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Mukul M. SharmaMukul M. Sharma
Professor and ChairmanProfessor and ChairmanDepartment of Petroleum &Department of Petroleum & GeosystemsGeosystems EngineeringEngineering
University of Texas at AustinUniversity of Texas at Austin
Injection Water ManagementOpportunities and Challenges
Many Reasons to Inject WaterMany Reasons to Inject WaterWaterflooding Waterflooding (recover oil)(recover oil)–– Produced waterProduced water–– Sea waterSea water–– Fresh water sourceFresh water sourcePressure maintenancePressure maintenanceWater disposalWater disposal–– Produced waterProduced water
Regardless of the source, water handling and injection often is the single biggest operating cost for producers.
Subsurface Water InjectionSubsurface Water InjectionWe estimate ~ 300 million bbl of water/day We estimate ~ 300 million bbl of water/day is injected into the subsurface.is injected into the subsurface.
We estimate that over We estimate that over $50 billion$50 billion is spent is spent annually on water injection. annually on water injection.
Stricter offshore water quality requirements Stricter offshore water quality requirements favor water reinjection for disposal.favor water reinjection for disposal.
Produced water/oil ratio increasing in Produced water/oil ratio increasing in mature fields.mature fields.
Opportunities and ChallengesOpportunities and ChallengesChallengesChallenges
Design water handling and injection systems to Design water handling and injection systems to reduce the cost of water injection. reduce the cost of water injection. –– Specify injection water quality, rates & pressuresSpecify injection water quality, rates & pressures–– Subsurface separation?Subsurface separation?–– Subsea vs Subsea vs topsidestopsides
Reduce water cut (the holy grail).Reduce water cut (the holy grail).
OpportunitiesOpportunitiesMajor cost reductions to improve production Major cost reductions to improve production economics.economics.Significant improvements in oil recovery.Significant improvements in oil recovery.
The Cost of Water InjectionThe Cost of Water InjectionFluids Handling CostsFluids Handling CostsPiping and TransportationPiping and TransportationPumpingPumping
Costs Depend on Costs Depend on Location andLocation andObjectivesObjectives
P maintenanceP maintenanceWater disposalWater disposalWaterfloodingWaterflooding
Decisions, Decisions!!!Decisions, Decisions!!!Your water management decisions will have a Your water management decisions will have a
very significant impact on project economics.very significant impact on project economics.How clean should the water be?How clean should the water be?–– Controls design of the treatment facility.Controls design of the treatment facility.
Injection rates and pressure?Injection rates and pressure?–– Injector performance ?Injector performance ?–– Impact on oil recovery?Impact on oil recovery?
Well completion design for injectorsWell completion design for injectorsTopsides Topsides vs vs subsub--sea separation.sea separation.DownholeDownhole vsvs surface separation.surface separation.
DownDown--hole Separationhole SeparationOpportunitiesOpportunities
Minimizes surface facilitiesMinimizes surface facilitiesMinimizes fluids handlingMinimizes fluids handlingReduced lifting costs Reduced lifting costs
DownDown--hole Separationhole SeparationChallengesChallenges
Not widely used because:Not widely used because:–– Needs right Needs right wellborewellbore configurationconfiguration–– Reservoir requirementsReservoir requirements–– Needs expensive hardwareNeeds expensive hardware–– DownholeDownhole water qualitywater quality–– Marginal economic benefitsMarginal economic benefits–– System maintenance System maintenance
Ultimately applicable in only Ultimately applicable in only a small number of casesa small number of cases
SubSub--Sea SeparationSea Separation
XT XT
Separator
Oil ProductionProduced Water
Injection
Pump
SubSub--Sea SeparationSea SeparationOpportunitiesOpportunities
Minimizes topsides space and equipment Minimizes topsides space and equipment requirementsrequirementsReduced risk of hydrate formation in lines.Reduced risk of hydrate formation in lines.Allows higher oil flow rates since less water is Allows higher oil flow rates since less water is being pumpedbeing pumpedReduces the hydrostatic head (back pressure) Reduces the hydrostatic head (back pressure) on the risers and flow lines.on the risers and flow lines.ReRe--injection of the separated water and gas can injection of the separated water and gas can reduce disposal costs and maintain reservoir reduce disposal costs and maintain reservoir pressure.pressure.
