited K-waterfor institutional capacity building from May 14 to 18, 2007. Figure 3.4(a)shows the Indonesian delegates visiting the head office of K-water and

meeting with the President of K-water. They exchanged their concerns andexperiences about water-related issues in both countries. An interim meetingto discuss the progress of the PDA project was held with the President ofKorea Institute of Water and Environment (KIWE, research institute of K-water) and participating staff.

(a) Meeting with K-water President

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(b) Water Resources Operation Center (c) International Drinking Water Analysis Center

(d) Daechung Multipurpose Dam (e) KIWE’s Water and Wastewater Research Center

Figure 3.4 Indonesian delegations visiting K-water

3.2 Stakeholders’ Participation

A water quality management system basically consists of monitoring

networks, a sound water quality simulation model, regulatory water qualitystandards, and management strategies to control the point and non-pointpollutant sources. In the process of developing the water quality managementsystem, stakeholders, who might affect, be affected, and/or be interested inthe activities for the watershed, should be encouraged to participate since it isnecessary to attract and raise public awareness related with water qualitymanagement in the context of IWRM. Through communications anddiscussions among these participants, each stakeholder group will play a

55



significant role in providing meaningful comments and feedback for project

development.Since the same principle defined in a basin wide water quality action plan,

the WQMS in the WTC should be emphasized on multi-stakeholderparticipation, delineation of planning boundaries, and adoption of holisticapproaches to problem solving. In the tasks and responsibilities of PJT II, thecorporation only deals with in-stream water quality management. Thus,various institutions are required to be involved in the water qualitymanagement of in the WTC.

With various institutions involved, steps are required to develop a firm

quality management system. The initial step is information dissemination inorder to synchronize the program from the various stakeholders, followed byraising awareness and participation. For this reason, regular meetings withthe main stakeholders were organized in the form of workshops. It is not onlyto demonstrate the impact of knowledge and information using the proposedtechnologies and providing the opportunity to obtain useful feedback,collecting and elaborating on previous data and studies for the projectrefinement, but also to disseminate information on PJT II’s program andactivities related to water quality monitoring system in the WTC in order tosynchronize the overall program from stakeholders, and to raise awarenessand participation from the stakeholders. Therefore, the regular stakeholders’meetings are conducted to facilitate communications between stakeholdersand to strengthen the institutions that are involved in water qualitymanagement in the area.

Based on the role and functionality the stakeholders in the WTC can begrouped as: (1) Policy / Planning Bodies, (2) Basin Managers, (3) Regulators,(4) Water Users, and (5) Other Interest Groups such as Research Agencies and

Universities, and also Non-Government Institutions (NGO) that work to raisecommunity development in the area. Identification of the key stakeholders inthe area is presented in Table 3.1. Each group has a significant role inproviding meaningful public participation and generating close coordinationamong stakeholders.

For example, PAM Jaya, a drinking water supply company (consisting oftwo private institutions, namely Thames PAM Jaya and PAM Lyonness Jaya)is the key stakeholder in the category of water users. They are concerned with

56



the quality, quantity, and continuity of the raw water from WTC since 80% of

the supply that is processed at the drinking water treatment plants for Jakartaregion depends on the WTC system. BPLHD is an important institution toinclude in this stakeholder meeting as their concern is environmentalprotection and they can share their strength as a regulator in dealing with thepolluters along the canal. The institutions are part of the local government aslocal regulators. At the provincial level, the Provincial Water Services Unit(Dinas PSDA Jawa Barat) is concerned with water resources management,particularly at the third order of river systems. Meanwhile, the BasinOrganizations, i.e. Citarum and Ciliwung-Cisadane (Balai Besar Wilayah

Sungai) are the national level institutions. Practically, Balai Besar WilayahSungai Citarum (Basin Manager of Citarum River Basin) has the same tasksand responsibilities as PJT II. The main differences of these organizations aresources of funds, and generally the main concern is water resourcesdevelopment. However, the main concerns of PJT II are operational andinvolve management of water resources.

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Table 3.1 Expected participants at stakeholder meetings

Category Name of Institution Functionality

Policy /Planning

National Planning Board(BAPPENAS) through Director of

Irrigation and Water Resources

Setting up national planningand policy, e.g. in water

sectorMinistry of Public Works through:

Directorate General of WaterResources, Director of WaterResources Management, and

Research Board of MPW(Puslitbang SDA)

Plan, development of in-stream water

resources at national level

Ministry of Environment Setting up national policyrelated to the environment

BasinManagers

Provincial Water Services Unit(Balai PSDA Propinsi Jabar)

Secretariat of the waterresources

management at provinciallevel

Basin Organization of Citarum(Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai

Citarum)Citarum River Basin manager

Basin Organization of Ciliwung-

Cisadane(Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai

Ciliwung-Cisadane)

Basin manager of Ciliwung-Cisadane River basins

(Cikarang and Bekasi River)

Regulators

Provincial Unit of EnvironmentalProtection Agency for Jakarta and

West Java Provinces(BPLHD Propinsi Jabar, DKI

Jakarta)

Environmental protectionagency at provincial level

BPLHD Kabupaten/Kota Bekasi,

Kab. Karawang, Kab. Bogor

Environmental protectionagency at

municipality level

WaterUsers

PAM Jaya and its concessionscompanies TPJ and Palyja

Industry: PT Jababeka

Drinking water supplycompany for

Jakarta regionOther

InterestGroups

Environmental EngineeringDepartment ITB and UI

Research and previous dataand studies

Non government organizations Community development

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Three workshops were conducted: after the inception meeting, during the

mid-term review and before final report submission. The first stakeholders’meeting was successfully held in PJT II Jatiluhur on March 23, 2007 (Figure3.5). Stakeholders from 8 organizations participated in the meeting andactively exchanged their ideas, knowledge, and experience regarding thePDA project. Detailed comments are summarized in Appendix A.

Comments from the attendees were varied, from operational andtechnical to policy oriented. They also presented the data referring to thewater quality and quantity situation in the canal. For example, Thames PAM Jaya, as operational company of drinking water supply for part of the Jakarta

region, operates Buaran and Pulogadung drinking water treatment plants.They are concerned with the water quality condition of the WTC that isinfluenced by the water quality condition of the Bekasi and Cikarang rivers.They suggested that these rivers should be adequately studied. They alsoinformed about the water quality parameters that are below the standardsthat influence the treatment costs and drinking water quality conditions.From a water quantity point of view, the reliability of the water supplysystem from Jatiluhur Reservoir should be also considered if the options ofsiphon construction at Cikarang and Bekasi are realized.

Some of the institutions were carrying out several studies on the WTC, forexample Palyja, which studied the hydraulics of the WTC regarding thereliability of the Jatiluhur resources to supply water to the WTP in Jakarta.One of the results of the study determined that there is a differentconfiguration of the supply from Jatiluhur during the rainy season and dryseason due to the local rivers. Therefore, it is important to consider thecondition of WTC during the rainy and dry seasons. Another institution thatcarries out the water quality monitoring is BPLH Jakarta.

In terms of policy, it was hoped that the project could overcome the recentconditions, and could control and reduce the incoming pollutants in morepractical and logical ways. One of the tools to improve the water quality inthe river is a wastewater treatment plant. Point sources of pollutantsgenerally come from domestic sources. PJT II should cooperate with the localgovernment to solve this problem. The study needs to look into pollutantcontrol, not only monitoring, and be incorporated into the action plan.

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Figure 3.5 The 1 st stakeholders meeting in PJT II, Jatiluhur on March 23, 2007

The second stakeholders’ meeting was held on June 12, 2007 in Bappenasand is shown in Figure 3.6. The main purpose of holding the meeting inBappenas was to have a broader scope of stakeholders. The participants werethe same as those of the first stakeholder meeting with additional participantsfrom Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Directorate General of WaterResources of Ministry Public Works. MoE works on setting up national policyon environmental related issues and DGWR works as the national planner ofwater resources development. Bappenas acts as a national planner of policy of

various segments and particularly in water resources reform on the nationallevel. From the second stakeholder meeting, a comprehensive approachtoward water quality management was achieved, incorporating the technicaland non-technical aspects via stakeholder participation. Detailed commentsand discussions are summarized in Appendix C.

Figure 3.6 The 2 nd stakeholders meeting in Bappenas, Jakarta on June 20, 2007

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The third stakeholder meeting was conducted on February 19, 2008 in the

Ministry of Public Works. The meeting was attended with the institutions thatsimilarly the same as the previous meetings (see Appendix F for list ofattendees). PAM JAYA, the focal water user expressed again their concerns onthe water quality of WTC particularly turbidity as well as detergent content,and proposed to install early warning system to warn the plants if theturbidity level is high.

Figure 3.7 The 3 rd stakeholders meeting in Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta on

February 19, 2008

The stakeholders’ meeting that was conducted in the PDA activities is thefirst step to include the stakeholders in the planning, operation, andmanagement in the context of participatory IWRM. The next step is toform/establish the committee with regular meeting to have more close

coordination among stakeholders and to discuss more detail and to solve theproblems into action plan. Detailed comments and discussions aresummarized in Appendix E.

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Chapter 4. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FORFUTURE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Summary

The Citarum River Basin (CRB) is the most strategic river basin inIndonesia serving multiple purposes, namely irrigation, domestic, municipal,and industry raw water requirements. About 80% of raw water requirementof the water treatment plants in Jakarta carries through the West Tarum Canal.

Water quality issues is the prominent problem affected the operation both ofthe canal and the treatment plants.

Realizing the importance of the West Tarum Canal (WTC), an increasingeffort is required to solve the water quality issues, such as increasing waterpollution discharged into the Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi River, increasingdemands for water, decreasing water quality condition in WTC, limited datato characterize the baseline water quality, low capacity of the monitoringobjectives, methods of sample collection, reporting and analytical procedures,and the lack of an integral program to improve the water quality condition ofthe project area.

The project was successfully completed in accordance with the project’sscopes and schedule. The outputs, outcomes, and effects and impacts of thisPDA are summarized in this section.

4.1.1 Outputs

A comprehensive water quality monitoring network appropriate for theWTC area in the basin was developed. The 14 existing monitoring locationsthat PJT II conducted are adequately represented the general condition ofwater quality in the WTC. For the purpose of modeling additional monitoringpoints are in place after reviewing the potentially important factors tounderstand water quality in the WTC. Based on the monitoring network andthe monitoring plan, water quality monitoring was conducted twice a month

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over the period of March through November 2007. This resulted in 28

measured data sets, which represented the WTC and local source conditionsduring the dry and wet seasons.

