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LEDs 1
Allen M Weiss PE LC (aweisssescolightingcom)
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd
Winter Park Florida 32779
T 407-629-6100 F 407-629-6213
wwwsescolightingcom
Innovations inSolid State Lighting
(LEDs)
2
SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems Credit earned on completion of
this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members Certificates of
Completion for non-AIA are available on request
This program is registered with the AIACES for continuing professional
education As such it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling using distributing or
dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific materials
methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation
LEDs
3
SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with DBPR the Florida
Department of Business and Professional Regulations Continuing
Education Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
DBPR records for Registered Professional Engineers Registered
Landscape Architects Registered Architects Registered Interior
Designers and licensed General and Electrical Contractors Certificates
of Completion will be provided for all in attendance for the entire seminar
This program is registered with DBPR for continuing professional
education As such it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the DBPR of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling using distributing
or dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific
materials methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation
LEDs
Sesco Lighting
Innovations in Solid State Lighting
[1][ID 90003608]
LEDs 5
Allen M Weiss PE LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers ( 0003992) offering ldquoArea of Practicerdquo courses
In addition Mr Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting on a ldquoPro-Bonordquo basis
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco Lighting be discussed either by manufacturerrsquos name product name or product part number
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
2
SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems Credit earned on completion of
this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members Certificates of
Completion for non-AIA are available on request
This program is registered with the AIACES for continuing professional
education As such it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling using distributing or
dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific materials
methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation
LEDs
3
SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with DBPR the Florida
Department of Business and Professional Regulations Continuing
Education Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
DBPR records for Registered Professional Engineers Registered
Landscape Architects Registered Architects Registered Interior
Designers and licensed General and Electrical Contractors Certificates
of Completion will be provided for all in attendance for the entire seminar
This program is registered with DBPR for continuing professional
education As such it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the DBPR of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling using distributing
or dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific
materials methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation
LEDs
Sesco Lighting
Innovations in Solid State Lighting
[1][ID 90003608]
LEDs 5
Allen M Weiss PE LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers ( 0003992) offering ldquoArea of Practicerdquo courses
In addition Mr Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting on a ldquoPro-Bonordquo basis
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco Lighting be discussed either by manufacturerrsquos name product name or product part number
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
3
SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with DBPR the Florida
Department of Business and Professional Regulations Continuing
Education Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
DBPR records for Registered Professional Engineers Registered
Landscape Architects Registered Architects Registered Interior
Designers and licensed General and Electrical Contractors Certificates
of Completion will be provided for all in attendance for the entire seminar
This program is registered with DBPR for continuing professional
education As such it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the DBPR of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling using distributing
or dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific
materials methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation
LEDs
Sesco Lighting
Innovations in Solid State Lighting
[1][ID 90003608]
LEDs 5
Allen M Weiss PE LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers ( 0003992) offering ldquoArea of Practicerdquo courses
In addition Mr Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting on a ldquoPro-Bonordquo basis
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco Lighting be discussed either by manufacturerrsquos name product name or product part number
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
Sesco Lighting
Innovations in Solid State Lighting
[1][ID 90003608]
LEDs 5
Allen M Weiss PE LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers ( 0003992) offering ldquoArea of Practicerdquo courses
In addition Mr Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting on a ldquoPro-Bonordquo basis
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco Lighting be discussed either by manufacturerrsquos name product name or product part number
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 5
Allen M Weiss PE LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers ( 0003992) offering ldquoArea of Practicerdquo courses
In addition Mr Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting on a ldquoPro-Bonordquo basis
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco Lighting be discussed either by manufacturerrsquos name product name or product part number
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
6LEDs
Learning ObjectivesAttendees will
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created and how
solid state devices create light
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting
Identify compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
7
Today with advances in lumen output optical control thermal management systems and robust
fixture design the LED is ready to compete with the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications LEDs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 8
Types of LEDsTop View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex cell phone‟s bdquoon‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small thin applications