SubSub--Sea SeparationSea SeparationChallengesChallenges
Expensive equipment and installationExpensive equipment and installationWater separation and water qualityWater separation and water qualitySand productionSand productionApplicable in some fields (deep water, Applicable in some fields (deep water, high waterhigh water--cut) late in the life of the field.cut) late in the life of the field.Water quality for injection.Water quality for injection.Location of appropriate injection zones.Location of appropriate injection zones.
Fluids Handling DecisionsFluids Handling DecisionsHow clean should the water be?How clean should the water be?–– Controls design of the treatment facility.Controls design of the treatment facility.
Injection rates and pressure?Injection rates and pressure?–– Injector performance ?Injector performance ?–– Impact on oil recovery?Impact on oil recovery?
Well completion design for injectorsWell completion design for injectorsTopsides Topsides vs vs subsub--sea separation.sea separation.DownholeDownhole vsvs surface separation.surface separation.
Gulf of Mexico Case StudyGulf of Mexico Case StudyWater Injection Project HistoryWater Injection Project History
Expected injection rates: 10,000 Expected injection rates: 10,000 bbl/day/wellbbl/day/wellAvoidance of fracturing was essential to:Avoidance of fracturing was essential to:(a) avoid early water breakthrough, and (a) avoid early water breakthrough, and (b) maintain water injection in the target (b) maintain water injection in the target sandsand1 Darcy sand, gravel pack completions.1 Darcy sand, gravel pack completions.Low initial Low initial injectivityinjectivity, high skins., high skins.
WaterfloodWaterflood Facilities (GOM)Facilities (GOM)
Seawater taken from 150’Seawater taken from 150’ subseasubsea
DeoxygenationDeoxygenation to 200 ppb by countercurrent gas to 200 ppb by countercurrent gas strippingstripping
Deoxygenated to <10 ppb by chemical scavengersDeoxygenated to <10 ppb by chemical scavengers
SodiumSodium hypochloritehypochlorite used for bacteria controlused for bacteria control
Calcium carbonate scale inhibitor usedCalcium carbonate scale inhibitor used
Primary multimedia filters usedPrimary multimedia filters used
Secondary cartridge filters (5 to 10 Secondary cartridge filters (5 to 10 µµm)m)
Water Quality (GOM)Water Quality (GOM)
Solids content in injection waters, 1 to 7Solids content in injection waters, 1 to 7 ppmppm
Average particle size 2 to 3 Average particle size 2 to 3 µµmm
Elemental analysis performed on digested Elemental analysis performed on digested solidssolids
Excellent water qualityExcellent water quality
Simple rules of thumb predict long half lifeSimple rules of thumb predict long half life
Rather rapid decline inRather rapid decline in injectivityinjectivity actually actually observedobserved
Injection Rate and Pump Injection Rate and Pump Pressure Well A10Pressure Well A10(From Sharma et. al. 1996)(From Sharma et. al. 1996)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 100 200 300 400 500Days
0
500
1000
1500
2000
25003000
3500
Pum
p pr
essu
re
(psi
)
HC
Mud Aci
InjectivityInjectivity Decline Well A10Decline Well A10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 100 200 300 400 500Time (days
10% HCltreatment
Mud acidtreatmen
Filter change from5 µm to 10 µm
Simulated
Prudhoe Prudhoe Bay Bay Water Injection ExperienceWater Injection Experience
1.2 1.2 MMbblMMbbl/day produced water and 0.85 /day produced water and 0.85 MMbblMMbbl/day of seawater injected via 159 /day of seawater injected via 159 injectors.injectors.No decline in No decline in injectivity injectivity when injecting up to when injecting up to 2000 2000 ppm ppm solids and oil.solids and oil.All injectors are fractured.All injectors are fractured.PW (150 PW (150 00F) F) frac frac gradient = 0.57gradient = 0.57-- 0.60.6SW (80 SW (80 00F) F) frac frac gradient = 0.53 gradient = 0.53 -- 0.540.54Well orientation affects Well orientation affects injectivityinjectivity..