Various programs were provided to enhance the capacity of PJT II, bothfor staffs and management level. PJT II staffs actively participated during theproject by doing step-by-step activities together with K-water in the waterquality monitoring network design and water quality model developmentand successfully conducted water quality monitoring. The institutionalcapacity building was achieved by introducing K-water’s advanced water

resources management practices to the top management groups of waterresources in the CRB.

Three regular meetings with the main stakeholders were organized todemonstrate the impact of knowledge and information using the proposedtechnologies and as a forum to disseminate information of PJT II’s programand activities related to water quality monitoring system in the WTC in orderto synchronize the overall program from stakeholders, and to raise publicawareness and participation from the stakeholders.

In parallel to the water quality monitoring activities, the water qualitymodel for the WTC was constructed using QUAL2E-PLUS model. The modelfor the WTC covers the canal and local resources from initial WTC in Curugweir to intake of Pejompongan drinking water treatment plants. Calibrationwas conducted for all the measured data to optimize the result. The calibratedwater quality model was employed for the analysis of various managementoptions.

The priority of the simulation results, is as follows: 1) siphon constructionat the junction of WTC and the Bekasi river, 2) siphon construction at the junctions of the Cikarang and the Bekasi river, and 3) water qualityimprovement of the Bekasi river. Constructing siphon systems for the BekasiRiver will improve water quality of WTC downstream to reduce 10% of BODconcentration at the location of Buaran water treatment plant.

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In addition and BOD, high turbid water is one of main water quality

problems in the WTC since it is closely related with water treatment cost.Simulation result reveals that the turbidity of downstream reduced by 12%due to siphon construction. However serious turbidity case has not beenreported during project period since data sampling was conducted in normaldays avoiding heavy rainfall. Thus it is recommended additional analysis forturbidity simulation during the next project phase.

4.1.2 Outcomes

The fundamental outcomes of the PDA, such as systems, procedures, andthe stakeholders’ awareness and participation, can be directly applicable tothe water quality planning and management in the CRB. Importantly, thispilot project proved the suitability of an approach that would address theissues of adequate database development through monitoring and thedevelopment of a system to support better water quality managementpractice in the CRB.

4.1.3 Effects and impacts

The importance of water quality management is to promote the publicawareness for water quality management and to establish Best ManagementPractices (BMP) for the sustainable management of environmental and waterresources in the CRB. A well established BMP through the systematic waterquality monitoring and modeling system can provide an appropriate strategyin establishing IWRM in the CRB as well as other river basins in Indonesia.

The outputs and lessons learned from this PDAcan

be applied to otherareas covering the CRB and further calibrated as necessary. Priority needs to be given to the river downstream of the Djuanda Reservoir as well as on theupper area of the Saguling Reservoir including the Bandung area.

4.2. Suggestions for future development

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It is suggested that “Development of Water Quality Management System

for the CRB” be a continuing project of the ADB’s PDA for the sustainablemanagement of the CRB. The objectives of the project will be to develop aneffective decision support system (DSS) for water quality management for theCRB and to strengthen the capacity of water resources engineers andinstitutions.

The project will also be an implementation of the roadmap for IntegratedWater Resources Management in the Citarum River Basin combining two keyareas, i.e. environmental protection, institutions and planning for IWRM to

enhance the environment management capacity that is charged with thisresponsibility, and also by supporting key areas, i.e. communityempowerment as well as data and information.

In the proposed project, we suggest employing several steps, includingfield investigation, capacity building and modeling system development.These integrated approaches will provide the fundamental informationneeded to improve IWRM for the Citarum River Basin. Thus, this proposed

project should focus on both the issues of comprehensive databasedevelopment as well as effective water quality monitoring and modeling, andalso capacity building to support better water quality management.Eventually, well established best management practices (BMPs) through thesystematic water quality monitoring and modeling system will provide anappropriate strategy in establishing IWRM in CRB as well as other river basins in the Republic of Indonesia.

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APPENDIX A. Minutes of the First Stakeholders Meeting at PJT

II March 23, 2007

Comments from Mr. Harianto (TPJ)The water quality to Buaran and Pulogadung drinking water treatment plants(WTP) are influenced by the water quality condition in Bekasi and CikarangRivers. These rivers should be adequately studied.

Comments from Mr. Febrio Awananto (Palyja)The Palyja has done the hydraulic study (only the quantity part) regarding

the reliability of the Jatiluhur water resources to supply water to the WTP in Jakarta until Cawang. One of the results of the studied said that there isdifferent configuration of the supply from Jatiluhur during rainy season anddry season due to the local rivers. He said that it is important to consider thecondition of WTC during rainy and dry season, and the effect of the siphonconstructions in term of the quantity.

Comments from Mr. Sri (Palyja)He asked about the project, it is only the study or until the action plan. He

hoped that the project can make the water quality from WTC better.

Comments from Mr. Alamsyah (PAM Jaya)From 16 th til 23rd of November the ammonium content in from the WTC isabove the standard that really influences the treatment cost of the Buaran andPejompongan WTP. Too many chemical treatments are also no good for thecustomers. These should be considered in the project. If the project hasscenario on siphons development, it should also consider the quantityreliability point of view from the Jatiluhur reservoir.

Comments from Mrs. Supanya (TPJ)The objective and expected results from the project was not clear enough.From the user perspective, the water quality control is more important thanwater quality monitoring. The recent situation needs to control the incomingpollutants. It needs more to action plan how to reduce the pollutants into thecanal, how to improve the water quality in the practical and logical ways.

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Comments from KLH Bekasi City

To improve the water quality in the river, it needs to build the wastewatertreatment plant. The Bekasi City does not have the wastewater treatmentplant to treat water before disposing the waste into the water bodies. Theindustries discharge the waste directly into the river due to several reasons:they do not have the WWTP and they cannot afford to build and operate theWWTP. The Bekasi City is really concern about the WTC because it indicatesthe cleanliness of the City that is annually judged by the NationalGovernment. The Bekasi City is keen to cooperate with the PJT II to solve theproblem in the WTC.

Comments from Mr. Alamsyah (PAM Jaya)The point sources relatively come from the domestic. PJT II should cooperatewith the local government to solve this problem. The BPLH DKI did waterquality monitoring and has data on the WQ. PJT II may contact them in orderto get the WQ data.

Comments from Mr. Hariyanto (TPJ)Eight years ago, there was a planning to build drinking water treatment plantdirectly from Jatiluhur reservoir. How is this going on? He thought it would be good to open it again seeing the importance of the project and benefitsreveals from the project. Related to the price, the water from PJT II is valuedas Rp. 128/m3, and the price from the Tangerang is already Rp. 1,500/m 3.

Answer from Mr. Herman IdrusThe Canal 1 project still opens until now. The project needs a lot of initialinvestment. This is the constraint of the project.

Comments from Mr. Alamsyah – TPJThere was an investor from Malaysia to PJT II to invest the water supplydirectly from Jatiluhur reservoir. What is the follow up from PJT II regardingthis?

Answer from Mr. Herman IdrusThe investor from Malaysia wants to invest in the drinking water supplysystem. This kind of project is not a PJT II domain. The Ministry of PublicWorks is responsible to do the action.”

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APPENDIX B. List of Attendees in the First Stakeholders

Meeting at PJT II LIST OF ATTENDANCE STAKEHOLDER MEETING (PDA - WQMS PROJECT)Date: 26th of March 2007 Time: 09.00 - 11.00

No. Name Institution1 Windarmaya PT. Thames PAM JAYA2 R. Widhya Pusat Litbang SDA3 Supunya Yonpiam PT. Thames PAM JAYA4 Sang Uk Lee K-water5 Joonwoo Noh K-water6 Rudi Afrianto Divisi II - PJT II7 Gok Ari Joso Divisi II - PJT II8 Anom S. Divisi V - PJT II9 Irpan Divisi V - PJT II

10 Herman Idrus Karo Perencanaan11 Sutisna Pikrasaleh PKSDA - PJT II12 Reni Mayasari PKSDA - PJT II13 Erni Murniati Perencanaan - PJT II14 U. Yulidanto UPULAK - PJT II15 Resky H. Divisi I - PJT II16 Hendra Rachtono Perencanaan - PJT II

17 Joni Panusunan PKSDA - PJT II18 Hariyatno Thames PAM Jaya19 Sangyoung Park K-water20 Alamsyah Pandjaitan PAM Jaya21 Hiswandi Hasan PAM Jaya22 Tarsinus P. Palyja23 Purwanto Palyja24 Daan Palyja25 Noor Tjahjono Balai Besar WS Citarum26 R.M. Erwin Divisi I - PJT II

27 Sri W. Kaderi Thames PAM Jaya28 Syafri DPLH Kota Bekasi29 Zainal DPLH Kota Bekasi

Note:Pusat Litbang: Research and Development Agency from the Ministry of Public WorksPalyja: PAM Lyonnesse Jaya (operational company of drinking water supply for Jakarta)Thames PAM Jaya: operational company of drinking water supply for JakartaDPLH Kota Bekasi: The environmental service unit for Bekasi CityBalai Besar WS Citarum: Board of Citarum River Basin

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APPENDIX C. Minutes of the second Stakeholders Meeting at

Bappenas on June 12, 2007

First comment from the ChairmanHow is the comparison between water quality from the Curug weir and atthe end of the WTC? From the figure, it appeared that the difference is notso high.

Answer by Jeongkon KimThe figure only presented one of the samples during calibration process.According to the historical data, the water quality receiving from Jatiluhuris better than from the tributaries that have high fluctuation on the waterquality. That degrades overall water quality at the end of the WTC.

Second comment from the ChairmanIt is now our duty how to supply a good water quality through out the yearas input for the ICWRMP.

Comments from Mr. Erwin, PJT II – Division IDuring flood season in Bekasi River the water quantity is not a big problem.But the turbidity level rose very high. Whenever flood is coming, eventhough the water quantity is abundant, the PAM Jaya only could take smallamount of water from WTC to their drinking water treatment plants. Thisreason is that the installation cannot intake water flow because of the highturbidity level more than 2,000 NTU.

The WTC configuration utilizes the local resources, i.e., Cibeet River,Cikarang River, and Bekasi River. Different portions of water compositionare provided from Jatiluhur reservoir and local resources during dry andwet season. During wet season, water composition is normally obtained bylocal resources about 80%, conversely, during dry season the WTC ismainly supplied by the reservoir about 80% as well. If the siphon isconstructed, how to manage the water quantity since the whole amount ofwater should be supplied by the Jatiluhur reservoir that gives impactmaybe on channel dimension, etc.

