Innovation At And ForInnovation At And ForThe Bottom Of The PyramidThe Bottom Of The Pyramid

R A Mashelkar

IT ST?

Copyright © 2007, Procter & Gamble, All rights reserved.

The Last Century: Will the Civilization Survive the 21st Century?

Lord Martin Reese, President, Royal SocietyNew Delhi- 9th Jan 2007

Blackett Memorial Lecture Indian National Science Academy

Deep ConcernsDeep Concerns

Climate ChangeClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingGlobal WarmingStratospheric Ozone Layer Stratospheric Ozone Layer DepletionDepletionRavaging of biodiversity by Ravaging of biodiversity by modern societymodern societyOthersOthers……....

Mandela

Mahatma“Poverty is the worst form of violence”

“Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings.”

New Developmental ParadigmNew Developmental Paradigm

A wrong notionA wrong notion-- Poor people Poor people can do only menial work, not can do only menial work, not mental work!mental work!Inclusive Innovative India Inclusive Innovative India cannot be realized without cannot be realized without knowledge, innovations and knowledge, innovations and practices of the poor as practices of the poor as building blocks.building blocks.

PeoplePeople’’s Innovations Innovation

•Grassroots Innovation

•Artisanal Innovation

•Household Innovation

•Farmers’ Innovation

•Community Based Innovation

Innovations to reduce human drudgeryInnovations to reduce human drudgery

Pulley with stopper

Mr. Amrut Bhai Agrawat

•Women, while pulling up water from a well, have to contend with rope burn, fatigue and the prospect of a bucket full of water falling back into the well due to sheer tiredness and inability to continue pulling.

•Amrutbhai has come up with an entirely simple yet brilliant solution. Attach a lever or a ratchet on the pulley so that the bucket can be pulled up but cannot fall back down into the well, thus enabling the women to stop for a breather without the fear of previous effort going waste.

Panihari

•Women carry the load of water vessels on their head, which can result in pain.

•Khimjibhai’s device transfers the load onto the shoulders resulting in ease of carrying the vessel

Mr. Khimjibhai Kanadiya

Gujarat

Innovations to increase Innovations to increase human productivityhuman productivity

Coconut tree climber

Climbing tall coconut trees is no mean task. But with Mr Joseph’s tree climber, even women can easily climb up a coconut tree.

It is also ideal for climbing in the rainy season, which is otherwise dangerous. The device also serves in easy application of insecticide.

Technology transfer to several other nations

Mr. M.J. Joseph alias Appachan

Kerala

Innovation led Coconut Economy!

• Kerala has over 16 crore coconut trees

• Most villages have only one or two climbers.

• Kerala government has announced an award of one million rupees for a commercially viable coconut plucking machine!

Nature India

21 August, 2009

•Walking is not only healthy exercise but also enables Parbatbhai, with the help of a cylinder and piston mechanism, to convert the energy derived from the movement of his feet into pressure, which in turn enables the spraying of a liquid.

•A farmer can use this device to cover two parallel crop rows simultaneously, cutting down the operation time by half, in addition to the cost cuts due to the non- requirement of any additional energy to operate the sprayer.

•Technology has been transferred to a toy manufacturer in USA

Mr. Parbatbhai Vaghani

Santokh Singh Khatra

Rasikbhai I Suthar

Chinmay C Patel

‘Bestow’ – Foot Operated Sprayer

Gujarat

Pedal operated washing machine

Pedal operated washing machine which could be marketed as washing machine cum exercising cycle.

Remya, a school going girl is the innovator and has filed a patent in India

Ms. Remya Jose P

Idea: Multi-purpose, efficient and user friendly bullock cart.

Business Model: Innovator turned into an entrepreneur and also

licensed the technology to three entrepreneurs in different regions.

Revenue: Turnover of more than 15 lacs

Patent: Filed in India

“Aaruni” bullock cartMr.Amrutbhai Agrawat

KittanalThe ‘Kittanal’ just a tapered PVC tube!

Reduces drudgery of labour in filling up polythene nursery bags.