Performance Plot for Well HPerformance Plot for Well H--09i09i(From Martins et. al., 1994)(From Martins et. al., 1994)
Effect of Well Azimuth and Deviation Effect of Well Azimuth and Deviation (From Martins et. al., 1994)(From Martins et. al., 1994)
60-9030-60
0-30
0-20
20-40
40-60
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Incr
ease
d In
terc
ept P
ress
ure
Well Azimuth
Well Deviation
Unfavorable
Unfavorable
Wytch Farm FieldPaige and Murray(1994)
Injection Rate
Pressure
200 400
15 ppm solids
PressurebarFlow
ratebbl/day 18020,000
15,000140
10,000
1005,000
6001
Time(days)
Forties Field ExperienceForties Field Experience(1975(1975--1996)1996)
240,000 bbl of water injected in 1996.240,000 bbl of water injected in 1996.Core flow experiments indicated 90% Core flow experiments indicated 90% reduction in reduction in injectivity injectivity over 6 months.over 6 months.Removal of fine filters had no adverse Removal of fine filters had no adverse effects on effects on injectivity injectivity of sea water.of sea water.Injection of 50Injection of 50--1200 1200 ppm ppm oil and 5 to 50 oil and 5 to 50 ppm ppm solids resulted in I/Isolids resulted in I/Ioo=0.7 long term.=0.7 long term.
UlaUla, Magnus and , Magnus and Gyda Gyda FieldsFields
Removal of fine filters had no impact on Removal of fine filters had no impact on injectivityinjectivity..Hydraulic Hydraulic impedence impedence testing on 50 testing on 50 injectors showed that they were all injectors showed that they were all fractured.fractured.
Injection Well FracturingInjection Well FracturingMost water injection wells are fractured.Most water injection wells are fractured.
Injection of suspended solids and oil droplets Injection of suspended solids and oil droplets can quickly plug the formation.can quickly plug the formation.
When the BHP exceeds the When the BHP exceeds the fracfracgradient, fractures are created.gradient, fractures are created.
Thermal stresses can be important.Thermal stresses can be important.
Managing these fractures is key to Managing these fractures is key to successful water injection. successful water injection.
Effect of Injection Well FracturingEffect of Injection Well FracturingGrowing injection well fractures affect Growing injection well fractures affect reservoir sweep and oil recovery.reservoir sweep and oil recovery.
Lf
t
Existing commercial reservoir Existing commercial reservoir simulators do not handle simulators do not handle growing injection well growing injection well fractures.fractures.
Injector physics must be built Injector physics must be built into well models.into well models.
Injection Water Management Research
Combining single well models with reservoir simulators
Injection Water Management Research
Injection Well Models Core flow tests
Large block tests
Distributed Models Oily Water Injection
Injection Into Soft Sands Horizontal /MultilateralInjectors
Case Studies
We have Tracked FracturesWe have Tracked Fracturesin Simulated Injection Wellsin Simulated Injection Wells
σ1 = 2,000 psi
pp = 700 psi
σh = 1,450 psi
Pressure at Various PortsPressure at Various Ports
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Time (hour)
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Pore Pressure
Wellbore Pressure
P1 P2
P4P5
Fracture initiationRed Rust acrylic particles
Injectivity Injectivity Remains ConstantRemains Constant
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0 5 10 15 20
Injection Time (Hrs)
Inje
ctiv
ity
Lessons LearntLessons LearntInjectivity remains essentially constant (despite Injectivity remains essentially constant (despite plugging by particles).plugging by particles).The rate of fracture growth is closely related to The rate of fracture growth is closely related to particle trapping. particle trapping. Invasion depth from fracture face is shallow.Invasion depth from fracture face is shallow.Injected particles end up mostly at the fracture Injected particles end up mostly at the fracture tip except when fracture is plugged.tip except when fracture is plugged.No fracture growth when clear brine is injected.No fracture growth when clear brine is injected.