69



Comments from PAM Jaya

The capacity of Buaran and Pulogadung drinking water treatment plantsare designed to take turbid flow less than 2,000 NTU. In some cases theycan be operated up to 5,000 NTU, but the installation will be stopped above10,000 NTU. Sometimes the turbidity level from the WTC can reach 16,000NTU. With high level of turbidity the production cost in the treatmentplants will be increased.

Another concern during dry season is that we once experienced highammonium content, higher than 2 ppm. To treat this water quality it needs

additional chemical treatment that will increase the treatment cost. In aninstallation managed by my organization we use pulsator to treat highammonium concentration. However, this equipment needs routinemaintenance because of high sedimentation. Cleaning the equipment ispainstaking and time-consuming process; therefore, it requires adjustmentof installation operation.

Comments from Puslitbang SDAHave you compared the previous studies related to WTC? For example,Puslitbang SDA in cooperation with PJT II has used a water quality model(i.e., MODQUAL) in 1986.WTC has experienced high level of fecal coliform. Why is this parameter notincluded into the model?

BOD content has relation with DO content. But based on the presented data,the BOD content is not comparable to DO content, the BOD is so small. Thestandard of BOD content is less than 5 mg/l.

Qual2K model is more familiar with Microsoft Excel based and easier tooperate. What reasons do you use QUAL2E-PLUS.

QUAL2E-PLUS is a steady state model; therefore, it needs real-timemeasurements to calibrate the model. How do you compensate thisassumption?

70



We need clarification on water uses in WTC area. Based on our data, 80% of

water is not used to supply drinking water for treatment plants, and flowfor flushing is around 20 cms.Along the canal, the illegal settlement is increasing. We are now doing,what we called, Eco-technology. We use vegetation and plant differentkinds along the canal to absorb and reduce the pollutant into the river.

Answer by Jeongkon KimAs we mentioned on the presentation, we recognized that PJT II has donewater quality model using MODQUAL in 1980s. But the model had limited

success due to availability of data.

Comments from Mr. Morris:Is MODQUAL still practiced until now? Which river basin?

Answer from Puslitbang :Puslitbang SDA is still practicing MODQUAL and we applied it in severalriver basins. There are other correlations between BOD and DO. Sometimeswe cannot compare between the BOD and DO and it depends on rivercharacteristics.QUAL2E-PLUS was developed based on Qual2E model. K-water developedthe model using Graphic User Interface therefore it is also easier to operate.

Comment from Mr. Morris:Maybe we should ask the one who involved in building the model from PJTII.

Clarification from Erni :Frankly speaking, I have never been using MODQUAL, so I cannotcompare which model is more user-friendly. But I would like to emphasizeon capacity building and transfer of technology. While this project isprogressing, we have big opportunities to increase our ability on waterquality monitoring system. Related to the model, we work together with K-water researchers and build the model started from a scratch.They provided us with the software, manual, and their expertise. In the firstmeeting, during Inception Report Review, we asked them about thecontinuity of using the software and what will happen after the Project. It is

71



one of the advantages that the software is developed by K-water, and then

we have the right to use it in PJT II not only during the project but after theproject. We are in the same umbrella as members of Network of Asian RiverBasin Organization which is the action plan emphasized on capacity building.By learning the model operation started from a scratch, we can upgrade ourcapability not only in monitoring, but also in water quality analysis,verification, as part of building our thinking framework on water qualitymonitoring system. Model is only one of tools in water quality monitoringsystem. We tried to measure all of the points in one day with the

assumption that there would not be many changes in flowrates and waterquality condition along the canal.As we presented on the slides about 80% of raw water of drinking watertreatment plants in Jakarta is depended on WTC. It does not mean that 80%of WTC water is deliver to supply water for Jakarta drinking watertreatment plants. The composition of water is still highest for irrigation ofmore than 70%. Originally, WTC is designed to flush the Ciliwung riveraround 5 cms, but in reality it is lower than that number. Only water flow atthe end of the WTC open canal at the B.Tb.53 has overflow occasionally.Comments from the Chairman: We have to work together to have betterwater quality in the canal.

Comment from Puslitbang SDA The calibration only on March and April does not represent the overallcondition through out the year during dry and rainy season.

Answer from Mr. Herman Idrus :The project will end at the end of this year. We do regular monitoring twicea month at 11 sampling points by this December. Hence, the calibrationprocess will continue until the end of the year.

Comment from NGO Mostly we work in the upper Citarum. Now we know that it is not only inthe upper Citarum but also in the lower Citarum we have water qualityproblem, exceeding Class V in several parts of the river.

72



For community development we monitor 15 rivers helping from Student

Community on Water Resources Division, and we already built thelaboratory for water quality in Senior High School in Pangalengan andCiwidey. We increase awareness of the community to care about the waterquality and to do something that has impact on water quality.

Comments from LH Kota Bekasi Our office was established in 2004. In 2006 we had budget from localgovernment to monitor water quality in Bekasi River cooperated with PJT II.

Comment from Mr. Morris We need to monitor water quality regularly and in basin-wide scale.

Therefore, we should compile and combine the data from differentinstitutions to have more benefits from it.

Comments from JABABEKA We established since 1991 and have more than 1,200 tenants (investors) thatshould be guaranteed continuing supply of water. We should integrate thewater quantity and quality as well.

We had cases that water in the treatment plant is fine, but to the consumersit became green yellowish. We changed our treatment chemical fromsodium to flour to reduce side-effects possibly caused by the process.

Along the canal there is increasing illegal settlement and also illegaldomestic disposal. We have done resettlement in left bank along theCikarang till Bekasi section. But then it turned out that they built now in theright bank. The settlement program should be integrated.

In case of Cikarang siphon construction. We proposed also about the floodmanagement. Now without siphon, the flood is never occurred becausethere is regulation in Cikarang weir. We hope after the construction it willnot influence the upstream flow of the Cikarang weir that will impact theamount of water to the lower part.

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APPENDIX D. List of Attendees in the Second Stakeholders

Meeting at Bappenas No. Name Organization

1. Didi Adji Siddik BPLHD Prov. Jabar

2. Yafdarius BBWS Ciliwung- Cisadane

3. R.M Erwin, ST, MT Divisi I – PJT II

4. Eddy A. Djajadiredja Puslitbang SDA

5. William Putuhena Puslitbang SDA6. Iskandar Yusuf Puslitbang SDA

7. Alamsyah Pandjaitan PAM Jaya

8. Sri Sudarsih PAM Jaya

9. Noortjahjono BBWS Citarum

10. Danik Prona Bappenas

11. Geoff Wright ADB Consultant

12. Chris Morris ADB

13. Mufti Haris PT. Jababeka14. Sutrisno PJT II

15. Cecep Kurnia Warga Peduli Lingkungan (WPL)

16. Gatut Bayuadji Bina PSDA, Dep. PU17. Jonner Simanjuntak DPLH Kota Bekasi

18. Harry Sudrajat DPLH Kota Bekasi

19. Wigiana Nopianti Balai PSDA Citarum20. Siti Sri Mulyati Balai PSDA Citarum

21. Sutisna PJT II

22. Herman Idrus PJT II

23. Ick Hwan Ko K-water

24. Jeongkon Kim K-water

25. Budhi Santoso Bappenas26. Reni Mayasari PJT II

27. M. Sugeng Suwad DTRLH Kab. Bogor

28. Pikho Rizki DTRLH Kab. Bogor

29. Joni Panusunan PJT II

30. Hendra PJT II

31. Erni Murniati PJT II

74



APPENDIX E. Minutes of the third Stakeholders Meeting at

Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia, on February19, 2008

Comments from Mr. Kris Tetuko, PAM Jaya1. Additionally to the existing water quality parameters, our treatment

plants are sufferred from detergent content in the raw water. We can onlyreduce 50% of the original content. We propose to monitor the detergent,at least every three months.

Answer: We considered this.

2. Some water quality parameter sometimes change tremendously that influence the drinking water treatment plant operation, especially turbidity during flood or high water level. Therefore, it is suggested to have early warning system for turbidity to have the water plant warned about the quality of water in the inlet.

Answer: There are 24 hours field officers that monitor the water condition inevery weirs, i.e. in Curug, Cibeet, Cikarang, Bekasi Weirs. We can utilize theexisting communication system to warn about the water quality in the canal to

the operator in the treatment plant by providing them portable water qualitymeter and increase their capacity on basic water quality parameter. But duringnight time, this will be difficult. Automatic water quality monitoring device willbe required.

3. What does the point and non-point source mean? Answer: We differentiate the point and non-point source by the type of the outlet.If we can measure the contaminants from the certain location or point, we callthis point-source. If the source come from area and differentiate for example by

the type of activities, such as agriculture, we refer this as non-point-source.

4. Why do you choose of siphon construction as option to improve water quality in the WTC?

Answer: The water quality in WTC is highly influenced by the rivers conditionthat crossing the WTC, namely Cibeet, Cikarang, and Bekasi. This has beenreported by several studies and has become reality.

5. Normally, there is relationship between BOD and DO. If BOD decreases t

75



hen DO will increase, but I saw from the presentation figure, the BOD dec

reases but the DO is also decrease. Answer: In the system DO is influenced by several factors, such as atmospherereaeration, from photosynthesis algae. This combination influences the DOcontent.

6. Besides BOD, we should also monitor COD Answer: We also monitor COD.

Comments from Mr. Simon, Research Center for Water Resources, Ministryof Public Works:1. The water quality monitoring does not include the heavy metal parameter

s, such as Mercury, Brome, Chrome, etc. I consider these important due to increasing industrial activities along the WTC. By monitoring the metal parameters, the trend of water quality by industrial activities can be examined. The model should be also included the heavy metal parameters, so we have more complete analysis.

Answer: Previously we monitored 32 parameters including heavy metal as presented in the slides. The monitoring program was part of the HydrologicalCrash Program, a Dutch funded project, in 1992 and refined by the JatiluhurWater Resources Project Preparation Study in 1998. Since 2004 using PJT IIown budget, the monitoring points and the observed parameter is reduced due tobudgetary constraint.

2. Bacteria analysis should also be included Answer: Previous monitoring parameters including Eusteria Coli. During this project activity, we monitored only certain important parameters.

3. Water quality monitoring locations and parameters in the basin Answer: We monitor 75 locations with 16 parameters as shown in the slides.