Instead of filling the bag by putting mud into the bag in several actions, the Kittanal helps fill the bag in simple scoop.

Efficiency higher by an amazing 300% and so is the income!

Mr. Khimjibhai Kanadia

Human spirit of notHuman spirit of nottaking no for an answertaking no for an answer

Modified Scooter

•The innovator, a handicapped dwarf without any legs and with one single hand has demonstrated that where there is a will, there is a way.

Mr. Dhanjibhai Kerai

•His current innovation is a modification of the scooter done to convert it from a two-wheel drive to a four wheel stable unit so that he can ride it comfortably.

•Two additional wheels are fitted at the rear side and the front seat is extended and modified for him to reach the handlebars.

More From The SameMore From The Same

‘‘Sweating The Asset!Sweating The Asset!’’

Rider Induced bicycle Mr. Kanak Das, Assam

Bicycle based sprayer Mr. Mansukhbhai Jagani, Gujarat

Bicycle with gear Mr. Jayanti J Patel,GujaratBamboo bicycle, Mr. Dodhi Pathak, Assam

Amphibious BicycleMohd. Saidullah, Bihar

Bicycle based mobile spray pumpSubhas Vasantrao Jagtap, Maharastra

Multipurpose Bicycle, Md. Kamruddin, Rajasthan Bicycle operated pump, Mr. Vikram Rathore, AP Bicycle based portable Pump, Mr. Nasiruddin Gayen, WB

Bicycle based Innovations

Motor-bike based Innovations

Motor-cycle based ploughing attachment ‘Bullet-Santi’Mr. Mansukhbhai Jagani, Gujarat

Modified scooter for handicapped Mr. Dhanjibhai Kerai, Gujarat

Motorcycle based sprayer

Mr. Ganeshbhai Dodiya, GujaratSmall efficient diesel engine

Mr. Mansukhbhai Sanchaniya, Gujarat

Non-return valve for 4-stroke engineMr. Arvind Khandake, Maharashtra

Auto engine Stopper

Mr. Tukaram Varma

Chhattisgarh

Corporate Innovators

Grass Root Innovators

National Innovation Foundation

Scouting Scouting andand

DocumentationDocumentation

Dissemination &Dissemination &Information Information TechnologyTechnology

Value AdditionValue Addition& Product& Product

DevelopmentDevelopment

IPRsIPRsManagementManagement

NIFNIF

EnterpriseEnterprise& Business & Business

DevelopmentDevelopment

Survival StrategiesSurvival Strategies

Access to Factors & Product Access to Factors & Product Markets and Kinship networks Markets and Kinship networks

Public Policies for direct & indirect Public Policies for direct & indirect transfer & supporttransfer & support

Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Systems

IndividualIndividual

CollectiveCollectiveContemporary InnovationsContemporary Innovations Traditional KnowledgeTraditional Knowledge

IndividualIndividual

CollectiveCollective

Scouting and Scouting and Dissemination Dissemination

ConvertingConvertingInnovations into ProductsInnovations into Products

Rewarding Rewarding and and CompensationCompensation

Micro Micro PolicyPolicy

Macro PolicyMacro PolicyKnowledge Knowledge NetworkNetwork

Livelihood Reinforcing Livelihood Reinforcing Experimental and Experimental and Innovative EthicsInnovative Ethics

Sustainable LivelihoodSustainable Livelihood

Conservation of Conservation of Biodiversity & Associated Biodiversity & Associated

Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Systems

SRISTI & GIANSRISTI & GIAN

IIMAIIMA IIMAIIMA

SRISTISRISTINIFNIF

NIFNIF

SRISTISRISTINIFNIF

NIFNIF

First CampaignScouted 948 entries comprising of 1613 innovations and outstanding traditiona l knowledge examples

Awarded - 89 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders and 17 scouts

Hon’ble Sh. K.C. Pant conferred the Awards on November 29, 2001 at New Delhi

Second Campaign

Scouted 6228 entries comprising of 13533 innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge examples

Awarded - 52 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders and 5 scouts