Unique Aspects of Unique Aspects of Injection Well ModelingInjection Well Modeling
Formation and fracture plugging Formation and fracture plugging Fracture propagation controlled by Fracture propagation controlled by formation and fracture pluggingformation and fracture pluggingThermal stressesThermal stressesPore pressure induced stressesPore pressure induced stressesFracture geometry evolves with timeFracture geometry evolves with timeCoupling to reservoir modelsCoupling to reservoir models
Particle PluggingParticle Plugging
Pwf Pr
Filtration EquationsFiltration Equations
0)(=++
tD
xcu
tc
∂∂
∂∂
∂φ∂ uc
tD λ∂∂
=
4.0 2.1 3 8/15 8/1 104.272.0 −−×+= RGsRLos NNANNAλ
(Rajgopalan and Tien(1976))
τφφ 11
)1(5 22
3
Sk
−=
Deposited Particles Reduce φ and k
),(),( 0 txDtx −=φφ
Thermal Stresses and Thermal Stresses and Pore Pressure EffectsPore Pressure Effects
SE1 σσ +>tipPFor Fracture propagation(Perkins & Krech (1968))
)/(1)/()1( 1
oo
ooT
abab
TE +=
∆∆−
βσν
ao
Waterflood front
Cooled front bo
PTH 11min1 )( σσσσ ∆+∆+=
Flow EquationsFlow Equations
pfsRwf PPPPPPPP ∆+∆+∆+∆+∆+∆+= 321
Thermal front
Waterflood front
∆P2 ∆P3PR ∆P1
Single Well Model Single Well Model
Single Well ModelSingle Well Model
Effect of Injected Particle ConcentrationEffect of Injected Particle Concentration(No Thermal Stresses, Swi=1)(No Thermal Stresses, Swi=1)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200
Injection Time (days)
Inje
ctiv
ity R
atio
3 ppm
10 ppm
30 ppmrwf
rwfo
PtPPP
ItIt
−
−==
)()()(
0
α
Effect of Injected Particle ConcentrationEffect of Injected Particle Concentration(No Thermal Stresses, Swi=1)(No Thermal Stresses, Swi=1)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
0 50 100 150 200
Injection Time (days)
Frac
ture
Len
gth
(fee
t)
3 ppm10 ppm30 ppm
Fracture Pressure
BH
PTime
Initial BHP
K
Time
3 ppm10 ppm30 ppm
Injection Time (Days)Frac
ture
Len
gth
(feet
)
Anatomy of a Thermal FractureAnatomy of a Thermal Fracture((∆∆T=30 C, CT=30 C, Cinjinj=100ppm)=100ppm)
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Injection Time (days)
Pres
sure
(MPa
)
BHP
sigma min.