4. The present model used the present status of the basin. How about the projection? To indicate what will be going to happen in the future?

Answer: The activity is based on the existing situation. For the future projectionneed another model to predict the situations that include the increasing ofdemographic features, etc.

76



5. The model also should include agriculture pollutants and there should be

inventory of irrigation canals that influence the water condition in the water supply system Answer: PJT II has been regularly monitored and made inventory of irrigationoff-takes from the WTC. Some of drainage flow to the WTC has been removed bythe previous project. Pollutant source from domestic activity along the WTC ismore significant to the improvement of water quality in the WTC.

6. Within the large settlement area, the wastewater treatment plant should be constructed. This rule has been applied by the GoI. But the real-estate de

veloper tried to avoid this rule by dividing the area into several small scheme estates. How far this rule is being implemented? Also the contaminant from small home industry, such as “tofu/tahu” and “tempe” which contribute to large organic materials.

Answer: The question should be directed to the Ministry of Environment andlocal government.

Comment from Mr. Chris Morris, ADB:1. There is some traps (natural purification? Wetlands?) to have the

condition of water quality better.

2. If Government of Indonesia (GoI) will invest some funds for water qualityimprovement, what recommendation do you suggest to improve waterquality, in term of better financial return and better water quality to PAM Jaya? Answer: As indicates in the alternative of options to have better water quality inthe WTC, reducing pollutant loadings from illegal settlement along the WTC issignificant to improve the water quality in the WTC.

Comments from BPLHD DKI Jakarta:1. We have known the Qual2E and applying it. The new model that we are a

pplying now is Qual2K. Answer: We can use the model but they’re not much different.

77



APPENDIX F. List of Participants in the third Stakeholders Meeting

at Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia, on February19, 2008

78



APPENDIX G. Letter of Agreement between K-water and PJT II

79



80





A P P E N D I X I . P r o g r e s s s c h e d u l e t o d e v e l o p w

a t e r q u a l i t y m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

D a t a g a t h e r i n g a n d a n a l y s i s

F i e l d s u r v e y a n d m o n i t o r i n g p l a n

W Q m o n i t o r i n g a n d D a t a b a s e

b u i l d i n g

H y d r a u l i c a n d H y d r o l o g i c d a t a

a n a l y s i s

Q U A L 2 E - P l u s P l u s m o d e l b u i l d i n g

f o r W T C

M o d e l c a l i b r a t i o n

S c e n a r i o a n a l y s i s f o r B M P

B M P e s t i m a t i o n f o r I W R M

1 s t s t a k e h o l d e r m e e t i n g ( P J T 2 )

P J T 2

1 s t W Q m o n i t o r i n g a n d m o d e l i n g

t r a i n i n g ( P J T 2 )

P J T 2

I n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g

K w a t e r

2 n d s t a k e h o l d e r m e e t i n g ( P J T 2 )

P J T 2

2 n d W Q m o n i t o r i n g a n d m o d e l i n g

t r a i n i n g ( K w a t e r )

K w a t e r

3 r d s t a k e h o l d e r m e e t i n g ( P J T 2 )

P

J T 2

W Q M a n a g e m e n t

S y s t e m

F u t u r e p l a n f o r C R B I W R M

I n t e r .

m e e t i n g &

F i e l d t r i p

T r i p t o P J T

2 & W T C

M i d t e r m

r e p o r t

F i n a l r e p o r t

P r o j e c t e d P l a n

W Q M o n i t o r i n g

W Q M o n i t o r i n g ( F l o w , B O

D , T N , T P ,

D O , T e m p . , T u r b i d i t y e t c . )

W Q M o d e l i n g

M a j o r E v e n t s

C a p a c i t y B u i l d i n g & S t a k e h o l d e r s m e e t i n

82



A P P E N D I X J . A n a l y s i s r e s u l t s o f w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a a l o n g t h e W T C d u r i n g P D A p r o j e c t

( a ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : M a r c h 2 1 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O 2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g /

L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

9 : 1 2

2 0 . 4

n / a

n / a

n / a

2 . 3

6 . 1

0 . 1 9

0 . 0 2 8

1 . 6 8

0 . 9 5

0 . 6 0

0 . 4 5

2

1 0 : 1 0

1 6 . 8

3 2 . 1

6 . 7

5 . 2

2 . 1

5 . 1

0 . 5 9

0 . 0 1 7

0 . 1 1

0 . 9 5

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 5

3

1 2 : 1 7

3 0 . 3

6 . 7

4 . 0

2 . 8

7 . 1

0 . 1 7

0 . 0 9 8

1 . 1 2

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 0

4

1 2 : 2 2

3 2 . 5

6 . 4

4 . 4

2 . 7

7 . 1

0 . 5 3

0 . 0 7 0

0 . 1 1

0 . 3 9

0 . 6 5

0 . 4 0

5

1 4 : 5 0

1 5 . 9

3 3 . 2

6 . 2

4 . 5

1 . 9

< 5 . 0

0 . 7 7

0 . 0 5 5

0 . 1 1

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 5

6

1 5 : 0 8

3 1 . 7

6 . 4

4 . 7

2 . 3

5 . 1

0 . 3 9

0 . 0 8 3

0 . 1 1

0 . 9 0

0 . 3 0

0 . 1 5

7

1 5 : 2 0

2 9 . 9

6 . 4

5 . 3

5 . 9

1 5 . 2

0 . 6 5

0 . 0 7 7

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 7

0 . 2 5

0 . 4 0

8

1 6 : 1 4

2 8 . 9

6 . 4

4 . 8

4 . 8

1 3 . 2

0 . 7 0

0 . 0 6 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 2

0 . 2 0

0 . 2 5

9

1 7 : 0 1

2 3 . 7

2 8 . 4

6 . 2

4 . 7

3 . 8

1 0 . 2

0 . 6 5

0 . 0 6 2

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 8

0 . 4 5

0 . 2 0

1 0

1 7 : 3 5

2 8 . 3

6 . 2

4

5 . 0

1 5 . 2

0 . 8 0

0 . 0 7 8

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 3 5

1 1

1 8 : 1 2

2 7 . 8

6 . 2

3 . 9

3 . 6

1 0 . 2

0 . 5 5

0 . 0 9 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 5

0 . 1 0

83



( b ) S a m p l i n g

d a t e : M a r c h 3 0 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O 2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

1 0 : 0 5

3 2 . 9

3 1 . 2

6 . 6

5 . 8

1 . 9

< 5 . 0

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 4 2

0 . 2 8

1 . 5 7

0 . 6 5

0 . 4 0

2

1 1 : 1 2

4 1 . 2

3 0 . 6

6 . 7

6 . 2

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

0 . 1 6

0 . 1 7 7

0 . 1 1

1 . 2 3

0 . 4 0

0 . 2 0

3

1 2 : 0 7

3 2 . 2

6 . 5

6 . 3

1 . 8

< 5 . 0

0 . 5 2

0 . 1 3 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 5

4

1 2 : 2 2

3 1 . 3

6 . 4

6 . 4

3 . 2

8 . 1 3

0 . 2 4

0 . 1 9 2

0 . 8 4

0 . 5 6

0 . 7 5

0 . 4 5

5

1 2 : 4 0

1 6 . 5

3 1 . 9

6 . 6

6 . 1

1 . 9

< 5 . 0

0 . 7 6

0 . 0 3 4

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 0

6

1 3 : 2 2

3 4 . 2

6 . 4

5 . 0

1 . 9

< 5 . 0

0 . 2 2

0 . 3 1 0

0 . 2 8

1 . 9 6

0 . 4 0

0 . 1 0

7

1 3 : 3 2

3 3 . 7

6 . 7

6 . 2

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

4 . 6 6

0 . 2 4 0

0 . 1 1

1 . 2 3

0 . 2 0

0 . 3 5

8

1 3 : 4 8

3 4 . 1

6 . 2

7 . 1

2 . 6

6 . 1

0 . 6 3

0 . 0 7 7

0 . 0 6

1 . 5 7

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 5

9

1 4 : 2 5

9 . 1

3 2 . 4

6 . 5

5 . 8

3 . 4

9 . 1 4

0 . 7 6

0 . 0 6 4

0 . 2 8

1 . 1 2

0 . 4 0

0 . 2 1

1 0

1 4 : 4 2

3 1 . 9

6 . 5

5 . 4

3 . 3

8 . 1 3

0 . 9 1

0 . 2 0 1

0 . 5 6

1 . 4 0

0 . 0 6

0 . 3 5

1 1

1 4 : 5 7

3 1 . 1

6 . 6

4 . 4

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

0 . 5 4

0 . 1 9 0

0 . 4 5

1 . 1 2

0 . 1 5

0 . 0 5

84



( c ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : A p r i l 1 2 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

9 : 2 5

2 1 . 1

2 8 . 7

6 . 8

2 . 4

1 . 5

< 5 . 0

0 . 9 1

0 . 9 6

1 . 4 0

1 . 4 0

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 2

2

1 0 : 3 5

2 1 . 1

2 8 . 5

6 . 7

4 . 7

1 . 6

< 5 . 0

1 . 0 8

0 . 0 1

1 . 4 0

1 . 0 1

0 . 0 8

0 . 0 3

3

1 0 : 4 0

2 9 . 2

6 . 8

6 . 1

1 . 6

< 5 . 0

0 . 5 1

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 0

4

1 0 : 5 0

2 8 . 7

6 . 9

5 . 2

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

0 . 7 3

0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 6 7

0 . 0 3

0 . 0 5

5

1 1 : 4 5

7 . 3

3 0 . 1

6 . 7

6

2 . 1

6 . 1

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 9

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 5

1 . 4 5

6

1 2 : 0 0

2 9 . 7

6 . 7

5 . 6

1 . 6

< 5 . 0

0 . 8 5

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

1 . 4 0

0 . 0 5

1 . 0 5

7

1 2 : 1 5

2 9 . 3

6 . 6

5 . 5

1 . 5

< 5 . 0

0 . 7 4

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 0 1

0 . 2 0

8

1 3 : 4 0

2 9 . 4

6 . 9

5 . 6

3 . 3

8 . 1

0 . 7 3

0 . 0 3

0 . 1 1

1 . 4 0

0 . 1 5

0 . 0 1

9

1 4 : 1 0

2 7 . 5

2 9

6 7

3 . 9

2 . 2

6 . 1

0 . 7 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 8

1 . 2 3

5 . 0 0

0 . 0 5

1 0

1 5 : 0 0

3 0 . 1

6 . 7

3 . 7

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

0 . 9 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

1 . 4 0

0 . 0 3

0 . 3 0

1 1

1 6 : 1 5

2 9 . 7

6 . 8

4 . 9

7 . 6

2 0 . 3 2

0 . 8 7

0 . 1 3

0 . 0 6

1 . 1 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 3

85



( d ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : A p r i l 2 8 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