(ex mobile phone keypad site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex MR16 downlights street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex exterior signage task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 9
History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907 However the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth in New
Jersey Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE
Throughout the 1960‟s red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970 these were used in watches calculators traffic signs and exit
signs By 1990 LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red yellow
and green
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
10LEDs
History of LEDs
In 1993 Shuji Nakamura an engineer at Nichia created the first high-brightness blue
LED Because red blue and green are the three primary colors of light LEDs could
now produce virtually any color including white Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996 By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light
Between 2000 and today LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents fluorescents or daylight LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications
Today LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 11
What is LightLighting 101The 4 steps to creating light
1 Excitement ndash an atom absorbs energy
2 Jump ndash electrons are forced to a higher orbit in an unsteady state
3 Fall ndashthe electrons fall back to their steady state orbit amp release energy
4 Release ndash the energy released is a photon
The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall from a higher orbit back down to its steady state
orbit
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
12LEDs
What is Solid State LightingLighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred to as solid-state lighting
The term ldquosolid-staterdquo refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted from a solid object ndash a semiconductor ndash rather than a filament in the case of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or HID lamp
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode When a diode is switched on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device releasing energy in the form of photons The effect is called electroluminescence
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies of most other known light sources
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
13LEDs
What is a SemiconductorA semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be altered through variations in temperature applied fields concentration of impurities etc
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is silicon which is used predominantly for electronic applications (where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and outputs) Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and Germanium
An optoelectronic application is when light is the output In order to create light other semiconductors material (dopants) must be used Two examples are indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) which emits amber and red light and indium gallium nitride (InGaN) which emits near-UV blue and green light
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs14
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two dissimilar materials an N-Type and P-Type bonded together
N-Type A semiconductor that has been ldquodopedrdquo with extra negative electrons Dopants might include Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic or Antimony
P-Type A semiconductor that has electron holes Dopents might include Boron Aluminum Gallium or Indium
What is a Diode
In a diode current can only flow in one direction When a DC voltage is applied the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the ldquodepletion zonerdquo and the interaction of the electrons (ldquofalling intordquo) recombining with the holes creates light The distance the electron falls determines the wavelength and therefore the color of the light
(4 steps to creating lighthellip Excitement Jump Fall Release)
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
15LEDs
What is a Light Emitting Diode
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of one or more wavelengths (colors)
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type Indicator type are usually inexpensive low power LEDs suitable for use only as indicator lights in panel displays electronic devices or instrument illumination
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices capable of providing functional illumination
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure They consist of a semiconductor chip or dye (lt 1mmsup2 in area) a substrate that supports the die contacts to apply power bond wire to connect the contacts to the die a heat sink lens and outer casing
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections and provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat This path is critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED
Illuminator -
Type LED
Indicator-Type
LED
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
16LEDs
How LEDs produce white light
By itself an LED can emit only the one color that the specific composition of its materials can produce The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors are combined
According to the RGB (additive) color model white light is produced by the proper mixture of red green and blue light
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be broadly classified into two approaches
1 Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2 Color Mixing (RGB)
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
17LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process a phosphor coating is deposited on the LED die The exact shade or color temperature of white light produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s) The thickness of the phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white often on a par with fluorescent sources Phosphor white is also much more efficient than RGB white Because of its superior efficiency and CRI phosphor white is the most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
18LEDs
White Light ndashWavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of todayrsquos methods) Some of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow light The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through resulting in the appearance of white light
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method except that the blue light excites several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through to make a white light with a broader richer wavelength spectrum This gives a higher color-quality light than the above method albeit at a slightly higher cost
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red green and blue phosphors The UV light from an LED is used to excite several phosphors each of which emits a different color These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and richest wavelength spectrum This gives the highest color-quality light again albeit at a slightly higher cost