Fracture Initiationσmin+σSE+∆Pf
Effect of Thermal StressesEffect of Thermal Stresses(q=500m(q=500m33/day, S/day, Swiwi=1)=1)
0
10
20
30
40
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00
Injection Time (days)
Frac
ture
Len
gth
(feet
)
Delta T=0 CDelta T=40 CDelta T=50 C
Injection Time (Days)
Frac
ture
Len
gth
(feet
)
T=0 CT=25 CT=50 C
Delta T = 50 CDelta T = 25 CDelta T = 0 C
Thermal and Particle Plugging EffectsThermal and Particle Plugging Effects
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200
Injection Time (days)
Frac
ture
Len
gth
(feet
) 100 ppm1000 ppm
∆T=60 CDelta t=60 C
Coupling the Injector Model Coupling the Injector Model with a Reservoir Simulatorwith a Reservoir Simulator
The fracture length from the single well The fracture length from the single well model is used to determine the grid blocks model is used to determine the grid blocks penetrated by the fracturepenetrated by the fractureFracture is considered to be infinite Fracture is considered to be infinite conducting (high permeability)conducting (high permeability)The permeability field is The permeability field is reset in the reservoir reset in the reservoir simulatorsimulator
X
Y dy
Our ApproachOur ApproachPhenomenological DecompositionPhenomenological Decomposition
Single Well Model
Flow Rate, Time Step Cumulative Injection
Average Rsvr. Pressure
Fracture LengthSkin
Damaged Permeability
Reservoir Simulator
Single Well ModelSingle Well Model
Captures near well bore physics on a Captures near well bore physics on a fine grid.fine grid.Correctly account for effects important Correctly account for effects important only in the near wellbore region.only in the near wellbore region.Single well model allows forSingle well model allows for–– Particle pluggingParticle plugging–– Growth of injection well fracturesGrowth of injection well fractures
Reservoir SimulatorReservoir SimulatorCaptures largeCaptures large--scale features such as scale features such as reservoir heterogeneityreservoir heterogeneityAccounts for the changes predicted by Accounts for the changes predicted by the single well models on the overall the single well models on the overall reservoir performancereservoir performance–– Effect of changed injectivitiesEffect of changed injectivities–– Effect of growing injection well Effect of growing injection well
fracturesfractures
Speeding up ComputationsSpeeding up ComputationsOPTIMA: A Distributed Computing ToolOPTIMA: A Distributed Computing Tool
Local Machine Server Clients
•Well file generator•Reservoir simulator•Administrative Tools
Server Program
•Client Program•Single well model
Effect of Injection Well Fracturing onEffect of Injection Well Fracturing onReservoir Sweep (A Simple Example)Reservoir Sweep (A Simple Example)
Well positions in a five spot patternWell positions in a five spot pattern
No flow boundariesNo flow boundaries
Compare oil recovery Compare oil recovery fractured casesfractured cases
unfractured cases
Lf
tunfractured cases
ConfigurationConfiguration II
Fracture grows towards the producing wells
Unfractured Case(Without Single Well Model)
Fractured Case (With Single Well Model)
Effect of Fracture LengthEffect of Fracture LengthInjector Producer Spacing=500 ft
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fracture Length after 1000 days
% C
hang
e in
Oil
Rec
over
y
Configuration Configuration IIII
Fracture is oriented away from the wells
Unfractured Case
Fractured Case
Effect of Fracture LengthEffect of Fracture LengthInjector Producer Spacing=500 ft
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fracture Length after 1000 days
% C
hang
e in
Oil
Rec
over
y
Effect of HeterogeneityEffect of Heterogeneity
In homogeneous formations
the fracture lags behind the
waterflood front
Effect of HeterogeneityEffect of Heterogeneity
In low permeability layers, In low permeability layers, the fracture may overtake the fracture may overtake the flood frontthe flood frontMore oil is bypassed in the More oil is bypassed in the low permeability layerslow permeability layers
500 md
10 md
Effect of HeterogeneityEffect of HeterogeneityInjector Producer Spacing=500 feet
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fracture Length after 1000 days (feet)
% C
hang
e in
Oil
Rec
over
y
HomogeneousHeterogeneous
Injection into multiple zones can Injection into multiple zones can lead to complex injection and lead to complex injection and
sweep patterns.sweep patterns.