9 : 3 5

2 2 . 9

2 9 . 6

6 . 7

5 . 6

1 . 7

< 5 . 0

0 . 1 9

0 . 0 2 7

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 8

0 . 1 0

2

1 0 : 2 0

2 2 . 9

2 8 . 7

6 . 9

5 . 1

1 . 6

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0 . 1 7

0 . 0 9 1

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0 . 0 6

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3

1 0 : 2 5

2 9 . 5

6 . 8

6 . 2

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0 . 6 0

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4

1 0 : 3 5

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6 . 9

5 . 7

2 . 9

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0 . 5 4

0 . 0 6 7

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 1

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0 . 0 1

5

1 1 : 4 5

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6 . 5

1 . 8

5 . 1

0 . 7 4

0 . 0 5 3

0 . 0 6

1 . 9 6

0 . 0 3

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6

1 2 : 1 0

2 9 . 7

6 . 9

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1 . 5

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0 . 4 0

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7

1 2 : 3 5

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6 . 5

6 . 2

1 . 6

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0 . 6 5

0 . 0 7 1

0 . 1 1

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8

1 3 : 1 0

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0 . 6 9

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0 . 0 6

1 . 0 1

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9

1 3 : 2 5

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0 . 1 0

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1 4 : 5 0

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6 . 9

5 . 9

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6 . 1

0 . 8 1

0 . 0 7 3

0 . 1 1

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0 . 0 5

0 . 3 1

1 1

1 5 : 3 0

2 9 . 5

6 . 9

6 . 1

1 . 8

5 . 1

0 . 5 6

0 . 0 8 9

0 . 1 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 0 7

5 . 0 0

86



( e ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : M a y 1 0 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

9 : 1 5

4 1 . 2 5

2 7 . 8

6 . 8

2 . 3

1 . 3 9

< 5

1 . 5 1

0 . 1 5

0 . 8 4

0 . 1 1

0 . 7

0 . 7 5

2

1 0 : 3 0

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3 0 . 4

6 . 6

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1 . 4

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0 . 5 5 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 2

0 . 5

3

1 0 : 4 0

2 8 . 7

6 . 7

4 . 1

2 . 7 7

7 . 1 7

1 . 3 0 3

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4

1 1 : 0 0

2 9 . 5

7

4 . 5

4 . 1 8

1 0 . 2 4

0 . 8 5 1

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0 . 0 6

0 . 0 5

1 . 5

5

1 2 : 3 0

4 . 0 7

2 9 . 9

6 . 5

6 . 5

1 . 5

< 5

0 . 6 7 9

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0 . 2 8

1 . 6 8

0 . 3 5

0 . 2 5

6

1 3 : 0 0

2 9 . 5

6 . 8

4 . 5

3 . 7 8

9 . 2 2

0 . 9 8 4

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 5 6

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7

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5

2 . 2 1

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0 . 0 6

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8

1 3 : 4 0

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9

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1 0 . 2 4

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5

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1 1

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6 . 7

4

3 . 2 1

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2 . 0 0 7

0 . 0 1 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 4 5

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0 . 3

87



( f ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : M a y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

1

9 : 5 0

4 5 . 1 1

2 9

6 . 7

3 . 5

1 . 7 1

5 . 1 2

1 . 5 2

0 . 1 3

0 . 5 6

0 . 1 1

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0 . 7 5

2

1 0 : 4 0

5 . 9 4

2 9

6 . 9

4 . 7

1 . 4 9

< 5

0 . 5 4 6

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0 . 1 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 5

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3

1 0 : 4 5

3 0

6 . 7

5 . 2

2 . 2 2

6 . 1 4

1 . 2 9 3

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 6

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0 . 8 5

4

1 0 : 5 5

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6 . 9

5 . 7

3 . 6 6

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5

1 1 : 3 5

3 . 9 5

3 0

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5 . 8

1 . 4 9

< 5

0 . 7 5 1

0 . 0 5 7

0 . 5 6

1 . 4

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0 . 2 5

6

1 1 : 5 0

3 0

7

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7 . 1 7

0 . 4 0 5

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3 . 3

7

1 2 : 0 0

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5 . 1

1 . 6 1

5 . 1 2

0 . 6 5 1

0 . 0 7 5

0 . 2 8

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8

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4 7

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9

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3 1

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0 . 0 6 1

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3 . 7 1

9 . 2 2

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88



( g ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : J u n e 1 3 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

C m s

° C

-

m g / L

m

g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

1

9 : 3 0

5 0 . 6 0

3 0

6 . 7

4

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1 3 . 3 1

0 . 1 2 5

0 . 1 3 2

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0 . 7

5 4 . 6

2

1 1 : 0 5

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3 1

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3 . 4 4

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0 . 8 4 1

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3

1 1 : 1 0

3 1

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3 . 7

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1 2 . 2 9

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4

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1 . 9 6

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5

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1 . 1 2

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0 . 3 5

3 0 . 7

6

1 3 . 0 5

2 9

6 . 5

4 . 8

5 . 6 2

1 4 . 3 4

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3 . 1 0

1 7 . 7

7

1 3 . 0 5

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5 . 5 7

1 4 . 3 4

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0 . 8 4

0 . 5 6

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8

1 3 : 4 5

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1 6 . 3 8

1 . 1 9 0

< 0 . 0 1

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9

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1 1 . 2 6

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0 . 0 8 7

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1 1

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1 5 2

89



( h ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : J u n e 2 7 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m

s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

0 8 : 5 5

4 9 . 5 5

2 8

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3 . 7

4 . 4 5

1 1 . 2 8

0 . 3 2 8

0 . 2 3 2

0 , 1 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 1 1 2

0 . 0 6 4

8 6 . 3

2

2

1 0 : 2 5

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2 9

6 . 8

4 . 5

3 . 0 3

7 . 1 7

0 . 7 1 3

0 . 0 1 1

0 . 1 1

1 . 4

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3 1 . 7

6

3

1 0 : 3 5

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4

4

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4

5

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2

6

1 2 : 3 0

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1 . 4 0

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< 0 . 0 1

3 5 . 7

1 0

7

1 2 : 4 5

3 0

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5 . 1

1 . 4 9

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0 . 6 9 5

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6

8

1 4 : 0 0

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4 . 6

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1 0 . 2 4

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6

9

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5 . 7

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< 0 . 0 1

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4

1 0

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1 1 8 9

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1 0 1

6

1 1

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2 . 7 0

6 . 1 4

1 0 7 6

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0 . 1 1

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0 . 1 0 6

8 8 . 8

4

90



( i ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : J u l y 1 3 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D 5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T

S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

9 : 1 5

5 0 . 6

2 8 . 5

6 . 7

3 . 9

6 . 3 7

1 6 . 1 3

1 . 3 3

< 0 , 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 2 2 7

0 . 0 1 2

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4

2

1 0 : 0 5

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6 . 6

6 . 3

2 . 3 4

5 . 0 4

1 . 2 0 8

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0 . 0 6

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 6 6

0 . 2 6

1 3 . 3

6

3

1 0 : 3 5

3 . 8 7

2 9 . 3

6 . 8

8 . 2

3 . 0 8

7 . 0 6

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5 . 7 6

2

4

1 0 : 4 5

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6 . 7

6 . 4

1 . 5 4

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1 . 1 4 8

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0 . 1 1

0 . 3 9 6

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5

1 0 : 4 5

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6 . 9

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5 . 1 8

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1 7 . 9

4

6

1 1 : 1 5

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4

7

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2

8

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8

9

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0 . 8 9 8

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0 . 4 5 4

3 7 . 2

4

1 0

1 4 : 0 0

2 9 . 4

6 . 9

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0 . 5 0 7

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0 . 2 8

0 . 0 6

0 . 2 9 3

4 4 . 4

4

1 1

1 4 : 1 5

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6 . 7

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1 5 . 1 2

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3 3 . 7

4

1 2

1 4 : 3 5

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6

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6

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4

91



( j ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : J u l y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

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3 - N

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N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

C m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U m

g / L

1

1 0 : 2 0

5 8 . 3 3

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6 . 7

5 . 2

2 . 6 9

6 . 0 5

1 . 1 9

0 . 0 1

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4

2

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1 0 . 3

6

3

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4

4

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8

5

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6

6

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6

7

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8

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8

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6

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4

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6

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6

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8

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0 . 1 1

1 . 6 8

0 . 1 6 9

0 . 3 6 4

2 0 . 8

4

92



( k ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : A u g u s t 1 0 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