Hon’ble President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, honoured the innovators on December 17, 2002 at New Delhi

Third Campaign

Scouted 9843 entries comprising of 21931 innovations and outstanding traditiona l knowledge practices

Awarded – 98 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders [including 20 appreciation awards] and 34 scouts

Hon’ble President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, honoured the innovators on January 5, 2005 at IIM, Ahmedabad

• IIT Mumbai, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and NIT, Jalandhar

• NID (National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad) : GRIDS (Grassroots Innovation Design Studio)

• Private consultants and voluntary professionals

• Partnerships with ICMR,CSIR, ICAR, BSI

Partnering with formal systems

Patent applications filed in India – 124

Patent applications filed in USA – 07

PCT applications – 01

Trade Mark applications filed in India – 02

Design applications filed in India – 04

19 patents have been granted in India and 3 in US.

The first granted patent by the USPTO was for the Cotton Stripper Machine, No : 6543091 dated April 8, 2003.

IPR Protection

Innovation AtInnovation AtAnd ForAnd For

The Bottom Of The PyramidThe Bottom Of The Pyramid

Bottom of the Pyramid!200 million illiterate

579 million without electricity

57 of every 1000 die at birth

25% of the world’s poor live in India

Haves

Have - Nots

Price

Perf

orm

ance

Have - Nots Haves

Price

Perf

orm

ance

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

Engineering Challenge:Engineering Challenge:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less

Mainframe Computers occupying the size of a full

Computers on the lap!

But this laptop is for $2000

Can we make it for $ 100?

January 2006

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

5 May 2005

10 May 2005

Haves

Have - Nots

Price

Perf

orm

ance

Haves

Have - Nots

Price

Perf

orm

ance

Have - Nots Haves

Price

Perf

orm

ance

Innovator

“Innovator is one who does not know that it cannot be done”

“Innovator is one, who sees what everyone sees, but thinks of what no one else thinks”

TATA NANO

Car Year introduced in U.S.

Horsepower

Price

Model T 1908 20 19,700

Beetle 1956 24 11,333

Mini 1961 34 11,777

Tata Motors 2008 33 2,000

‘ Adjusted to 2007 U.S. dollarsSource : Tata Motors

Transformational Innovation

“Very soon, your chauffeur will drive to your house in a Nano.You will need to make space in your driveway for your chauffeur's car, but more importantly, you will need to make space in your minds for this transformation.”

- R A Mashelkar

Getting More from Less for MoreGetting More from Less for More

Innovative technologyInnovative technologyInnovative processesInnovative processesInnovative systemsInnovative systemsInnovative delivery modelsInnovative delivery modelsInnovativeInnovative…………………………..

AravindAravind Eye CareEye Care

Motivation: Eradicate all needless Motivation: Eradicate all needless blindness (Dr G blindness (Dr G VenkataswamyVenkataswamy))Innovation: Organization of workflowInnovation: Organization of workflow-- From From patient identification to postoperative carepatient identification to postoperative careSurgeries per year: ~ 200000Surgeries per year: ~ 200000Costs: $ 50 to $ 300 (US costs ~$3000!)Costs: $ 50 to $ 300 (US costs ~$3000!)Financing model: Differential pricing (~40% Financing model: Differential pricing (~40% of patients getting it free)of patients getting it free)

More(higher quality) from Less (cost)

Event Aravind Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK

Capsule rupture 2.0% 4.4%

Iris trauma 0.3% 0.7%

Iris prolapse 0.01% 0.07%

Anterior chamber collapse

0.3% 0.5%

Loss of nuclear fragment 0.2% 0.3%

Retained lens material 0.87% 1.1%

Loss of IOL into vitreous 0.01% 0.16%

Process InnovationAravind Amul

Origination Use of more than 1000 eye camps. Detailed routines for the conduct of eye camps. Selection of patients for treatment.

Collection of milk from individual farm families from over 50000villages and 500000 families. Guarantee quality by inspection at point of origin.