σhmin1 = 4.3 MPa, h1 = 5m σhmin2 = 4.8 MPa , h2 = 10m
Layer 1 Takes All the WaterLayer 1 Takes All the WaterNot What we had in MindNot What we had in Mind
Injection Time (Days)
Frac
tion
of F
low
Fracture Propagates in Layer 1Fracture Propagates in Layer 1
Injection Time (Days)
Frac
ture
Len
gth
(fee
t)
Injection into Multiple ZonesInjection into Multiple ZonesChallenges / OpportunitiesChallenges / Opportunities
Single Single vs vs multiple injection strings.multiple injection strings.Conduct cost benefit analysis for flow Conduct cost benefit analysis for flow control devices.control devices.Run models to understand the Run models to understand the possibility of plugging and fracturing of possibility of plugging and fracturing of different zones.different zones.This strategy can offer flexibility and This strategy can offer flexibility and control over where the water goes.control over where the water goes.
Effect of Fracturing Effect of Fracturing Horizontal Injectors Horizontal Injectors
100 m Water Column
Oil Column
Injector
Producer
500-1000 m Spacing
Oil Water Contact
Effect of Injection Well Effect of Injection Well Fracturing on Oil RecoveryFracturing on Oil Recovery
Producer
Injector
Growing Injection Well Fracture
Bypassed Regions
of the Reservoir
Waterflood Front
500-1000 m
Injecting into Poorly Consolidated Injecting into Poorly Consolidated Formations: Some Unique ChallengesFormations: Some Unique Challenges
Completion decisions are more complicated.Completion decisions are more complicated.Injection water plugs off sand control devices Injection water plugs off sand control devices (gravel packs, screens).(gravel packs, screens).Sudden changes in injection pressures can Sudden changes in injection pressures can cause sand failure.cause sand failure.Injectors fill up with sand if no sand control is Injectors fill up with sand if no sand control is in place.in place.Fracturing is not easily detected and is hard Fracturing is not easily detected and is hard to model.to model.Fracture containment issues.Fracture containment issues.
Injecting into Poorly Consolidated Injecting into Poorly Consolidated Formations: OpportunitiesFormations: Opportunities
Large solids storage capacity in diffuse Large solids storage capacity in diffuse fractures.fractures.Good candidates for waste injection (drill Good candidates for waste injection (drill solids, oilfield and refinery waste).solids, oilfield and refinery waste).An excellent alternative for waste An excellent alternative for waste disposal, if implemented properly.disposal, if implemented properly.
σHminσHmin
ConclusionsConclusionsSubsurface injection of produced water is Subsurface injection of produced water is becoming the disposal method of choice.becoming the disposal method of choice.Better management of injection water can have Better management of injection water can have a large impact on oil & gas production a large impact on oil & gas production economics. economics. Water quality / treatment facility design Water quality / treatment facility design decisions are critical and must be carefully decisions are critical and must be carefully made on a case by case basis.made on a case by case basis.Subsurface separation is thus far turning out to Subsurface separation is thus far turning out to be of limited applicability.be of limited applicability.SubSub--sea separation and injection presents sea separation and injection presents both tremendous opportunities and challenges.both tremendous opportunities and challenges.
ConclusionsConclusionsIn fractured injectors the In fractured injectors the injectivity injectivity decline decline depends very little on water quality. Not so in depends very little on water quality. Not so in unfractured injectors.unfractured injectors.The combination of fracture plugging, thermal The combination of fracture plugging, thermal stresses, phase stresses, phase mobilities mobilities and heterogeneities can and heterogeneities can give rise to complicatedgive rise to complicated injectivityinjectivity behavior.behavior.
Growing injection well fractures can have an Growing injection well fractures can have an important effect on reservoir sweep.important effect on reservoir sweep.
Simulation tools should be used to aid in facilities Simulation tools should be used to aid in facilities and completion design and in selecting injection and completion design and in selecting injection patterns to maximize oil recovery.patterns to maximize oil recovery.