C m

s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

8 : 5 5

5 7 . 4 3

2 9 . 5

6 . 6

4 . 8

2 . 3 8

5 . 0 4

1 . 1 6 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 3 9

0 . 2 4 0

0 . 0 9 0

1 1 . 2

2

2

9 : 1 5

2 9 . 2

6 . 7

6 . 1

3 . 1 3

7 . 0 6

1 . 1 2 3

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 2 2

0 . 1 4 0

0 . 1 5 0

1 0 . 6

4

3

9 : 4 5

0 . 3 9

2 9 . 3

6 . 7

7 . 9

2 . 7 8

6 . 0 5

0 . 1 4 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 3 0

0 . 1 0 0

2 . 5

6

4

9 : 5 5

2 9 . 7

6 . 8

5 . 6

3 . 5 0

8 . 0 6

0 . 4 8 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 5 0

0 . 0 3 0

1 2 . 1

6

5

1 0 : 0 5

2 8 . 9

6 . 9

6 . 2

1 . 4 9

< 5

1 . 1 5 4

0 . 0 1 1

0 . 4 5

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 2 0

< 0 . 0 1

1 0 . 2

4

6

1 0 : 2 5

2 9 . 1

6 . 8

7 . 4

3 . 0 8

7 . 0 6

1 . 0 9 5

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 6 0

0 . 0 5 0

9 . 8

6

7

1 1 : 1 0

0 . 6 6

2 8 . 7

6 . 7

8 . 0

3 . 8 2

9 . 0 7

0 . 9 4 4

< 0 . 0 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 9 0

0 . 0 4 0

5 . 4 3

4

8

1 1 : 3 0

2 9 . 5

6 . 9

7 . 1

4 . 1 2

1 0 . 0 8

0 . 9 6 7

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

1 . 4 0

0 . 0 9 0

< 0 . 0 1

1 1 . 9

6

9

1 1 : 4 0

2 9 . 8

6 . 7

8 . 1

2 . 3 8

5 . 0 4

0 . 8 5 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 7

0 . 0 7 0

0 . 1 1 0

3 8 . 6

8

1 0

1 3 : 2 0

2 9 . 5

6 . 6

6 . 8

3 . 0 8

7 . 0 6

0 . 5 0 4

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 7 0

< 0 . 0 1

2 1 . 5

6

1 1

1 3 : 3 5

2 9 . 7

6 . 8

7 . 9

1 . 4 8

< 5

0 . 9 5 9

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 1 0 0

0 . 0 5 0

1 2 . 9

4

1 2

1 3 : 5 5

3 . 5 8

3 0 . 0

6 . 8

7 . 4

1 . 4 9

< 5

1 . 1 8 0

0 . 0 1 0

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 6 0

0 . 0 8 0

1 5 . 5

6

1 3

1 4 : 3 0

2 9 . 2

6 . 9

6 . 0

2 . 7 3

6 . 0 5

0 . 7 4 9

0 . 0 1 1

0 . 4 5

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 3 0

0 . 1 2 0

1 7 . 5

6

1 4

1 5 : 0 0

2 8 . 7

6 . 7

6 . 3

1 . 4 8

< 5

0 . 9 7 4

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 5 0

< 0 . 0 1

2 1 . 0

4

93



( l ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : A u g u s t 2 4 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D 5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

9 : 0 5

5 7 . 1 1

2 9 . 7

6 . 3

3 . 2

1 . 4 9

< 5

0 . 6 7 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 7

0 . 1 6

1 0 . 6

4

2

1 0 : 0 6

2 8 . 8

6 . 4

4 . 4

1 . 4 6

< 5

0 . 5 8 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 6 7

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 4

0 . 1 4

9 . 9

2

3

1 0 : 5 3

7 . 7 2

2 9 . 6

6 . 4

4 . 6

1 . 5 0

< 5

0 . 8 0 4

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 8

0 . 2 1

0 . 0 8

3 . 1

4

4

1 0 : 5 8

2 8 . 6

6 . 5

4 . 9

1 . 4 9

< 5

0 . 3 6 2

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 6

< 0 . 0 1

1 1 . 3

8

5

1 1 : 0 5

2 8 . 7

6 . 4

4 . 7

1 . 4 4

< 5

0 . 9 0 2

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 8 4

1 . 0 1

0 . 1 6

< 0 . 0 1

1 0 . 1

4

6

1 1 : 1 0

2 9 . 1

6 . 3

5 . 1

1 . 4 9

< 5

0 . 8 3 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 3 9

0 . 1 7

< 0 . 0 1

9 . 2

8

7

1 2 : 0 5

7 . 6 3

3 0 . 1

6 . 5

5 . 1

1 . 4 4

< 5

1 . 6 4 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 1

< 0 . 0 1

4 . 6 1

2

8

1 3 : 3 5

2 9 . 9

6 . 6

5 . 2

1 . 4 5

< 5

0 . 4 3 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

1 . 0 8

0 . 0 9

0 . 0 6

1 0 . 5

6

9

1 3 : 4 5

2 9 . 4

6 . 5

6 . 1

1 . 5 0

< 5

0 . 6 4 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 0

0 . 0 7

2 6 . 5

1 0

1 0

1 4 : 4 5

2 9 . 9

6 . 5

5 . 5

1 . 4 5

< 5

1 . 5 1 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 4

< 0 . 0 1

1 9 . 5

8

1 1

1 5 : 1 0

2 8 . 8

6 . 5

5 . 6

2 . 7 4

6 . 0 5

1 . 2 3 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

1 . 4 0

0 . 1 3

< 0 . 0 1

1 1 . 2

6

1 2

1 5 : 1 6

9 . 7 9

2 8 . 9

6 . 6

6 . 7

1 . 4 6

< 5

0 . 8 8 8

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 8 4

0 . 2 1

0 . 0 6

1 3 . 2

6

1 3

1 5 : 4 6

2 8 . 9

6 . 6

6 . 3

1 . 4 4

< 5

1 . 6 5 0

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 0 9

0 . 0 1

1 5 . 8

8

1 4

1 6 : 4 0

2 8 . 7

6 . 5

6 . 5

1 . 4 9

< 5

1 . 5 2 5

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 1 1

0 . 1 2

0 . 0 4

2 0 . 1

6

94



( m ) S a m p l i n g

d a t e : S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D

5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

c m

s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

9 : 1 0

5 8 . 6 6

2 6 . 0

7 . 3

3 . 3 9

7 . 7 2

2 0 . 1 6

8 . 5 3

0 . 4 2

1 . 1 2

0 . 3 4

0 . 1 0

0 . 0 8

7 4 . 0

2

2

1 0 : 2 0

2 8 . 7

7 . 3

3 . 3 9

8 . 0 6

2 1 . 1 7

6 . 2 1

0 . 0 5

0 . 5 6

0 . 8 4

0 . 1 2

0 . 0 8

6 5 . 5

4

3

1 0 : 4 0

1 . 5 3

2 9 . 0

7 . 3

5 . 0 8

3 . 1 4

7 . 0 6

8 . 7 5

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 3 4

0 . 2 4

0 . 1 1

6 8 . 2

4

4

1 0 : 4 5

2 8 . 8

7 . 4

4 . 0 8

7 . 6 7

2 0 . 1 6

8 . 0 2

0 . 1 8

0 . 1 1

1 . 4 0

0 . 2 2

0 . 4 7

4 5 . 3

6

5

1 0 : 5 2

2 8 . 8

7 . 4

4 . 9 8

6 . 3 2

1 6 . 1 3

4 . 0 0

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 3 9

0 . 1 3

< 0 . 0 1

6 2 . 5

2

6

1 1 : 0 8

3 0 . 4

7 . 3

3 . 5 9

4 . 1 3

1 0 . 0 8

7 . 9 3

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 8 4

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 2

3 8 . 2

2

7

1 1 : 3 6

1 . 5 8

2 9 . 9

7 . 4

3 . 4 5

8 . 4 7

2 2 . 1 8

4 . 4 1

0 . 2 7

1 . 1 2

0 . 3 9

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 3

4 2 . 5

4

8

1 2 : 0 5

2 9 . 7

7 . 4

4 . 4 8

8 . 5 1

2 2 . 1 8

4 . 0 4

0 . 0 2

0 . 1 1

0 . 5 6

0 . 1 8

0 . 0 9

3 0 . 5

4

9

1 2 : 1 1

2 9 . 5

7 . 3

3 . 9 8

5 . 2 2

1 3 . 1 0

3 . 5 7

0 . 0 4

0 . 0 6

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 8

1 8 . 9

4

1 0

1 3 : 1 6

3 0 . 4

7 . 5

6 . 9 7

1 . 4 9

< 5

3 . 5 0

0 . 0 7

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 1

< 0 . 0 1

1 2 . 6

2

1 1

1 3 : 2 8

3 2 . 3

7 . 5

4 . 7 8

1 3 . 8 5

3 7 . 3 0

4 . 2 9

< 0 . 0 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 3 9

0 . 0 5

0 . 1 9

3 2 . 2

2

1 2

1 3 : 3 2

2 . 0 8

3 2 . 4

7 . 5

2 . 1 9

5 . 5 7

1 4 . 1 1

3 . 9 9

0 . 0 2

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 0

0 . 0 3

8 . 5 0

6

1 3

1 4 : 1 5

2 8 . 2

7 . 6

2 . 7 9

1 1 . 3 5

3 0 . 2 4

3 . 7 6

0 . 0 3

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 0

0 . 1 2

3 1 . 2

8

1 4

1 5 : 1 5

3 1 . 7

7 . 7

3 . 3 9

9 . 5 1

2 5 . 2 0

3 . 5 7

0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 4

1 9 . 8

6

95



( n ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : S e p t e m b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D 5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

C m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

8 : 3 5

5 2 . 9 9

2 8 . 3

6 . 8

3 . 6 0

3 . 1 9

6 . 9 7

1 6 . 5 4

0 . 6 7

1 . 1 2

0 . 5 6

0 . 1 5

0 . 0 6

4 9 . 1 0

2

2

9 : 2 7

2 8 . 4

6 . 8

3 . 7 2

7 . 6 7

1 9 . 9 2

1 3 . 3 5

0 . 0 3

1 . 1 2

0 . 2 8

0 . 9 0

0 . 1 6

5 8 . 2

2

3

9 : 5 1

1 . 1 1

3 1 . 2

6 . 9

5 . 2 0

3 . 4 2

7 . 9 7

1 2 . 8 1

0 . 2 9

0 . 5 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 0 5

< 0 . 0 1

4 7 . 8

6

4

9 : 5 6

2 8 . 6

6 . 9

5 . 4 3

3 . 4 6

7 . 9 7

1 2 . 5 3

0 . 0 2

0 . 8 4

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 9

< 0 . 0 1

5 2 . 3

4

5

1 0 : 0 4

2 8 . 5

6 . 8

4 . 8 7

3 . 7 9

8 . 9 6

5 . 0 8

0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 7

0 . 0 8

2 8 . 1

4

6

1 0 : 2 5

2 8 . 6

6 . 8

4 . 1 0

1 . 4 8

< 5

4 . 8 7

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 2

3 2 . 5

6

7

1 1 : 0 3

1 . 0 0

3 0 . 1

7 . 1

3 . 8 2

5 . 9 6

1 4 . 9 4

4 . 5 3

0 . 5 6

1 . 1 2

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 2

< 0 . 0 1

1 8 . 8

2

8

1 1 : 2 4

2 9 . 1

6 . 8

4 . 0 5

1 . 4 9

< 5

4 . 6 5

0 . 0 4

0 . 1 1

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 1

0 . 0 7

2 5 . 4

2

9

1 1 : 3 0

2 9 . 1

6 . 9

3 . 6 2

3 . 1 4

6 . 9 7

8 . 4 5

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 6

< 0 . 0 1

1 0 . 5

4

1 0

1 1 : 5 0

2 9 . 8

6 . 9

6 . 5 2

5 . 2 7

1 2 . 9 5

7 . 6 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 6

0 . 0 3

1 5 . 9

2

1 1

1 2 : 0 9

3 1 . 5

6 . 7

4 . 2 5

9 . 1 5

2 3 . 9 0

7 . 4 5

0 . 0 5

0 . 8 4

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 7

0 . 0 5

2 3 . 4

2

1 2

1 2 : 1 4

5 . 5 8

3 0 . 0

6 . 9

2 . 3 5

3 . 1 9

6 . 9 7

8 . 6 9

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 6

< 0 . 0 1

4 0 . 8

8

1 3

1 3 : 4 2

2 9 . 8

6 . 9

2 . 6 3

1 . 4 8

< 5

7 . 7 3

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 0 4

< 0 . 0 1

2 5 . 7

6

1 4

1 4 : 4 2

2 9 . 6

6 . 8

3 . 1 0

2 . 7 1

5 . 9 8

7 . 8 5

0 . 0 2

0 . 1 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 0 3

< 0 . 0 1

2 3 . 8

4

96



( o ) S a m p l i n g d a t e : O c t o b e r 2 2 , 2 0 0 7

P a r a m e t e r s

S a m p l i n g

t i m e

F l o w

T e m p .

p H

D O

B O D 5

C O D

N O

3 - N

N O

2 - N

N H

3 - N

O r g .