Transport to central facilities

Patients transported by bus to Aravind Hospitals. Often relatives accompany to comfort patients

Milk transported to main processing facilities by refrigerated vans

Processing facility Specialized, world class facilities and highly trained doctors and nurses. Clear innovative work process for surgery

Specialized world class processing facilities to convert raw milk for retail consumption and for milk by products

Post processing Post operative care and counseling. Follow up.

National and global marketing of Amul brand of products

Game Changing Innovation:Game Changing Innovation:Phone call at thePhone call at the

price of a post card!!price of a post card!!

DEC 2002

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for More for More

The Indian game has changed!!– World’s lowest call rates – World’s fastest growth of subscribers – World’s cheapest mobile handset

And the World is learning!

Indian Council of Research on International Economic Relations(ICRIER)

Econometric AnalysisImpact on agricultural productivityImpact on poor urban areasImpact on SME sector

Moving the debate forward. The Policy Paper Series. Number 9. January 2009

India: The impact of mobile phones

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

Technologies to be

• Available• Affordable• Accessible• Appropriate

Medicines for the poor

Current Drug Development:Getting Less from More for LessX X X

PSORIASIS

Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment

Leading US Bio pharmaceutical firmLeading US Bio pharmaceutical firm

Antibody injection under the skin Antibody injection under the skin

Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million

dollars!dollars!

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment

Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million

dollars!dollars!

X $50?

X 5 years?

X< $10 mn?

“When you wish to achieve results that have not been achieved before, it is an unwise fancy to think that they can be achieved by using methods that have not been used before.”

- Sir Francis Bacon

Reverse Pharmacology Approach(CSIR Innovations)

Drug Clinical Indication

Industrial Partners

AP9CD Breast Cancer Indigene

RRLJ-CD-SFE Psoriasis Genova Biotech

NMITLI-OA-JP Osteo-arthritis Cadilla Pharma

NMITLI-DM-FN Type II Diabetes SreeDhootpapeswar

RRLJ0125-F09 HepatocellularCarcinoma

Indigene

RJM0035 Hypertension

GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:

Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More

Technologies to be

• Available• Affordable• Accessible• Appropriate

for the poor

Cost $ 12000 to $18000

4 billion people

Income- Less than $2 a day

Will take 15 years income to buy this foot alone!!

From Printing Press to Google From Printing Press to Google

-- More from Less for MoreMore from Less for More

-- Movement for CenturiesMovement for Centuries

Democratization of information and knowledge

More- InformationLess- Cost and time More- Access

The Google Search

More – Information and knowledgLess- Money (actually zero)For More- Internet penetration,

Google MobileBy More- Solicit website linkages

The Great Indian The Great Indian ChallengeChallenge

What can you search What can you search when you canwhen you can’’t read?t read?

- Getting More from LessIlliteracy in India

• 200 Million illiterates• Illiteracy reducing at 1.3 % per annum• Around 20 years to clear the backlog

Can we do it in 5 years?Can we do it in $2 per person?

By Kohli led TCS team

An illiterate woman can start reading in 6-8 weeks

Cost- Rs 100 per person= $2

Getting More From Less For More

Getting More From Less For MorePossible to make the entire world literate with $2 billion investment!!!

The Great Global The Great Global ChallengeChallenge

What can you read when What can you read when you canyou can’’t see?t see?

THE DARK SIDETHE DARK SIDE……

--1.6 billion people in the world have no 1.6 billion people in the world have no access to electricityaccess to electricity

-- 579 million of those reside in India579 million of those reside in India

Which is ~ 50% of IndiaWhich is ~ 50% of India’’s population!s population!

The Leg Power

Most Modern Energy Storage Device- Ultra-Capacitors!

Most Modern and Efficient Lighting Devices- LED!

75 watt Generator

Ray of Hope- Gandhain Engineering4 min pedaling= 4 hours of Light!

Mahatma Gandhi said:

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”

MORE FROM LESS

“I would prize every invention of Science made for the benefit for all”

FOR MORE

The Only SolutionThe Only Solution……

GandhianGandhian EngineeringEngineering

More From Less For MoreMore From Less For More……..By More and More..By More and More……..