CoCo--Workers, CollaboratorsWorkers, Collaborators
Lee Lee MorganthalerMorganthalerBill LandrumBill LandrumKris Kris BansalBansalNick Paris
Phani Phani B. B. GaddeGaddeMingjiao Mingjiao YuYuErik Erik WennbergWennbergShutang Shutang Pang Nick ParisPang
For further details, my contact: [email protected]
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
SPE Foundation for funding this trip.SPE Foundation for funding this trip.This work was made possible by This work was made possible by companies supporting the Injection companies supporting the Injection Water Management JIP: BHP, Water Management JIP: BHP, ChevronTexacoChevronTexaco, , ConocoConoco, Shell, TF, Shell, TF--Elf, Elf, PetrobrasPetrobras..The State of Texas ATP program.The State of Texas ATP program.
OPTIMA Administrative ToolsOPTIMA Administrative Tools
• Allow the user to submit jobs and communicate with the server
• Provide application life-cycle control
• Provide the user with status of the various processes
Test SpecificationsTest SpecificationsClientsClients
–– 15 Identical IBM PCs15 Identical IBM PCs–– 667 MHz, Intel P667 MHz, Intel P--III ProcessorsIII Processors–– 256 MB RAM256 MB RAM
ServerServer–– 800 MHz, Intel P800 MHz, Intel P--III ProcessorIII Processor–– 256 MB RAM256 MB RAM–– 10 Mbps Network Card10 Mbps Network Card
Data Transfer per run:Data Transfer per run: 7 MB7 MB
OPTIMA Status FrameOPTIMA Status FrameJob Path on
Local MachineUnique ID assigned
by server Result File Name on
Local machine
Client Port
Client IP addresses
Job Status
Processing Times for 5Processing Times for 5--minute Jobsminute Jobs
0
50
100
150
200
0 100 200 300 400Number of Jobs
Tim
e (m
in)
15 CPUs10 CPUs1 CPU
Run Times Per Job (5Run Times Per Job (5--minute Jobs)minute Jobs)
0.1
1
10
0 5 10 15Number of CPUs
Tim
e (m
in)
Opportunities and ChallengesOpportunities and ChallengesChallengesChallenges
Design water handling and injection systems to Design water handling and injection systems to reduce the cost of water injection. reduce the cost of water injection. –– Specify injection water quality, rates & pressuresSpecify injection water quality, rates & pressures–– Subsurface separation?Subsurface separation?–– Subsea vs Subsea vs topsidestopsides
The single well model can be used to address The single well model can be used to address these challenges.these challenges.
OpportunitiesOpportunitiesSignificant improvements in oil recovery.Significant improvements in oil recovery.Cost reductions to improve production Cost reductions to improve production economics.economics.
A Real OpportunityA Real Opportunity
Using Injection Well Fractures Using Injection Well Fractures to Maximize Oil Recovery to Maximize Oil Recovery
Coupling Single Well Models with Coupling Single Well Models with a Reservoir Simulatora Reservoir Simulator
University of Texas at Austin
Traditional Domain DecompositionTraditional Domain Decomposition
Domain decomposition involvesDomain decomposition involves–– Breaking the reservoir into domainsBreaking the reservoir into domains–– Large volumes of data is exchanged between Large volumes of data is exchanged between
domains (unsuitable for distributed computing)domains (unsuitable for distributed computing)
Phenomenological DecompositionPhenomenological Decomposition
Decomposition based on problem physicsDecomposition based on problem physics–– Single Well ModelsSingle Well Models
–– Reservoir Simulation ModelsReservoir Simulation ModelsSingle Well
Models
Reservoir Simulation
Models
Injectivity Remains ConstantInjectivity Remains Constant
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
26 28 30 32 34 36
Injection Time (Hrs)
Inje
ctiv
ity
Which is more expensive to purchase: Which is more expensive to purchase: drinking water or crude oil?drinking water or crude oil?
Crude Oil
$28
Gasoline
$54
Bottled Water
$189
Ice Cream
$1100
Coca Cola
$79Milk
$150
TabascoSauce
$2660
Flonase
$615,240