N

D i s s . P

O r g .

P

T u r b .

T S S

M o n i t o r i n g

s t a t i o n n o .

C m s

° C

-

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

m g / L

N T U

m g / L

1

8 : 3 5

4 9 . 8 3

2 8 . 3

6 . 8

3 . 6 0

3 . 1 9

6 . 9 7

1 6 . 5 4

0 . 6 7

1 . 1 2

0 . 5 6

0 . 1 5

0 . 0 6

4 9 . 1 0

2

2

9 : 2 7

2 8 . 4

6 . 8

3 . 7 2

7 . 6 7

1 9 . 9 2

1 3 . 3 5

0 . 0 3

1 . 1 2

0 . 2 8

0 . 9 0

0 . 1 6

5 8 . 2

2

3

9 : 5 1

2 . 3 2

3 1 . 2

6 . 9

5 . 2 0

3 . 4 2

7 . 9 7

1 2 . 8 1

0 . 2 9

0 . 5 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 0 5

< 0 . 0 1

4 7 . 8

6

4

9 : 5 6

2 8 . 6

6 . 9

5 . 4 3

3 . 4 6

7 . 9 7

1 2 . 5 3

0 . 0 2

0 . 8 4

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 9

< 0 . 0 1

5 2 . 3

4

5

1 0 : 0 4

2 8 . 5

6 . 8

4 . 8 7

3 . 7 9

8 . 9 6

5 . 0 8

0 . 0 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 4 5

0 . 1 7

0 . 0 8

2 8 . 1

4

6

1 0 : 2 5

2 8 . 6

6 . 8

4 . 1 0

1 . 4 8

< 5

4 . 8 7

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 8 4

0 . 1 5

0 . 1 2

3 2 . 5

6

7

1 1 : 0 3

2 . 3 2

3 0 . 1

7 . 1

3 . 8 2

5 . 9 6

1 4 . 9 4

4 . 5 3

0 . 5 6

1 . 1 2

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 2

< 0 . 0 1

1 8 . 8

2

8

1 1 : 2 4

2 9 . 1

6 . 8

4 . 0 5

1 . 4 9

< 5

4 . 6 5

0 . 0 4

0 . 1 1

0 . 5 6

0 . 2 1

0 . 0 7

2 5 . 4

2

9

1 1 : 3 0

2 9 . 1

6 . 9

3 . 6 2

3 . 1 4

6 . 9 7

8 . 4 5

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 0 6

0 . 6 7

0 . 1 6

< 0 . 0 1

1 0 . 5

4

1 0

1 1 : 5 0

2 9 . 8

6 . 9

6 . 5 2

5 . 2 7

1 2 . 9 5

7 . 6 6

< 0 . 0 1

0 . 1 1

0 . 2 8

0 . 1 6

0 . 0 3

1 5 . 9

2

1 1

1 2 : 0 9

3 1 . 5

6 . 7

4 . 2 5

9 . 1 5

2 3 . 9 0

7 . 4 5

0 . 0 5

0 . 8 4

0 . 2 8

0 . 0 7

0 . 0 5

2 3 . 4

2

1 2

1 2 : 1 4

1 3 . 3 1

3 0 . 0

6 . 9

2 . 3 5

3 . 1 9

6 . 9 7

8 . 6 9

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 4 5

0 . 0 6

< 0 . 0 1

4 0 . 8

8

1 3

1 3 : 4 2

2 9 . 8

6 . 9

2 . 6 3

1 . 4 8

< 5

7 . 7 3

0 . 0 2

0 . 0 6

0 . 5 6

0 . 0 4

< 0 . 0 1

2 5 . 7

6

1 4

1 4 : 4 2

2 9 . 6

6 . 8

3 . 1 0

2 . 7 1

5 . 9 8

7 . 8 5

0 . 0 2

0 . 1 1

1 . 1 2

0 . 0 3

< 0 . 0 1

2 3 . 8

4

97



A P P E N D I X K . W a t e r q u a l i t y s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s u s i n g Q U A L 2 E - P L U S

4 . 8 0

1 1 . 6 9

B e k a s

W e i r

9 . 2 0

1 7 . 3 2

1 7 . 3 2

[ 3 . 6 2 ]

[ 4 . 9 8 ]

7 . 4

8

C i k a r a n

W e i r

5 . 4 5

1 0 . 1 4

1 7 . 6 2

[ 4 . 7 6 ]

[ 5 . 8 8 ]

2 1

. 2 8

1 6 . 7 9

C u r u g

[ 2 . 7 8 ]

2 3 . 6 7

1 5 . 9 4

3 7 . 2 2

2 0 . 4 3

[ 3 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 9 0 ]

[ 2 . 6 7 ]

[ 2 . 3 0 ]

B e k a s i

R i v e r

C F C

1 0 . 8 8

2 2 . 2 4

[ 2 . 2 9 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

C i k a r a n R i v e r

C i b e e

R i v e r

0 3 / 2 1 / 2 0 0 7

F i g u r e E . 1 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n M a r c h 2 1 , 2 0 0 7

98



0 3 - 2 1 - 2 0 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D

i s t a n c e f r o m t h e C u r u g

W e i r ( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

0 3 - 2 1 - 2 0 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

0 3 - 2 1 - 2 0 0 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

0 3 - 2 1 - 2 0 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r ( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 2 C o m

p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f M a r c h 2 1 , 2 0 0 7

99



4 . 1 4

0 . 1 8

B e k a s

W e i r

3 . 0 4

1 4 . 8 8

1 4 . 8 8

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

[ 3 . 3 1 ]

5 . 7

5

C i k a r a n

W e i r

0 . 0 0

1 0 . 0 7

1 5 . 8 2

[ 2 . 6 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

2 4

. 7 1

8 . 3 0

C u r u g

[ 1 . 8 1 ]

9 . 1 3

1 6 . 4 7

4 1 . 1 8

3 2 . 8 8

[ 3 . 4 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 3 . 2 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

B e k a s i

R i v e r

C F C

2 . 3 9

8 . 3 0

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

C i k a r a n R i v e r

C i b e e

R i v e r

0 3 / 3 0 / 2 0 0 7

F i g u r e E . 3

F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n M a r c h 3 0 , 2 0 0 7

100



0 3 - 3 0 - 2 0 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e f r o m t h e C u

r u g W e i r ( K m )

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s

u r e

d

0 3 - 3 0 - 2 0 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

0 3 - 3 0 - 2 0 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

0 3 - 3 0 - 2 0 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 4 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f M a r c h 3 0 , 2 0 0 7

101



5 . 5 4

1 4 . 2 1

4 . 2 3

1 7 . 3 7

1 7 . 3 7

[ 3 . 6 2 ]

[ 4 . 9 8 ]

6 . 6

4

7 . 9 7

9 . 5 9

1 6 . 2 3

[ 4 . 7 6 ]

[ 5 . 8 8 ]

2 1

. 0 6

C u

r u g

2 7 . 5 3

1 3 . 1 8

3 4 . 2 4

2 1 . 1 0

[ 3 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 9 0 ]

[ 2 . 6 7 ]

C F C

[ 2 . 3 0 ]

1 3 . 1 4

[ 2 . 7 8 ]

7 . 2 8

2 1 . 1 1

[ 2 . 2 9 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

0 4 / 1 2 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r

B e k a s i R i v e r

C i k a r a n g W e i r

C i k a r a n g R i v e r

C i b e e t R i v e r

F i g u r e E . 5 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n

A p r i l 1 2 , 2 0 0 7

102



A p r / 1 2 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 1 2 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 1 2 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 1 2 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 6 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f A

p r i l 1 2 , 2 0 0 7 .

103



5 . 5 5

2 5 . 4 5

8 . 1 8

1 6 . 8 7

1 6 . 8 7

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

[ 3 . 3 1 ]

1 1

. 3 6

6 . 8 1

7 . 6 2

1 8 . 9 8

[ 2 . 6 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

2 3

. 1 3

C u r u g

4 0 . 2 5

1 6 . 9 4

4 0 . 0 7

2 2 . 9 3

[ 3 . 4 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 3 . 2 1 ]

C F C

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

1 7 . 1 4

1 0 . 2 2

2 3 . 9 5

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

0 4 / 2 8 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r

B e k a s i R

i v e r

C i k a r a n g

W e i r



F i g u r e E . 7 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n A p r i l 2 8 , 2 0 0 7

104



A p r / 2 8

/ 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 2 8 / 0 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0

1 0

2 0

3

0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 2 8

/ 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A p r / 2 8 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 8 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f A p r i l 2 8 , 2 0 0 7 .

105



5 . 5 4

1 3 . 2 5

5 1 . 3 2

1 7 . 3 9

1 7 . 3 9

[ 3 . 6 2 ]

[ 4 . 9 8 ]

9 . 7

6

9 . 7 0

6 . 3 6

1 6 . 1 2

[ 4 . 7 6 ]

[ 5 . 8 8 ]

3 1

. 6 1

C u r u g

2 9 . 8 2

1 7 . 0 5

4 8 . 6 6

4 1 . 2 5

[ 3 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 9 0 ]

[ 2 . 6 7 ]

C F C

[ 2 . 3 0 ]

7 . 4 1

[ 2 . 7 8 ]

5 0 . 3 9

1 7 . 1 1

[ 2 . 2 9 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

B e k a s i R

i v e r

M a y / 1 0 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r




F i g u r e E . 9 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n

p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n M a y 1 0 , 2 0 0 7

106



M a y

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 1 0 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f M a y 1 0 , 2 0 0 7 .