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
19LEDs
White Light ndash Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp and mixes the light to produce white light Typically the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three (red blue and green) or four (red blue green and yellow)
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light and it tends to make colors pop But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light Also it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally a fact which is largely responsible for the poor CRI of RGB white light
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures Tunable white light devices typically combine cool and warm white LEDs which can be individually controlled like red green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device Adjusting the relative intensities of the warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities of the red green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
20LEDs
Color Rendering Index amp lsquoRGBrsquo LEDs
According to the US Department of Energyhellip
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs
WhyCRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects materials
and skin tones
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature
The ProblemhellipDue to the RGB LEDs ldquospikinessrdquo
it scores low on CRI but is usually
very visually appealing
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
21
Chip LED OpticsConventional HID Systems
Packaged LED System
Bare HID lamp
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Chip LED
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution lt 180deg
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
LEDs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
22
Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics ndash Precise
Beam Control
LEDs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
23
Chip LED Optics for Roadways
LEDs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 24
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46 higher than HIDs over 60000 hours
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
25
LED Vs HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go
LEDs
HID system LED system
Notehellip Therefore LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
26
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase exponentially with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s In 2000 the LED ranged around 50 lmW
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around 100 lmW that deliver 60-80 lmW in the field depending on fixture efficiency (Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious)
LEDs
LED Progress
2010
RememberhellipThese rsquos are initial lumenshellipnot maintained lumens
Initial Lumenshellip
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 27
SSL Research amp Development Multi-Year Program PlanmdashSummary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Package Efficacy (lmW 25C)
Commercial Cool White113 134 173 215 243
Thermal Efficiency 87 89 92 95 98
Efficiency of Driver 86 87 89 92 96
Efficiency of Fixture 81 83 87 91 96
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency61 64 71 80 90
Luminaire Efficacy (lmW)
Commercial Cool White69 86 121 172 219
2009 2010 2012 2015 2020
METRIC
Cool White Efficacy (lmW) 113 134 173 215 243
Cool White Price ($klm) 25 13 6 2 1
Warm White Efficacy (lmW) 70 88 128 184 234
Warm White Price ($klm) 36 25 11 33 11
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
28
No matter what yoursquore individual opinion is (for or against LEDs) there are decision factors that all lighting designers architects specifiers etc must consider The basics of the specification decision are
LEDs
General Design Factors
EfficiencyOnce lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there now a top reason for considering LED (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance At the very least LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires but itrsquos becoming obvious that they are outperforming HID in light output lumen maintenance light control and distribution uniformity color and reduced glare
Longevity A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
29
Advantages of LEDs Small ndash (small lamp = small fixtures good for designers + better optical control) Instant on Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds) No re-strike issues Cool to the touch (Low wattage) Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRIrsquos available) OnOff constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors) Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects) No UV LEDs available No Mercury (RoHS compliant many are lead-free as well) One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail Does not require filters to create color The LED package can be designed to focus light without the need of an external
reflector Resistant to external shock (good for shipping amp places with constant vibration like a
parking garage) Long life (35-50000 hrs for white 100000 hrs for red)hellipless environmental waste Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps) Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradationhellipLLFs gt 90) Full cutoff is available Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons
LEDs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
30
Disadvantages of LEDsMinor Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost hellip(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature amp heat-sinking (you canrsquot just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power supplydriver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life they may not undergo the routine cleaning every 3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping
LEDs
Major Concerns
False claims and misinformation from manufacturers
Technology is changing DAILY
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 31
Droop amp Green Gap the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases
This bdquoroll-over‟ and the lsquodrooprsquo that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL
Unfortunately while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions
Coming from the other end of the spectrum the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green hence the term lsquogreen gap‟
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
32LEDs
What to look for
1 LEDs
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED Different LEDs have different efficacies The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system
Things to look for in a LED include
bull High brightness
bull Super-white
bull High LumenWatt ratio (efficacy)
bull Long Life
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
33LEDs
What to look for
2 Drivers
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens Fluorescents amp HIDs