107



3 . 7 4

0 . 2 9

3 . 0 8

1 6 . 8 3

1 6 . 8 3

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

[ 3 . 3 1 ]

5 . 4

2

0 . 0 0

1 0 . 6 5

1 6 . 0 7

[ 2 . 6 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

3 5

. 8 5

C u r u g

1 0 . 2 1

1 5 . 2 0

5 1 . 0 5

4 5 . 1 1

[ 3 . 4 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 3 . 2 1 ]

C F C

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

5 . 9 4

3 . 9 5

5 . 9 4

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

B e k a s i R

i v e r


M a y / 2 6 / 2 0 0 7


C i b e e t

R i v e r

B e k a s i W e i r

F i g u r e E . 1 1 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n M a y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7

108



M a y / 2 6

/ 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y / 2 6 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y / 2 6

/ 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

M a y / 2 6 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 1 2 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f M a y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7 .

109



5 . 7 4

0 . 5 4

3 . 7 7

1 7 . 2 6

1 7 . 2 6

[ 3 . 6 2 ]

[ 4 . 9 8 ]

8 . 2

5

0 . 0 0

7 . 1 3

1 5 . 3 8

[ 4 . 7 6 ]

[ 5 . 8 8 ]

3 8

. 6 3

C u

r u g

1 6 . 4 1

1 1 . 2 2

4 9 . 8 5

4 3 . 5 5

[ 3 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 9 0 ]

[ 2 . 6 7 ]

C F C

[ 2 . 3 0 ]

6 . 3 0

[ 2 . 7 8 ]

7 . 9 3

6 . 3 0

[ 2 . 2 9 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]


J u n e / 1 2 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r




F i g u r e E . 1 3

F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n J u n e 1 2 , 2 0 0 7

110



J u n / 1 2 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u n / 1 2 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u n / 1 2 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u n / 1 2 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 1 4 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f J u n e 1 2 , 2 0 0 7 .

111



5 . 3 8

1 . 3 3

5 . 7 3

1 7 . 2 0

1 7 . 2 0

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

[ 3 . 3 1 ]

1 0

. 6 2

0 . 0 0

1 1 . 2 9

2 1 . 9 1

[ 2 . 6 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

3 8

. 6 9

C u r u g

1 2 . 6 2

1 6 . 9 6

5 5 . 6 5

4 9 . 5 5

[ 3 . 4 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 3 . 2 1 ]

C F C

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

6 . 1 0

1 0 . 6 8

6 . 1 0

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

B e k a s i R

i v e r


J u n e / 2 7 / 2 0 0 7


C i b e e t

R i v e r

B e k a s i W e i r

F i g u r e E . 1 5

F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n J u n e 2 7 , 2 0 0 7

112



J u n / 2 7 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a

t e d

M e a s u r e

d

J u n

/ 2 7 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u n / 2 7 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u n

/ 2 7 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 1 6 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f J u n e 2 7 , 2 0 0 7 .

113



3 . 8 0

0 . 1 3

4 . 7 2

1 7 . 0 5

1 7 . 0 5

[ 3 . 6 2 ]

[ 4 . 9 8 ]

9 . 3

5

0 . 0 0

1 2 . 1 6

2 1 . 5 1

[ 4 . 7 6 ]

[ 5 . 8 8 ]

2 9

. 5 7

C u

r u g

8 . 8 2

2 4 . 9 0

5 4 . 4 7

5 0 . 6 0

[ 3 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 9 0 ]

[ 2 . 6 7 ]

C F C

[ 2 . 3 0 ]

3 . 8 7

[ 2 . 7 8 ]

1 . 3 3

3 . 8 7

[ 2 . 2 9 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]



J u l y / 1 3 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r



F i g u r e E . 1 7 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n J u l y 1 3 , 2 0 0 7

114



J u l / 1 3 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 1 3 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 1 3 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 1 3 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 1 8 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f J u l y 1 3 , 2 0 0 7 .

115



3 . 7 5

0 . 0 0

3 . 6 6

1 6 . 5 2

1 6 . 5 2

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

[ 3 . 3 1 ]

8 . 5

8

0 . 0 0

1 7 . 7 5

2 6 . 3 3

[ 2 . 6 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]

3 0

. 0 7

C u r u g

2 . 5 2

2 9 . 0 8

5 9 . 1 5

5 8 . 3 3

[ 3 . 4 1 ]

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 3 . 2 1 ]

C F C

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

0 . 8 2

0 . 9 1

0 . 8 2

[ 1 . 9 1 ]

[ 1 . 7 1 ]



B e k a s i W e i r

B e k a s i R

i v e r


J u l y / 2 6 / 2 0 0 7

F i g u r e E . 1 9

F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n J u l y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7

116



J u l / 2 6 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 2 6 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 2 6 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

J u l / 2 6 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 2 0 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f J u l y 2 6 , 2 0 0 7 .

117





A u

g / 1 0 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u g

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u

g / 1 0 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u g

/ 1 0 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 2 2 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f A u g u s t 1 0 , 2 0 0 7 .

119





A u

g / 2 4 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u g

/ 2 4 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u

g / 2 4 / 0 7

0 . 0

1 . 0

2 . 0

3 . 0

4 . 0

5 . 0

6 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

A u g

/ 2 4 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

F i g u r e E . 2 4 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f A u g u s t 2 4 , 2 0 0 7 .

121



3 . 9 0

0 . 0 8

4 . 4 7

1 6 . 8 5

1 6 . 8 5

[ 9 . 5 1 ]

[ 1 1 . 3 5 ]

6 . 9 8

0 . 0 0

1 8 . 7 5

[ 1 . 4 9 ]

2 5 . 7 3

[ 1 3 . 8 5 ]

[ 5 . 2 2 ]

3 1 . 7 7

C u r u g

[ 7 . 6 7 ]

[ 8 . 0 6 ]

2 . 0 8

2 8 . 6 2

[ 4 . 1 3 ]

6 0 . 3 9

5 8 . 8 6

[ 5 . 5 7 ]

[ 8 . 5 1 ]

[ 6 . 3 2 ]

C F C

[ 7 . 7 2 ]

1 . 5 3

1 . 5 8

1 . 5 3

[ 8 . 4 7 ]

[ 3 . 1 4 ]

B e k a s i R

i v e r

S e p

/ 1 7 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r


C i k a r a n g R i v e


F i g u r e E . 2 5 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 2 0 0 7

122



S e p / 1 7 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

s e p / 1 7 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

S e p / 1 7 / 0 7

0 . 0

2 . 0

4 . 0

6 . 0

8 . 0

1 0

. 0

1 2

. 0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e

d

S e p

/ 1 7 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a

t e d

M e a s u r e

d

F i g u r e E . 2 6 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 2 0 0 7 .

123



4 . 5 9

0 . 1 2

4 . 5 0

1 6 . 4 6

1 6 . 4 6

[ 2 . 7 1 ]

[ 1 . 4 8 ]

7 . 8 9

0 . 0 0

1 5 . 5 9

[ 5 . 2 7 ]

2 3 . 4 8

[ 9 . 1 5 ]

[ 3 . 1 4 ]

2 7 . 1 2

C u r u g

[ 3 . 4 6 ]

[ 7 . 6 7 ]

5 . 5 8

2 6 . 9 8

[ 1 . 4 8 ]

5 4 . 1 0

5 2 . 9 9

[ 3 . 1 9 ]

[ 1 . 4 9 ]

[ 3 . 7 9 ]

C F C

[ 3 . 1 9 ]

1 . 1 1

1 . 0 0

1 . 1 1

[ 5 . 9 6 ]

[ 3 . 4 2 ]

B e k a s i R

i v e r


S e p

/ 2 9 / 2 0 0 7



B e k a s i W e i r

F i g u r e E . 2 7 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 2 0 0 7

124



S e p

/ 2 9 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

D i s t a n c e

f r o m

t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

D O ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

S e p

/ 2 9 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0


t h e

C u r u g

W e i r

( K m

)

B O D ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e d

S e p / 2 9 / 0 7

0 . 0

5 . 0

1 0

. 0

1 5

. 0

2 0

. 0

2 5

. 0 0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



T N ( m g / L )

S i m u l a t e d

M e a s u r e

d

S e p

/ 2 9 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



T P ( m g / L )

S i m u l a

t e d

M e a s u r e

d

F i g u r e E . 2 8 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 2 0 0 7 .

125



5 . 4 8

6 . 2 7

7 . 6 0

1 6 . 6 5

1 6 . 6 5

[ 3 . 4 2 ]

[ 7 . 4 3 ]

6 . 0 9

0 . 0 0

1 5 . 0 9

[ 4 . 8 7 ]

2 1 . 1 8

[ 6 . 6 7 ]

[ 2 . 7 1 ]

2 5 . 6 9

C u r u g

[ 3 . 4 2 ]

[ 5 . 2 2 ]

1 3 . 3 1

2 6 . 4 6

[ 6 . 3 2 ]

5 2 . 1 5

4 9 . 8 3

[ 2 . 7 6 ]

[ 1 . 4 6 ]

[ 7 . 0 3 ]

C F C

[ 1 . 4 1 ]

2 . 3 2

2 . 3 2

2 . 3 2

[ 3 . 4 6 ]

[ 3 . 7 7 ]


B e k a s i R

i v e r

O c t / 2 2 / 2 0 0 7

B e k a s i W e i r



F i g u r e E . 2 9 F l o w r a t e s a n d B O D ( i n p a r e n t h e s i s ) m e a s u r e d o n O c t o b e r 2 2 , 2 0 0 7

126



O c t / 2 2 / 0 7

6 0

7 0

)

O c t / 2 2 / 0 7

0 2 4 6 8 1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



B O D ( m g / L )

B O D

M e a s u r e

d B O D

O c t / 2 2 / 0 7

6 0

7 0

)

O c t / 2 2 / 0 7

0 . 0

0 . 5

1 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0



T P ( m g / L )

S U M - P

M e a s u r e

d T P

e a s u r e d a n d s i m u l a t e d w a t e r q u a l i t y o f O c t o b e r 2 2 , 2 0 0 7

Documents

INO PDA: Development of a Water Quality Management System for the West Tarum Canal of the Citarum River Basin (Final Report)