LEDs require a power source The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC) LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them
Things to look for in a driver include
bull 90 ndash 93 efficient
bull A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
bull Electronic
bull Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
bull 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
bull Auto sensing 5060 HZ universal voltage
bull Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
bull High power factor
bull Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
bull Warranty
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
34LEDs
What to look for
3 Thermal Management System
Temperature DOES affect LEDrsquos Although LED performance has improved tremendously over the past 10 years thermal management remains a major concern for manufacturers and end users alike LEDs operate most efficiently when cool When electrical current is not converted into light it is converted into heat The higher the junction temperature the lower the lumen output
Things to look for in a TMS include
bull Robust Heat Sink ndash provides cool junction temperatures amp proper dissipation of heat via the submount amp substrate out through the fixture
bull Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the fixture
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 35
What to look for
4 Dimming Capability
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5 or lower)
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light Their light does not shift to red when dimmed some
may actually appear bluer with dimming White light can be made with RGB
LEDs allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 36
What to look for5 Housings
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx
15-25 yrs 8 hrsday) you need superior fixture design
Things to look for in a housing
bull Durability (Low copper content die-cast aluminum long lasting finish minimum of an IP66 rating)
bull Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
bull Style (Modernhellipwill be around in 20 years)
Cleaning amp Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
37
Testing Standards
LEDs
IESNA -LM-79 Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens Efficacy (LumensWatt)
NEMA ANSI -ANSLG C78377-2008 Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
38
Testing Standards
LEDs
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial educational
purposes only Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name affiliation and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOEs
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
39
LEDs amp LEED
LEDs
USGBCrsquos LEED-Green Building Design amp Construction-2009
bull Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified Silver Gold Platinum)
bull Holistic Approach to Building Design
bull No One Product Technology or Process will ensure LEED Certification
bull BUT Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs
Energy amp Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy amp Atmosphere Credit 1 ndash Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 61 ndash Controllability of Systems Lighting (1pt)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 ndash Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt)
Innovative Design Credit 1 ndash (ex low mercury content in lamps) (1pt)
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 40
Cost of HID vs LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID LED
Overall size of LED pie is smaller
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 41
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer
Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs drivers heat sinks optical
lenses and housing)
Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life or actual LED-fixture-
system lamp life
Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens lamp life CRI)
How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs
How well is the driver made does it meet all your needs for the project
(PF gt90 THD lt20)
Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 42
To Think Abouthellip Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs
Is the housing robust (how well is it made is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs IP66+ RoHS compliant (no lead mercury etc)
Does the fixture have various glare control andor cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs (limit light pollution-light tresspass sky glow amp
glare)
How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product (in case a replacement is needed in the future)
What needs to be replaced when something burns out (The whole fixture
or a portion of the fixture)
What are your maintenance costs (changing lamps ballasts fixtures
etc)
Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 43
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Afterhellip (LED)Beforehellip (Fluorescent)
Beforehellip (HPS) Afterhellip (LED)
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 44
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 45
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizerrsquos Training Center Club Goddess
Marriott Marquis
Real World Examples(Color Changing)
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 46
Real World Examples(Interior)
Downlights Cove Lights Track Lights
Under Cabinet amp Task Lights
Pendants amp Sconces
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 47
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Water Features PathMarker
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 48
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Signs Architecture
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 49
Real World Examples(Exterior)
Landscape
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 50
bull Beta LED
bull LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics (wwwcolorkineticscom)
bull Cree Lighting (wwwcreecom)
bull The Lighting Research Center at RPI (wwwlrcrpiedu)
bull Seoul Semiconductor
bull wwwlightingsandiagov
bull US Department of Energy
bull wwwfull-spectrum-lightingcom
bull Ruudlightingcom
bull httphealthhowstuffworkscomeye2htm
Bibliography
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
LEDs 51
Course Title Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) ndash SESCO Lecture 1
Provider Allen Weiss
Instructors Allen Weiss Fred Butler
AIACES Provider Course L140 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect amp Interior Designer Provider Course 0003283 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider Course 0003283 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider Course 0003283 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider Course 0003283 608281
IDCEC (ASID IIDA) Course 7795
FBPE Provider Course 0003992 0000586
USGBCGBCILEED Course 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W Morse Blvd Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
wwwsescolightingcom
QUESTIONS
This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟ GBCI‟s amp
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
